The elements and concepts of art — including line, form, color, and texture— are historically the conceptual

building blocks of art and design used by Western artists to convey ideas or emotions in art. Besides learning how to use
paint or carve stone, by applying concepts such as balance, repetition, harmony, and symmetry, artists often learn how to
work with those elements. Just as we need to know how to read the words to understand a novel, so we also have to learn
the language of art to understand a painting or a sculpture. Art audiences need to grasp the vocabulary of certain elements
and concepts in order to fully appreciate what artists are making. Before the industrial period (approximately before the
mid-19th century) in Europe and the United States, artists used the elements of art to make their paintings and sculptures
more realistic and express their ideas about their subjects — usually figures, still life, or landscapes. Generally speaking,
they worked to create compositions which had unity, balance and harmony.
From the 1850s well into the 20th century, modern artists began to use these artistic elements to create more
abstract art. Eventually, many used elements such as color, line, or shape alone to express feelings, emotions, or concepts
and ideas directly separated from any other subject matter. (Clyfford Still untitled (1950-C)
At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, art historians and critics noticed a difference in ways
that artists worked and the ideas that interested them. They began to describe this era as postmodern, literally “after
modern.” Postmodernism has been used to categorize widely diverse styles and concerns about making art. What unifies
postmodern art, if anything, is a reaction to modernism—at times destroying or debunking traditionally held rules or
canons of modern art; at other times copying masterworks of the past in new ways. Generally, meaning in art became
more ambiguous and contradictory. The traditional elements and principles of art, and their use in the art of the past, often
seem beside the point or purposefully set aside in the work of postmodern artists. For much contemporary art or art being
made today, the content or meaning is more important than the materials or forms used to make it. Until very recently,
artists were making art that would engage viewers visually through subject matter and the composition of elements and
principles. Contemporary artists seem to be more interested in engaging viewers conceptually through ideas and issues.
The elements of art, while still present at times, are often not adequate to understanding the meaning of contemporary art.
(Sigmar Polke, 1991. Frau Herbst und ihre zwei Töchter (Mrs. Autumn and Her Two Daughters)
(Crafted: http://schools.walkerart.org/arttoday/index.wac?id=2362)
What is contemporary art? What are the elements and principles of contemporary art? How do artistic elements and
principles contribute to creating meaning in art? How can comprehension of elements and concepts enable us today to
understand art?
Contemporary art is an art produced by the artist today. It is not restricted to individual experience, but it is reflective of
the world we live in. The artwork that is created by today’s contemporary artist has a world view and sensitive to
changing times Contemporary artists frequently go beyond these elements and values in their work, using new ideas and
techniques, in their attempts to establish meaning in today's world. The elements and concepts for art are kind of a script.
As writers, artists use phrases, pick, organize and combine lines, forms, colors and textures in several ways to express
themselves and build meaning.

Elements and Principles of Contemporary Arts

1. Appropriation
It is the process of making new content by taking from another source pre-existing image — books on art history,
ads, the media — and incorporating or combining it with new ones. Appropriation is a three-dimensional variant of using
found objects in painting. To appropriate is to borrow. A found object is an actual object— often a manufactured product
of a commonplace nature — given a new identity as an artwork or part of an art piece.
Some common sources of stolen images are artworks from the distant or recent past, historical records, media
(film and television), or popular culture (advertisements or products). The source is sometimes unknown, but the artist
may have personal associations. The source of the appropriate image or object may be politically charged, symbolic,
ambiguous, or may push the limits of the imagery considered to be acceptable to art. Appropriate imagery can be
photographically or carefully imitated, reproduced by mechanical infers such as an overhead projector, joined of the time
re- create an address or repaint it, changing its scale or design to make unused meaning. Experts can as well compare
differing pictures or objects, layer them with other pictures, break them into parts, or contextualize them, with
recommends to reconsider pictures or objects by a setting them in a cutting-edge setting.
Appropriation refers to the act of borrowing or reusing existing components inside a modernwork. Postmodern
apportionment craftsmen, counting Barbara Kruger, are sharp to deny the idea of creativity. They accept that in borrowing
existing symbolism or components of symbolism, they are re- contextualizing or appropriating the first symbolism,
permitting the audience to renegotiate the meaning of the initial in distinctive, more important, or more current.
Images and elements of culture that have been appropriated commonly involve famous and recognizable works of
art, well known literature, and easily accessible images from the media. The first artist to successfully demonstrate forms
of appropriation within his or her work is widely considered to be Marcel Duchamp. He devised the concept of the
‘readymade’, which essentially involved an item being chosen by the artist, signed by the artist and repositioned into a
gallery context. By asking the viewer to consider the object as art, Duchamp was appropriating it. For Duchamp, the work
of the artist was in selecting the object.
 Whilst the beginnings of appropriation can be located to the beginning of the 20th century through the innovations
of Duchamp, it is often said that if the art of the 1980’s could be epitomized by any one technique or practice, it would be
appropriation. (crafted:http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1661/appropriation-in-contemporary-art)
The modern shape of contemporary art – which risen out of Happenings and Conceptual art ended up a major frame of
avantgarde art amid the late 1960’s and 1970’s – takes as its medium the artist himself: the real work of art being the
artist’s live actions. Presently prevalent with an expanding number of postmodernist specialists.

2. Performance art.
Is another element of contemporary art which regularly increases drama, often acting and development to
extremes of expression and continuity that are not allowed within the theater. It interprets various human activities such as
ordinary activities such as chores, routines, and rituals, to socially relevant themes such as poverty, commercialism, and
war.
Execution events are hosted in several of the most outstanding exhibitions of modern craftsmanship in the world,
as well as conventional ones. Words are rarely noticeable, while music and commotions of different kinds are regular. A
number of the most outstanding exhibitions of modern craftsmanship in the world, as well as conventional centers such as
the Metropolitan Exhibition Hall of Art, are being held for performances. Serbian Marina Abramovic (b. 194) is one of
the most popular examples of modern execution craftsmanship. Although this brand of postmodernist art is not easy to
define precisely, one important feature is the need for an artist to perform or express his 'art' in front of a live audience.
For
example, allowing the audience to view an interesting assemblage or installation would not be considered Performance
Art, but it would be to watch the artist construct the assemblage or installation.
Performance art refers to art activities that are presented to a live audience and can combine music, dance, poetry,
theater, visual art and video. Whether public, private or videotaped, performance art often involves an artist performing an
action that can be planned and scripted, or can emphasize spontaneous, unpredictable elements of chance.
Various types of performance art have evolved from simple, often private investigations of everyday routines,
rituals, and endurance tests, to larger-scale site-specificenvironments and public projects, multimedia productions, and
autobiographical cabaretstyle solo work.
Below are example of performative art emphasizing the different characteristics of performance art such as spontaneous
and one-off, or rehearsed and series based. It may consist of a small-scale event, or a massive public spectacle. It can take
place almost anywhere and deliberately thin.

The immediate stimulus for Performance art was the series of theatrical Happenings staged by Allan Kaprow and
others in New York in the late 1950s. Then in 1961, Yves Klein (1928-62) presented three nude models covered in his
trademark blue paint, who rolled around on sheets of white paper. He was also famous for his "jumps into the void". For
more details, see Yves Klein's Postmodernist art (1956-62). In the early 1960s several other American conceptual artists
such as Robert Morris (b.1931) Bruce Nauman (b.1941) and Dennis Oppenheim began to include "Performance" in their
repertoires.
Many contemporary artists deal with space by concentrating on real space— the dimensions of a house, the
spaces that we travel through in the city or in the natural world, the boundless spaces of the sky or the virtual space of the
Internet. We work with fine-art or industrial materials— from wood and stone to steel and plastic— to frame space or to
create space-filling work. Materials such as electrical lighting, film, video, or digital media can also transform, document,
or create space. Viewers may be surrounded by art, or they can contribute to a concentrated experience or a perception of
a real space. When an artistinstallations are temporary and often require multiple senses, such as sight, sound and smell.

3. Space.
Is an art transforming space, for example the flash mobs, and art installations in malls and parks. It also refers to
the distances or areas surrounding, within, and within the components of an item. Space can be either positive or negative,
open or closed, shallow or deep, and two-or three-dimensional. Often space is not clearly shown in a piece, but it is an
illusion. It is considered as the breath of art. Space is found in almost every piece of art that has been made.

Photographers capture space, sculptors depend on space and shape, and architects create space. This is a central
aspect of every of the visual arts. Space provides the audience a guide for the presentation of an artwork. For example,
you can draw a larger object than another to suggest that it is closer to the viewer. Likewise, a piece of environmental art
can be installed in a way that leads the viewer through space.
Negative and Positive Space

Art historians use the term positive space to refer to the subject of the piece itself—the flower vase in a painting
or the structure of a sculpture. Negative space refers to the empty spaces the artist has created around, between, and within
the subjects. Quite often, we think of positive as being light and negative as being dark. This does not necessarily apply to
every piece of art. For example, you might paint a black cup on a white canvas. We wouldn't necessarily call the cup
negative because it is the subject: The black value is negative, but the space of the cup is positive. In three-dimensional
art, the negative spaces are typically the open or relatively empty parts of the piece. For example, a metal sculpture may
have a hole in the middle, which we would call the negative space. In two-dimensional art, negative space can have a
great impact.

4. Hybridity
Is another element and principle used by contemporary artist in their artworks. It is a usage of unconventional
materials, mixing of unlikely materials to produce and artwork. For example, coffee for painting, miniature sculptures
from pencils. The concept of hybridity when applied to culture conveys elements of all of these definitions, including
positive elements such as diversity, and cooperation, as well as negative elements such as unviable offspring and
unnatural monsters. In this way the term hybridity contains conflicting connotations.
Hybridity, at the most basic level, implies the mixing of two or more elements to create a third. Beyond this there
is some discussion as to what cultural hybridity means. How could this idea transfer when we use the term hybridity to
describe contemporary art? What do artists use to make art? This hybridity in art practice is about transcendence, beyond
the visual logic of the digital or material. In the fluid transaction between states of existence, algorithm and human error,
and different forms of media, something metaphysical starts to surface in the space between. The concept of hybridity can
be applied to two aspects of art today.
1. Artists today are comfortable using whatever seems best to fully investigate and express their ideas or concepts
and often move among different media and techniques to express new things in their work.
2. One approach to understanding art today involves identifying what media and materials the artists chose and
considering why they chose to work with them.
Look at the example below of how contemporary artists apply hybridity in their craftsmanship. The first picture shows a
product of mixed media and hybridity obra maestro by Renee Isaac.
The second picture shows the creativity of the artists using coffee for his painting.
 Picture 1 Picture 1

Furthermore, humans have created art through the ages, but various cultures have defined it differently.
Throughout the history of Western culture, the nature of art has been debated, leading to the formation of an entire branch
of philosophical study called aesthetics. Today, most experts agree that there is not only one definition of art, but that it
encompasses a variety of ideas, approaches, and qualities. So, in this age of transition in which material and digital
experience are in an unprecedented state of coexistence, our understanding of the physical is being endlessly reshaped by
advancements in technology. Consequently, the very meaning of physicality and its apparent importance to us has become
subject to questioning.
Since the 1960’s the term new media art was coined and it was used to describe practices that apply computer
technology as an essential part of the creative process and production. Placing the term under a vast umbrella known as
new media, computer production, video art, computer-based installations, and later the Internet and Post Internet art and
exploration of the virtual reality became recognized as artistic practices. The term, in the contemporary practice, refers to
the use of mass production and the manipulation of the virtual world, its tools and programs as what we called 5.
Technology art. The use of technology in the creation and dissemination of art works.
As such, designers, and artists to produce commercial pieces or for more elaborate and conceptual works
implement many different computer programs, such as 3D modeling, Illustrator, or Photoshop.
I. Contemporary Fine Arts
Contemporary Painting It is the most popular among fine arts but it is also very hard to distinguish when a painting is
contemporary? Aside from the fact that the artist must still alive at present, it is also through artwork that we can tell that
it is contemporary; it must connect itself to the issues and concerns of the society, then it is contemporary. It comes in
different types in genre and in material:
1. Landscape Painting is the most common among all types of painting by genre. These are painting of outdoor
scenes. Most of the favorite subjects in this type of painting are: skies, mountains, river and even infrastructure like
buildings, houses and many more that we usually see in our surroundings.
2. Abstract Painting is the most difficult among paintings for it demands a good background in drawing for the
pre-planned concept of painting, and an overflowing passion in painting for this type is used by most artist as an avenue
where they can express their boundless imagination. It let viewers to thinks deeper and aloe them to have their own
interpretation.
3. Figurative Painting is a painting that portrays pictures of actual images as seen in the real world. The human
images are commonly used as subject of this painting throughout history up to the present.
4. Watercolor Painting is considered to be one of the most primitive types of painting. It is familiarly used by
beginners or by children in most of their activities in school. It is usually mixed with water and put it on paper.
5. Oil Painting is considered to be a great means to achieve a more convincing and realistic artwork. It is done on
a canvas. Oil colors are made by mixing color powder with linseed oil to a stiff paste consistency and grinding it in a steel
roller. Linseed oil is also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil.
Contemporary Sculpture Most familiar art forms among Filipinos from carving to molding of gods and heroes for a
long time, but at present, through availability of varied materials and medium, technology and technique, it gives freedom
to sculptor to be more flexible and expressive in making their art work. Sculptural processes require artist’s physical
strength and creativity in the use of materials such as: stone, wood, metal, wax, terracotta or clay and resin. Sculptors use
four basic techniques:
1. Molding is an additive process where in material like clay is added to form the desired sculpture.
2. Carving is a subtractive process in which materials like wood, marble, stone or other hard material is removed
or carved by cutting or chipping away to form an image. Glass sculpture is viewed to be unique and popular in the
country. Ramon Orlina is now known as the “Father of Philippine Glass Sculpture”.
3. Casting is a technique used to make the sculpture more durable and transferrable from one place to another
without any breaking. It is made to last through material like resin, a liquid material that is usually poured out to form a
smooth hard surface when dried, that is used as coating for holding of sculpture.
 4. Assembling is the easiest yet very creative technique where in different materials (found, recycled, indigenous,
etc.) gather together to form a sculpture. It is an additive process that uses adhesive or any material used for adhesion to
put together all materials to form a sculpture.
Contemporary Architecture The architecture of today is very rich in style and in high technology with the use of
advanced materials, such as tube structure and the use of computer-aided design. Its style doesn’t have a recognizable
feature for its style is quite varied for it is from different influences but there is typical feature for a contemporary house
and building such as oversized windows and free shaped of frame. The following are the styles in contemporary
architecture.
1. Environment- Friendly Architecture is a design that promotes environmental awareness through their style. Example,
the building of Centrio Mall in Cagayan de Oro City, instead of uprooting the very big tree in the site, what they did was,
they make the tree as their center piece of their mall, they integrate nature into the structure
2. Biomorphic Architecture is a design that is inspired by the features of a living thing such body parts of animals and
human and even plants.
II. Contemporary Visual Arts
Installation Art It is an art form that requires a suited site for transformation of spaces to a desired effect. They are
created and installed only in the space intended for it in a certain period of time and are dismantled and some are burned
after it served its purpose. Its purpose is more of awareness rather than a sale or profit. It is composed of some other art
forms like: painting, sculpture and even miniature architecture depending on the need for display. There different types of
installation art:
1. Interactive installation art is an installation that allows viewers or spectators to interact with the installation
piece. Viewers are encouraged to touch and give comment to an artwork.
2. Conceptual installation art is an installation that focuses on the idea or concept. The installation exhibited
objects and events that will lead to a concept that the artist tried to show.
3. Technology-aided installation art is the use of technology in an installation art, like: the use of light, sound and
computer application.
4. Performance Installation Art is an installation for theatre and dance which includes careful planning for the
execution of movement of performers with the placement of materials, lights and sound.
5. Environmental installation art is an installation that shows environmental concerns. Some artists use this
installation art to address to natural disasters and calamities.
Public Art Commonly, these are monuments of heroes, public and religious figures but due to the challenges of
advancement, artists expand their choice of materials and methods to meet the global competencies in public art. The
following are the types of public art.
1. Commemorative monuments are monuments of people or group of people who are considered to be heroes in
history.
2. Municipal art is usually sculptures located in front of government establishment and academic institutions to
instill nationalism and serves as historical landmark to Filipinos and visitors and educate the young ones.
3. Community-based art refers to the community-based artistic activity with the use of different materials
available in the area and interaction of people in the community and the artist. This usually based in deprive or remote
areas often used as catalyst for change.
4. Land art are public art that interact with nature and the environment.
5. Campaign–inspired public art promotes idea by making the idea visible to everyone. It is usually set up at
places where people are congested.
6. Architectural art are public art usually seen on malls or any enclosed concrete structures.
7. Design-based public art is decorative and is often placed in parks and in outside commercial centers. The
design usually harmonizes with the surroundings and infrastructure around the location.
Mixed Media Art These are artworks done from mixed materials, any materials including commercial garbage. Artist
may use their full freedom in choosing materials in a context to express views and opinion on issues around. The two
techniques used in mixed media are:
1. Collage is a technique when cut out materials, cloth, string and many others, are pasted on a flat surface that
turn into a creative artwork.
2. Assemblage is a technique of putting objects together by welding or adhesion in a new concept
Photography
Different types:
1. Photography and Reality
2. Nature Photography
3. Photo journalism
4. Mobile Photography
5. Photographic Alteration
1. Photography and Reality is a photography that depicts reality. Most of its photographs depict true happenings
or really exists in reality.
2. Nature Photography are photographs of nature, landscape and places we might not encounter in our lifetime.
3. Photojournalism is a combination of photography and journalism. Pictures are used to help the readers, view
what is being narrated, like in many newspapers and magazines.
4. Photographic Alteration the use of photographic devise to alter or edit images and add what is being desired in
just one touch.
5. Mobile Photography is photographs taken by a mobile phone.
Contemporary Performing Arts
Theatre and Performance Arts Performance Arts is an art done live to convey message in a limited time. There maybe
group of performers or just one to perform on stage or on streets that shows on in acting, poetry, music, dance and
painting to covey a campaign. Performance may be scripted, just like theatre or unscripted, spontaneous or planned, with
or without participation of audience. Theatre Art is an art that requires actors and actresses to connect to the audience to
let them experience a real or imagined event through combination of gesture, speech, song, music and dance, commonly
done on stage and are scripted.
There are styles that is commonly seen in Philippine Theatre, and these are: Realism, Combination of Realistic
and Non-realistic styles, The Brechtian Style, Musical Performances, Documentary Styles, Short Plays
1. Realism is a style that shows actual situations that Filipinos are in, focuses on the problems and the reaction to
socio-economic-political issues encountered.
2. Combination of Realistic and Non-realistic styles is a style that combines realistic and non-realistic style.
3. The Brechtian style is a style brought by German playwright, Bertolt Brecht. He used devices to tell the
audience that it’s just a theatre not true to life. It’s a style that promotes audience’s reflective detachment and not
emotional involvement.
4. Musical Performances is a theatre art that uses music in expression of arts. The issues of tempo, dynamics,
pitches and instrumentation are on a performer’s option.
5. Documentary Style are plays dealing with historical events and life story of a person.
6. Short Plays are skits used by starter before jumping into something big. Usually used by students and teachers
as an activity to hook the interest of the student in a new lesson.
Contemporary Dance Contemporary dance is a performing art that involves body movement in accord to the musical
beat, for some use it as an expression of thoughts and feelings, releasing energy or simply joining with the beat of music
or into dance movement itself. The contemporary dance styles that have been popular in the Philippines were disco and
hip hop.
1. Disco Dancing is a dance style characterized by movement of the hip and pelvic, some will jump together with
the raising of arms to the beat of the disco music. Its music is a continuous mix of disco songs operated by the Disc
Jockey.
2. Hip hop is a dance style that includes breaking, locking and popping. It is something made just happened or
“freestyle” or spontaneous performance.
Contemporary Music Music is beyond words, it has the power to speak through people’s mind, heart and soul. It can
affect the mood, way of thinking and even character and disposition of people listening to it. Music composition is a little
bit complex for it involves mastery and skill to produce a melody. Some musician developed music through
experimentation and combination of instruments. There are famous contemporary OPM singers, and they are Freddie
Aguilar, Gary Valenciano, Mike Hanopol, Kuh Ledesma and Sharon Cuneta and many more.

TECHNIQUES AND PERFORMANCE PRACTICES

There are new techniques that define an art movement. For contemporary arts, the following are a few of these techniques:

1. Minimalism
One of the most important and influential art styles of the 1960s, Minimalism identifies works of art most often
comprised of geometric shapes in simple arrangements and lacking any decorative or dynamic flourishes. These
geometric shapes characterized the elemental or “bare bones” forms of art, which, according to critics, represented the
culmination of modern art's progression toward the most simplified form of abstract art possible.
It is a movement in various forms or art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is set out to expose
the essence, essentials or identity of a subject through eliminating all non-essential forms, features or concepts. It is
characterized by simplicity.

2. Cubism
It was a truly revolutionary style of modern art developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques. It was the first
style of abstract art which evolved at the beginning of the 20th century in response to a world that was changing with
unprecedented speed. Cubism was an attempt by artists to revitalize the tired traditions of Western art which they believed
had run their course. The Cubists challenged conventional forms of representation, such as perspective, which had been
the rule since the Renaissance. Their aim was to develop a new way of seeing which reflected the modern age.
 3. Social Realism
It is the realistic depiction in art of contemporary life, as a means of social or political comment.

4. Found objects
They originate from the French objet trouve, describing art created from undisguised, but often modified, objects
or products that are not normally considered materials from which art is made, often because they already have a non-art
function. In modern art, the term "found object" is used to describe an object, found by an artist, which - with minimal
modification - is then presented as a work of art. The idea is, that the artist believes that the discovered object possesses a
certain aesthetic quality - stemming from its appearance, social or personal history - and therefore displays it for the
appreciation of others. Typical "found objects" include natural materials like sand, earth, stones, shells, curiously shaped
pieces of wood, a human skull; or man-made items such as newspaper cuttings, photographs, pieces of glass, fragments of
scrap metal, pieces of textile fabric, an unmade bed, a bicycle handlebars, and so on.

5. Large scale art – artists have produced works that play with scale. Juan Luna’s Spoliarium displayed in the
National Museum is an example.

6. Digital application - It comes with augmented reality technology and transforms Filipino digital artworks into
immersive experiences

Local Materials Used in Creating Art

Local materials in the Philippines are materials that are naturally and locally found in a specific places. Here are
some examples:
Material: Abaca belongs to Banana family. Its fiber has a natural luster with colors ranging from pure white to ivory and
dark brown. Eastern Visayas is the widest abaca supplier.
Products: slippers, ropes, twine, hammock, frame, display jar, jars, Chelsea chair

Materials: Bakbak is the outermost covering or leaf sheath of the abaca stalk. It is a flat thick durable sheath as twine or
braided. The strong brown fiber is used to make furniture.
Products: mat, bangkuay bin, boxes, bin, display, jar, Cecilia dining table, and arm chair

Materials: Bamboo is a raw material used in creating many products. It is used in construction, textile, musical
instruments, weapons, and many more. It is abundant in La Union, Pampanga, Capiz, Cebu and Bukidnon
Products: kubing, bungkaka, tongatong, angklung, pateteg, gabbang

Materials: Buntal is a cylindrically shaped fiber. The supple ivory white strands are quite durable, pliable, and have good
dyeing qualities. The most noted producers are the provinces of Bohol, Pangasinan, Marinduque and Quezon.
Products: bags, shoes, desk accessories like pen holder, picture frames, file trays,wallets, place mats, braide, lampshades,
window blinds

Materials: Buri is extracted from the matured leaves of the buri palm. The fiber is durable and resistant to moisture. .
Products: hats, bags, baskets, memorabilia boxes, perfume tray, & other woven products

Materials: Coir is the fibrous material surrounding the fruit of the coconut tree which are abundant in CALABARZON,
Northern Mindanao and Davao Region
Products: indoor or outdoor fiber carpets, wall covering, doormat, trellises, and geo textiles

Materials: Nito is a plant belonging to the fern family that grows abundantly in the hinterlands of Mindanao. abundantly
in the hinterlands of Mindanao in Southern Philippines.
Products: bags, bread tray, lampshade and decorative jar

Materials: Pandan is a tropical plant. It is processed and transformed into splints that are being used as raw material
which are abundant in Calatrava in the Visayas.
Products: baskets, hats, picture frames and bags

Materials: Rattan belongs to the palm family. There are different types of rattan palms, such as high or low climbers,
single stemmed or clustered rattan species.
Products: baskets, picture frames, furniture and other novelty items, Zoya lounge chair, Valencia queen size bed, Rest
divan.

Materials: Tikog belongs to sea grasses. It is a native reed plant used as a raw material for mat weaving.
Products: bags, decorative mats, hampers, newspaper racks, table mat, waste bin, tower candle holder, wall décor.

Different Contemporary Art Techniques and Performance Practices

1. Collage – Is made by adhering flat elements such as newspaper or magazine cut-outs, printed text, illustrations,
photographs, cloth, string, etc. to a flat surface to create a thick layer that is almost like a relief sculpture.

2. Decalcomania – Is the process of applying gouache to paper or glass then transferring a reversal of that image on
to canvas or other flat materials.

3. Decoupage – Is done by adhering cut-outs of paper and then coating these with one or more coats or transparent
coating of varnish.