Claim Drafting

Deepa ES
Origiin IP Solutions
deepasai@origiin.com
Some important
considerations
• One invention - one application
• Single inventive step
• A drug formulation, process to make it and uses make
single inventive step and altogether make a single
invention.
• Identify inventors, complete names, address
• Applicant name, address, nationality
Have feel of
the invention
Read about invention
Have feel of it
Identify terms and keywords commonly used in
industry
Claims
• Figure out the all essential features or
elements of the invention which are
sought to be claimed.
• Start with broadest claims of the
invention and then progress to narrower
claims.
• Precede claims with a short statement
such as ‘I/We claim/what is claimed is:
…’
• Each claim should consist of an
introduction, linking word, and body.
Claims

• The first claim would be the Independent

claim and subsequent claim would be
dependent claims. And, these claims should
be linked so as to form a single inventive
concept.
• There is no restriction to the number of
claims to be incorporated in the specification.
But the applicant has to pay additional fee, if
there are more than ten claims (320 INR and
1600 INR for natural and legal person per
claim).
• Claims must be supported by the description
and should be substantially based on the
description. This means that all the
characteristics of the invention that form the
part of the claims must be fully explained in
the description.
Claims

• Claims are statement of technical facts expressed in legal terms defining the scope of the
invention sought to be protected.
• Clearly worded and each claim is single sentence
• Rights are given to claims only, not for the matter described in the complete specification
• Defines the boundaries of legal protection and forms a protective fence around the
invention
• Each claim is evaluated on its own merit and, therefore, if one of the claims is objected, it
does not mean that the rest of the claims are invalid.
• A claim shall be either for a product or process or apparatus or all of them, and shall in one
sentence according to the standard practice
Claims-Scope

Neither more not less than what the applicant desires to

protect

Must not be too extensive so as to embrace more than

what the applicant has in fact invented.

A claim, which is too wide, encroaches upon the subject

matter, which may be in public domain or belong to others
Claims-Scope

A claim must not be too narrow also because such a claim would not be
sufficiently effective in preventing infringement of the patent.

Product or process or both

Broad-> narrow

One invention – one patent

Claims

❑ Claims are the essence of a patent application.

❑ The claims precisely define boundaries and scope of an invention, to be protected by the patent.
❑ It is the only part of the invention which gets legal protection.
❑ Claims are of paramount importance in both patent prosecutions in the patent office, and patent litigation in
the courts.
❑ Therefore, during claim drafting, the choice of words used in the patent claims should be dealt with great
understanding and thought.
❑ Claims also provide a basic template for the rest of the specification.
❑ Each of the claims must have a well-defined meaning and must be based on a thoughtful analysis of the
invention in view of the known prior art.
❑ Further, the claims should reflect an imaginative forecast of how others might use the invention.
Structure of a Claim

PREAMBLE/INTRODUCTORY TRANSITION TERM OR THE BODY OF THE CLAIM

PHRASE LINKING
 Preamble Link Body of the Claim

Structure of a
Claim
A with bottle ocontainerpener comprising a cup having a
sidewall and a bottom wall, the sidewall an inner recess for
receiving a beverage container;
Claims: Important tips

• Claims are statement of technical facts expressed in

legal terms defining the scope of the invention sought
to be protected.
• Claims are placed at the end of the specification and
must start from a new sheet.
• Every claim is a single sentence and should be clearly
worded.
• Claim(s) should be succinct and should not involve
unnecessary repetition
• A claim (s) should not be verbose.
Claims: Important tips
• No monopoly is obtained for any matter described
in the complete specification unless it is claimed in
the claims.
• What is not claimed in the ‘claims’ stands
disclaimed, and falls open to the public use, even if
the matter is disclosed in the description.
• The claim section starts with, ‘I claim’ or ‘We claim’
and ends with a full stop. A claim with more than
one sentence is improper. Capital letters are used
only at the beginning of the claims.
Preamble or Introductory
phrase: Claims
• It is a short introductory statement that precedes the body
of each claim. A preamble of an independent claim must:
• Summarize the type of the invention,
• Identify the relationship between the invention and
the prior art,
• Describe how the invention operates upon some
external article, and
• Defines the purpose of the invention.
Preamble or Introductory
phrase: Claims
• The preamble identifies the statutory class of the
invention such as process, or a product.
• An independent claim and a dependent claim,
both have different preambles since the
dependent claim refer only to the parent
independent claim whereas an independent
claim stand on its own.
Preamble or
Introductory phrase:
Claims
• A container with bottle opener
• A data input device………..
• A method for fertilizing soil………..
• A method to detect error in network transmission…….
• A system for …
• A composition for fertilizing soil…….
• A formulation for treatment of malaria….
Preamble or Introductory
phrase: Claims
• Preamble may start with the title of the invention.
• A preamble can’t state more than one class of
invention. For example, it is not appropriate to state
‘A system and method to …’.
• In this case, there would be one or more independent
claim for a system and one or more independent
claim for method and may have further dependent
claims if required.
• When the application contains claims to different
classes of invention, the preambles will vary
accordingly.
Difference between preamble of
independent claim and dependent claim

An independent claim and a dependent claim, both have

different preambles since the dependent claim refer only to
the parent independent claim whereas an independent claim
stand on its own
Transitional phrase or linking
term: Claims
• The term ‘transitional phrase or linking term’ is used
to denote a word or words that introduce a further
recitation of claimed features.
• Nearly all claims have a transitional phrase between
the preamble and the body of the claims.
Transitional phrase or
linking term: Claims
There are basically three types of transitional
phrases namely:
Open phrase
• The transitional phrase ‘comprising’,
‘which comprises’, ‘including’,
‘containing’, and ‘characterized by’ mean
that the claims include additional
elements that are not specifically recited
in the claim.
Transitional phrase or
linking term: Claims
• These words are used whenever the prior art permits
because they create an ‘open’ claim.
• It is best to use only ‘comprising’ or its grammatical
equivalent because its meaning is well settled.
• Open claims include those elements that are not
specifically recited in the claim.
• For example, a claim that reads, ‘the combination
‘A+B+C+D…’ Thus, a claim to ‘a chair comprising a seat
and three legs fastened to the seat’ is infringed by a
chair that has additional elements (for example, a
back and a fourth leg).
Transitional phrase or
linking term: Claims
Comprising
• This term means ‘including the following
elements but not excluding others’; this is an
‘open’ transition term. Synonyms are
‘including’, ‘having’, ‘containing’ etc..
EXAMPLE:
1)A machine comprising:
a)A;
b)B; and
c)C.
• A claim stating: ‘A machine comprising A, B, C
and D’ will infringe above claim
Transitional phrase or linking
term: Claims
Closed phrase
• The terms ‘consisting’, ‘consisting of ‘, and ‘constituting’
constitute closed claims since it excludes substantially all
un-recited elements from the combination. In
mechanical inventions, closed transitions signify that the
claims cover only the recited elements and none other
than that. This transition should be used unless
necessitated by prior art.
• ‘Consisting of’: This term means ‘including the following
elements, no more and no less’; this is a ‘closed’
transition term. Synonyms are ‘composed of’ or
‘constituting’.
Transitional
phrase or linking
term: Claims
Example
A chemistry kit ‘consisting of’ certain
elements but not specifying a spatula
encompasses a kit that does not include
the spatula, because the spatula is not a
functional part of the invention.
Transitional phrase or
linking term: Claims
Partially closed phrase
‘Consisting essentially of’:
This is slightly broader version of ‘consisting of’ which allows
the addition of elements that do not ‘affect the basic and
novel characteristics of the invention’. Such phrases exclude
additional unspecified ingredients that would affect the
basic and novel characteristics of the product defined in the
balance of the claim. Typically used in inventions on
composition of matter, but may also be used in methods.
Transitional
phrase or linking
term: Claims
Example
• A composition consisting
essentially of A and B.
• Whether addition of C will
infringe or not, will depend upon
the effect C has upon the
interrelationship between A and
B.
Method claims
Method claims
In method claims it is essential to mention all the steps comprising the
method or the process by including the transition phrase such as
‘comprising the steps of‘.
1. The method of converting chemical A to chemical B comprising the
steps of:
(a) melting chemical A;
(b) combining melted chemical A with chemical C.
• With this language it is easy to prepare dependent claims by referring
to a particular step such as:
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the step of melting
comprises combining chemical A with boiling water.
Body of claims

The body of the claim is the specific legal description of

the invention which is being protected. It is written in
the form of narrative sentence that follows the
preamble and the transitional phrases.
The body of claims consists of:
(1) A recitation of the elements of the invention, and
(2) A description of how these elements structurally,
physically or functionally cooperate with each
other to make up the invention.
Body of claims
• The elements are either the main structural
components of a product such as parts of
apparatus, article, machine etc.
• In case of processes, the components may
include the steps of the process or method.
Body of claims

There are four important things to explain about

each element:
• What is its name?
• Does it have any distinctive features that
distinguish it from other elements within
the same class?
• How does the element cooperate with
the other elements of the claim?
• What is the function of the element?
Body of claims

Introducing the elements

• When an element is introduced for the first time, it is
generally preceded by an indefinite article (‘a’ or ‘an’).
• Plural elements can be introduced in the plural form
or by a numerical adjective without any introductory
article.
• When the same element defined before is referred to
later in the claim, the element is preceded by the
word ‘said’ or its equivalent (‘such’ or ‘such as’); for
example ‘said handle’ or ‘said first handle’.
Body of claims

• For clarity, the description of each element

should be presented as single clauses and
each such clause within a single claim should
be set apart by punctuation, such as commas
or semicolons.
• Each element or step of a claim can be
labeled as ‘(a)’, ‘(b)’ etc., or may be separated
by indention or hyphens as well so as to
increase the readability of the claims.
Body of claims
Example 01
1. A container with bottle opener comprising:
• a cup having a sidewall and a bottom wall, the
sidewall forming an inner recess for receiving a
beverage container; and
• a bottle opener provided on the sidewall, the bottle
opener being a raised body having a perimeter that
extends away from the sidewall, a portion of the
perimeter of the body having an opener lip and a
leverage surface with a recess formed there between.
Body of claims
Order of elements
• The elements recited in the claims must be presented in a
logical arrangement for easy understanding.
• The ‘functional’ and the ‘structural’ arrangements are the
two most logical arrangements.
• In functional arrangement, elements are ordered to reflect
their degree of ‘closeness’ to the article or articles upon
which the invention operates.
• A structural arrangement for a claim first recites the base
(for mechanical inventions) or the source of power (for
electrical inventions or the source of power from electrical
circuits), then recites the remaining elements, building
from the base.
Body of claims
Cooperation
• The ‘cooperation’ between elements should be described
by specifying how the elements interact with each other to
form an operative device or process.
• Though there is no such statutory requirement to do so but
it always helps in explaining and understanding the
structure.
• The recitation of elements should not be a mere
aggregation but the coordination of one element with
another one.
Body of claims

Claim format
• The claim should be formatted in such a way that
each elements in the claim is set apart, making it easy
to understand the structure of the claim.
• There may be many ways of describing claim and
claims description mainly depends upon the practice
followed by the claim drafter.
• But generally, a format which is easy to follow both
for the reader and the claim drafter is used.
Body of claims
• A colon typically is inserted after the transitional phrase
and semicolon can be used to separate elements.
• In case the number of elements is more than two, generally
a hyphen or alphabetical bullets (a, b, c ...) are used to
separate each element.
• These letters also help in referring to the elements of
previous claim, or in discussing the claim with an examiner
in the patent office.
• For example, a dependent claim might refer to performing
an added step ‘after step (c)’ of its parent claim.
‘Whereby’ Clause

• ‘Whereby’ or ‘thereby’ clauses may be used to describe the

function or the result that necessarily follows from previously
recited structure.
• These clauses merely state the result of the claim and add
nothing of substance to the claim hence add nothing to the
claim limitation but enhance the understanding of the claim.
• The ‘whereby’ clause can be used only when the equivalent
phrase ‘it follows from the forgoing that’ can be used.
• Whereby clause can also be used to introduce the product form
from a process step
• For example, ‘reacting A and B under condition X, whereby the
product C is formed.’
Claims

• Claim drafting is an art that can be

learned by study, application and
experience.
• The first step in claim drafting is to
understand the invention.
• The next is to understand the
prior art and then create a
boundary for each claim.
Claims

• The boundary shouldn’t be drawn too

narrow so as to allow competitors to exploit
the invention and should not be too close to
the prior art so as that it becomes difficult
and expensive to obtain and defend, but if it
is valid, it will exclude competitors.
• Claim drafting always requires a judgment
between those two extremes.
• Once the claims are written, the remainder
of the application becomes relatively simple
to draft as the ‘Summary’ and the ‘Abstract’
sections of the specification are based on the
claims.
Claims
• Moreover, the terms and the language used in the claims are
extensively used in the ‘Detailed description of the invention’.
• Writing the claims first gives a dual advantage that the structure of
the application becomes well defined and secondly, this practice
ensures that proper and consistent terminology is used
throughout the specification and claims.
IMPORTANT
• Claims should be self-descriptive and should not refer to the
drawings (such as referring to FIG 1 but must refer to the part
numbers in the drawings) or any part of the description as such.
Points to
remember
• Each claim is a single sentence
• Start claims on a new page and
number each claim using Arabic
numbers starting with 1.
• Figure out all essential features or
elements of the invention which are
sought to be claimed.
• Start with broadest claims of the
invention and then progress to
narrower claims.
• Precede claims with a short statement
such as ‘I claim:’ or ‘We claim’
Points to
remember
• Each claim should consist of an
introduction, linking word, and body.
• The first claim would be the
Independent claim and subsequent
claim would be dependent claims.
And, these claims should be linked so
as to form a single inventive concept.
• There is no restriction to the number
of claims (independent or dependent)
to be incorporated in the specification.
Points to remember

• The applicant has to pay additional fee, if there are

more than ten claims (320 INR for natural person
/small entity and 1600 INR for others except small
entity/natural person per claim for e-filing and ten
per cent extra of these respectively in case of filing
by physical mode).
• Claims must be supported by the description and
should be substantially based on the description.
• This means that all the characteristics of the invention
that form the part of the claims must be fully
explained in the description.
Types of claims

• On the basis of drafting

• Independent claim
• Dependent claim
• Omnibus claim
• On the basis of Invention
• Product claim
• Process or Method claim
• Apparatus claim
• On the basis of field
• Jepson claim
• Markush claim

SESSION CODE:PIP_202_04 45
Independent claims
• 1. An improved windmill to generate electricity irrespective of wind
direction and wind velocity comprising:
• a plurality of wind guide plates extending in a radial direction;
• a charger to close the lower end of said wind guide plate
wherein said charger has a conical sectional shape;
• an upper plate to close the upper end of said wind guide plate;
• an wind inlet provided on said wind guide plate through which
the wind in introduced into said windmill;
• first wind inlet opening and closing device pivotally installed in
said wind inlet;
• second wind inlet opening and closing device being positioned
behind said first wind inlet opening and closing device through
which the wind is discharged out of said windmill;
• a power generating tunnel through which the wind in
introduced into the windmill via said first wind inlet opening
and closing device;
• a wind outlet comprising of a plurality of cells defined by plating
the plurality of wires in the form of a lattice.

SESSION CODE:PIP_202_04 46
Dependent
claim
The chair as claimed in claim 1,
wherein said backrest is adapted
to be supportable in any desired
position relative to said seat
surface.

SESSION CODE:PIP_202_04 47
 Omnibus claim is a claim which includes a reference
to the description or the drawings without stating
explicitly any technical features of the product or
process claimed. It is allowed only if the statement of
invention is incorporated in the specification. The
Omnibus words such as ‘substantially as described’ or
‘substantially as described with reference to the
claim drawings’ or ‘substantially as described herein’ are
commonly used to claim as Omnibus Claim.

Example
• ‘Apparatus as described in the description’
Product
claim
A pharmaceutical composition, comprising:
10 to 20 mg of clindamycin and from 50 to 100
mg of clotrimazole per application unit; and at
least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Process claim
A bio-assisted method for treatment of hydrocarbon-
contaminated soil employing a blend of selective
microbes, the method comprising; isolating the
microbes, which are capable of releasing oil from the
contaminated soil/gravel particles, adding the isolated
microbes into said soil to release the oils, adding
separately isolated microbes, which are capable of
degrading the released oils, providing optimized
nutrient for the microorganisms, and aerating the
same by periodic mixing of the oil contaminated soil-
water slurry or by air sparging to treat the
contaminated soil.
 Apparatus claim
A storage battery powered, electric motor vehicle,
particularly an electric fork lifter, having a main
electric drive motor connected to the storage
battery in series with an electrical control circuit,
comprising a steering device having an auxiliary
electric motor connected to the battery in series
with said main drive motor and parallel to said
control circuit to be energized by the voltage drop
across said control circuit, wherein the sun of the
instantaneous voltage applied to the drive motor
and the voltage drop across said control circuit is
equal to the voltage from the storage battery.
 Jepson claims
In an instrument marker pen body including an ink reservoir and means
for receiving a writing tip, the improvement comprising a pen arm
holding means consisting of an integrally moulded hinged member
adapted to fold against a surface of the pen body and to be locked
against said surface by engage able locking means.
 Markush is derived from Dr.
Eugene A. Markush (1888–1968), a
Hungarian-born chemist who
migrated to the U.S.A. and founded
the Pharma Chemical Corporation
in New Jersey in 1919. In 1924, he

Markush claims
filed a patent application in respect
of a class of novel pyrolazone dyes,
and following a legal argument
over a U.S. Patent Office regulation
against claiming alternatives for an
invention, he was obliged to
rephrase his claims using
expressions of the form ‘where R is
a group selected from . . .
 ’Markush claim is mainly used in
chemistry or biochemical inventions.
It is a claim with multiple
Markush Claims ‘functionally equivalent’ chemical
entities allowed in one or more parts
of the compound.
‘The process for the
manufacture of dyes which
comprise coupling with a
halogen substituted
pyrazolone, a di-azotized
unsulphonated material
selected from the group
consisting of aniline,
homologues of aniline and
halogen substitution
products of aniline’
Clarity of claims

A structure comprising a
semiconductor substrate made
of silicon, said structure further
characterized by comprising a
near-amorphous film comprising
ZrO2.
Clarity of claims

• Here the claim does not have a precise or well-recognized meaning for a
skilled person. The term ‘near-amorphous’ used in the claim is vague and
unclear and leaves the reader in doubt as to the meaning of the technical
feature to which it refers, thereby rendering the definition of the subject-
matter of said claim unclear.
Clarity of claims
• A Diesel engine comprising an engine block and a cylinder
head made of an Aluminium-Titanium alloy having a
melting point between 1000 K and 1100 K.
Clarity of claims
• The syntax of the claim is open to different interpretation:
Either the engine block as well as the cylinder head are
made of the alloy, or only the cylinder head is made of the
alloy.
 a) I claim to be the inventor of this
application,

b) I claim a patent and that no one else

Statements shall use my invention without leave.

that are not

c) I claim that the machine described
claims above is quite new and has never been
seen or used before.

d) I claim some reward.

 a) I claim that this device is better and cheaper and more effectual

than anything known.

b) I claim that my process or machine will do such and such

Statements things.

that are not c) I claim the following advantages.

claims d) I claim an improved sewing machine.

e) I claim a mechanism for converting heat into electrical energy

without any loss of efficiency.

f) I claim a new method of making silk waterproof.

Claim formalities

Starts on a separate sheet with the Heading

1.5 line spacing

Each claim is a single sentence (begins with a capital

letter and ends with a period)
CLAIM PUNCTUATION

• A comma separates the preamble from the transitional phrase

• A colon separates the transitional phrase from the body
• The small paragraphs that define and describe the logical elements are separated
with semi colons
• EXAMPLE 1 :
• Preamble, transitional phrase:
• Element (#1);
• Element (#2); and
• Element (#3).
 PROPER ANTECEDENT BASIS
Elements in the patent claim must have correct antecedent basis

Use indefinite article “a” or “an” when introducing an element for the first time

Use definite article “the” or “said” when referring back to the introduced element

Example: Claim

A game device, comprising a handle and a head portion connected to the handle,
characterized in that, an anti-slippage means is secured to the handle
Reference numerals and Parenthesis
expressions
Claim 1.

An apparatus (10), comprising:

• a plurality of printed pages (11);

• a binding (12) configured to hold the printed pages (11)
together; and
• a cover(13) attached to the binding (12).
Exercise 1
The invention relates to a formulation of silver ion complex comprising silver precursor,
citric acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer or vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl imidazole copolymer,
silica precursor and deionized water.
The invention also discloses a process of preparation of the silver ion complex through wet
chemical synthesis by dissolving silver precursor and polymer in a solvent to form silver
ion polymer complex solution. A solution of silica precursor and catalyst are added to the
silver ion polymer complex solution and temperature is increased to 400C to initiate silica
formation and solution is heated to a temperature in the range of 500C to 750C. The solvent
and catalyst are removed from silver ion complex solution to form an aqueous silver ion
polymer complex embedded over silica.
The silica embedded silver ion polymer complex is photo-stable, exhibited antimicrobial
activity and are useful as antimicrobial preservative in cosmetic and personal care products
 1. A formulation of photo-stable silica embedded silver
ion polymer complex, the formulation comprising:
a. a silver precursor in the range of 0.25% to 0.75%
by weight;
b. a polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer or
Claims vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl imidazole copolymer in
the range of 3% to 8% by weight;
c. a silica precursor in the range of 0.5% to 2% by
weight; and
d. a deionized water in the range of 40% to
85% by weight.
Dependent Claims

2. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein silver precursor is selected from the group
comprising silver citrate and silver sulfate.

3. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein citric acid in the range of 10% to 50% by
weight is used in combination with silver citrate as silver citrate is less soluble in water.
4. The formulation as claimed in claim 1, wherein silica precursor is selected from a group
comprising tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetrapropyl orthosilicate,
tetrabutyl orthosilicate, tetrahexyl orthosilicate, diethoxydimethylsilane, ethoxy
trimethylsilane, methoxy trimethylsilane, trimethoxy(octyl) silane, iethoxy(octyl)silane,
methoxy(dimethyl) octylsilane, and 3-Aminopropyl-(diethoxy) methylsilane.
Process Claim
1. A process for preparing photo-stable silica embedded silver ion polymer
complex, the process (100) comprising the steps of:

a. dissolving a silver precursor in the range of 0.25% to 0.75% by weight

and a polymer in the range of 3% to 8% by weight in deionized water to
form a silver ion polymer complex solution (101);
b. adding a solution of silica precursor in the range of 0.5% to 2% by weight
and catalyst to the silver ion polymer complex solution to form a silica
embedded silver ion complex solution (102);
c. maintaining the solution at temperature in the range of 350C to 400C to
initiate the formation of silica particles and heating the silver ion complex
solution at a temperature in the range of 500C to 750C (103); and
d. removing the solvent and the catalyst from silver ion complex solution to
form an aqueous silver ion polymer complex embedded
over silica (104).
Exercise 2

A composition and method of increasing the bioavailability of curcumin is

provided.
A synergistic combination of solid lipid micro-particles of curcumin-soya
lecithin complex with natural lipid and surfactant provides increased
bioavailability.
The natural lipid and surfactant used are Palmitic acid and Poloxamer 188
respectively. Hence the pharmaceutical composition finds application in
treatment of various metabolic diseases and also acts as effective anti-
inflammatory agent, chemotherapeutic agent and chemopreventive agent.
 1. A process of preparing a pharmaceutical composition by hot melt
method, the process comprising the steps of:

a. melting natural lipid palmitic acid, to which the curcumin-

soya lecithin is added and mixed well at temperature 600 C;
b. to the obtained molten mixture of step (a), calculated
quantity of surfactant Poloxamer 188 is in hot water was is further
added and sonicated for optimized duration;
c. homogenization of the obtained mixture of step (b) by
adding additional quantity of Poloxamer 188 surfactant dropwise with
Claims continuous stirring; and
d. the obtained mixture of step (c) is cooled and subjected to
free-drying to form solid lipid micro-particle
wherein the percentage yield of solid lipid micro-particles of curcumin-
soya lecithin complex is in the range between 78% to 86% and curcumin
content in the prepared solid lipid micro-particles is 90% for the
specified ratio of pharmaceutical composition with the entrapment
efficiency of 62%
Product Claim
2. A pharmaceutical composition prepared by the process
of claim 1, comprises plurality of Solid Lipid Micro-
particles or nano-particles wherein said micro-particle or
nano-particles further comprises curcumin-soya lecithin
complex with of curcumin at a concentration of 20% to
29%, soy lecithin at a concentration of 40%-41%, a natural
lipid at a concentration of 40% and a surfactant at a
concentration of 0.025% to 0.5% to increase the
permeability, solubility and decrease the pre-systemic
metabolism thereby increasing the bioavailability of
curcumin
Dependent Claims

3. The pharmaceutical composition prepared by the process of claim 1,

wherein the natural lipid is palmitic acid.

4. The pharmaceutical composition prepared by the process of claim 1,

wherein the surfactant is Poloxamer 188
• QUESTIONS????