Temperature —> The reactant particles gain energy

and move faster. There would be greater collisions PER

UNIT TIME. Therefore, more particles have greater
energy than the activation energy.

Concentration —> collision frequency increase because

there are more particles per unit volume

Pressure —> same with conc: BUT especially for gases

Catalyst —> a substance which speeds up a chemical

reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the
reaction, lower the activation energy.

Surface Area —> the smaller the pieces, the larger the
suface area thus, greater collision frequency.

3 METHODS TO MEASURE THE RATE OF REACTI

(1) MASS LOSS METHOD
(2) VOLUME OF GAS PRODUCED
(3) time taken for "X" to dissapear

*(1) measure like tk kg ka dependent

*(2) independent variable ka CHANGE
*(3) controlled variable ka KEEP THE SAME