Health Information System

LABORATORY | MIDYEAR – MIDTERMS

The Health System

Health System care offers specialized tests, and tertiary
medical care offers advanced tests
▪ a complex network of organizations,
institutions, resources, and people whose World Health Organization
primary purpose is to improve health
• Defined health system as “all the organizations,
▪ includes everything from hospitals and clinics to institutions, resources, and people whose
health policies and financing mechanisms primary purpose is to improve health.” (WHO,
2000)
▪ “The combination of resources, organization,
financing, and management that culminate in o includes manpower, good infrastructure,
the delivery of health services to the and adequate funding
population.”
Goals and Functions
o Dr. Milton Roemer, 1991
Three Main Goals of a Health System
Roemer Model of Health Service System
1. Improving the health of populations
o the overarching goal
o involves the screening, prevention, and
treatment
o striving for equity in health through
minimizing inequitable health disparities
such as income, ethnicity, occupation,
gender, geographic location, and sexual
▪ Organization of programs orientation
o composed of the Ministry of Health 2. Improving the responsiveness of the
(Department of Health), voluntary population system to the population it
agencies (Philippine Red Cross), and serves
both private and public healthcare
facilities o aims for a healthy community with a low
mortality rate and high life expectancy
▪ Management
• vaccinations
o involves health planning, administration, Preventive
• health education
coordination, legislation, and regulation Care
• disease prevention measures
▪ Economic support Curative • providing effective medical
Services treatments to cure diseases
o comes from charity, insurance, and social Health • encouraging a healthy
security Promotion lifestyle
• ensuring the proper
▪ Resource Production
Chronic management and care if
o involves manpower, facilities, and Disease chronic illnesses to prevent
knowledge Management complications and improve
quality of life
▪ Delivery of Services • be aware of current statistics
Monitor and
o the provision of successful tests wherein and data of illnesses,
Evaluate
especially chronic diseases
primary care offers basic tests, secondary
 • ensuring the health system
Respect treats the individual with
Persons
dignity, respect, and
confidentiality
• providing the care that is
Patient- respectful of and responsive
centered Care to the needs and values of
the individual
• immediate provision of
Timely Access results for an efficient and
effective treatment
Quality of Care • maintaining high standard
Cultural • respect the beliefs and
Sensitivity values of individuals
Engagement • involving individuals and
and community in the planning
Empowerment and decision-making
3. Fairness in financial contribution
o using the Universal Health Coverage
o ensuring that all individuals have access
to necessary services without suffering
financial hardship
• allocating resources and
Fair Distribution
services to diminish health
of Resources
disparities
• ensuring accessibility to
medicine and laboratory
Affordability
tests to all individuals, no
matter the economic status
Social • addressing broader social
Determinants of factors affecting health
Health equity
Four Vital Health System Functions
1. Health service provision
o most visible product of the healthcare
system
o involves provision of health services to
individuals and populations ensuring that
they are available, accessible, high-
quality, and patient-centered
o the health system must consist of
adequate numbers of manpower, training
and education, equitable distributions,
motivations and retentions, and task
shifting
2. Health service inputs
o the assembling of essential resources for
delivering health services
o includes health professionals such as
doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and
medical technologists as well as support
staff and administrators
o also includes medications and medical
equipments
3. Stewardship
o involves the oversight, policy-making, and
strategic direction necessary to guide the
health system and ensure its
accountability and responsiveness
o usually a governmental responsibility
4. Health financing
o involves the generation, allocation, and
management of funds to ensure that
health services are provided effectively
and equitably
• collection of money to pay for
health care services
• mechanisms include general
taxation, donor financing,
Revenue
mandatory payroll contributions,
Collection
mandatory or voluntary risk-rated
contributions, direct household
out-of-pocket expenditures, and
other forms of personal savings
• collection and management of
financial resources in a way that
spreads financial risk from an
individual to all pool members
(WHO, 2000)
• financial risk pooling is the core
function of health insurance
mechanisms
Risk • Bismarck Model
Pooling - Bismarck’s Law of Health
Insurance of 1883
- Otto von Bismarck,
Prussian Chancellor
- uses an insurance system
where the sickness fund
finances both the
employers and employees
- observed in Germany,
France, Belgium,
 Netherlands, Japan, o provide essential information for decision-
Switzerland, and Latin making and policy-developing
America
• Beveridge Model ▪ Medical Products, Vaccines, and
- Beveridge Report or Social Technologies
Insurance and Allied o ensuring that essential medicine and
Services of 1942
health technologies are available,
- William Beveridge
affordable, and high-quality which is
- health care is provided and
funded by the government accessible to the public
through tax payments ▪ Financing
- used in Great Britain,
Spain, Scandinavia, New o involves generating, allocating, and
Zealand, Hongkong, and managing financing resources to ensure
Cuba that health services are available and
• risk-pooling organizations use accessible to the public
collected funds and pooled
Strategic ▪ Leadership and Governance
financial resources to finance
Purchasing
health care services for the o oversight regulation and strategic
members
direction of health system to ensure that
operates effectively, transparently, and in
WHO Health System Framework the best interest of the populations
Outcome
▪ Improved Health (Level and Equity)
▪ Responsiveness
▪ Social and Financial Risk Protection
▪ Improved Efficiency
Philippine Health System
Building Blocks
▪ Service Delivery
o timely delivery of quality and cost-
effective or personal and non-personal
health services to those who need them,
when and where needed, with minimum
waste of resources
▪ Health Workforce
o encompasses all individuals who are
engaged in actions including health Historical Background
professionals, administrators, staff, and ▪ 1979
support workers to achieve the best
outcome of health services given the o Adoption of Primary Health Care (LOI
available resources and circumstances 949)

▪ Information o promoted participatory management of

the local health care system
o collects, analyze, and disseminate data
which is related to the health status, ▪ 1982
services, and system o Reorganization of DOH (EO 851)
 o to enhance the efficiency and
effectiveness of delivering health services
o integrated public health and hospital
services
▪ 1988
o The Generics Act (RA 6675)
o prescriptions are written using the generic
name of the drug in an attempt to lower
expenditure on drugs by promoting and
encouraging non-branded medicines
▪ 1991
o Local Government Code (RA 7160)
o governs the organizational structures and
responsibility of Local Government Units
o transfer of responsibility of health services
provisions to the LGUs
▪ 1995
o National Health Insurance Act (RA 7875)
o establish the National Health Insurance
Program to provide all citizens a
mechanism for financial protection with
priority given to the poor
▪ 1999
o Health Sector Reform Agenda
o set of policies, strategies, and actions
which aims to improve the efficiency,
effectiveness, equity, and sustainability of
the country’s health system
o promotes and ensures access to
affordable quality drugs and medicines for
all
▪ 2010
o Kalusugang Pangkalahatan or Universal
Health Care (AO 2010-0036)
o universal health coverage and access to
quality health cate for all Filipinos (ex.
Malasakit Centers)
Department of Health Tasks
1. Development of plans, guidelines, and
standards for the health sector
2. Technical assistance
3. Capacity building
4. Advisory services for disease prevention; and
5. Control of medical supplies and vaccines
Local Government Units
▪ take care of their own health services and are
given autonomy under the Local Government
Code (LOGC) of 1991 (RA 7160)
▪ composed of:
o 78 provincial governors
o 138 city mayors
o 1,496 municipal mayors
o 42,025 barangay chairpersons
o grouped into 17 regions

o major organizational restructuring of the

DOH to improve the way health care is
delivered, regulated, and financed
▪ 2005
o FOURmula One (F1) for Health
o adoption of operational framework to
undertake reforms with speed, precision,
and effective coordination
▪ 2008
o Universally Accessible Cheaper and
Quality Medicines Act of 2008 (RA 9502)