Here are some key points:

1. The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation:

o The French Revolution of 1789 marked the first clear expression of
nationalism.
o French revolutionaries took several steps to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people:
▪ Introduced the ideas of “La patrie” (the homeland) and “Le citoyen”
(the citizen).
▪ Adopted a new French flag.
▪ Elected the Estates General, which was renamed the National
Assembly.
▪ Composed new hymns and took oaths.
▪ Established a centralized administration system.
▪ Abolished internal customs duties and dues.
▪ Introduced a uniform system of weights and measures.
▪ Promoted the use of French as the common language.
o Napoleon, who ruled France from 1799 to 1815, played a significant role
during this period. His actions included:
▪ Becoming the First Consul and gaining absolute powers.
▪ Implementing the Civil Code of 1804 (also known as the Napoleonic
Code), which brought about legal reforms.
▪ While he improved infrastructure, he also restricted political freedom,
increased taxes, imposed censorship, and enforced military
conscription.
2. The Making of Nationalism in Europe:
o Europe did not have nation-states due to the lack of a common identity or
culture.
o People in different areas spoke different languages. For example:
▪ In Hungary, half the population spoke Magyar, while the other half
spoke various dialects.
▪ In Galicia, people spoke Polish.
o Social classes played a role:
▪ Aristocracy: The land-owning class, connected by ties of marriages
and numerically small.
▪ Peasantry: The majority of the population.
▪ Middle class: Emerged with urban growth and commercial classes,
where ideas of nationality gained popularity.
3. Liberal Nationalism:
o Liberalism stood for:
▪ Freedom for the individual.
▪ Equality for all before the law.
▪ A constitution and representative government through parliament.
o In the economic sphere, liberalism advocated for:
▪ Freedom of markets.
▪ Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and
capital.
o The Zollverein (a customs union in Germany) promoted economic
integration.
4. A New Conservatism after 1815:
 o Conservatives believed in preserving established institutions.
o The Treaty of Vienna (1815) aimed to restore monarchies overthrown by
Napoleon.
o Bourbon dynasty was restored in France, and states were created on the
French boundary to prevent future French expansion.

Nationalism in India
1. Indian Nationalism and the Anti-Colonial Movement

• Indian nationalism developed during the struggle against British colonial rule.
• The First World War led to economic and political changes in India.
• Income tax was introduced, and custom duties were doubled, affecting common
people.
• Crop failures and an influenza epidemic worsened living conditions.

2. Mahatma Gandhi and Satyagraha

• Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and introduced the concept of Satyagraha
(non-violent resistance).
• He organized movements in Champaran (Bihar), Kheda (Gujarat), and Ahmedabad
(cotton mill workers).
• In 1919, Gandhi launched a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act,
which allowed detention without trial.

3. Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements

• The non-cooperation movement aimed to unite Indians against British rule.

• Civil disobedience involved breaking unjust laws peacefully.
• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar (1919) intensified nationalist sentiments.

4. Khilafat Movement

• The Khilafat movement supported the Ottoman Caliphate during World War I.
• Gandhi supported the Khilafat cause, linking it with India’s struggle for
independence.

5. Impact of Nationalism

• Nationalism captured the imagination of people from different social groups.

• The struggle for independence gained momentum.

Remember, these notes provide a brief overview. For more detailed information, refer to your
textbook or other study materials. Good luck with your studies!