ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES Pituitary “Masteral Gland” that

regulates all other

The Endocrine System regulates, coordinates and endocrine glands,
controls: releases growth
hormone.
 Growth and development.
Thyroid Metabolism, body heat,
 Male and female development. bone growth.
 How your body uses energy. Parathyroids Use of calcium and
 Levels of salts and sugars in your blood. phosphorus.
 The amount (volume) of fluid in your body. Hypothalamus Links nervous system to
 Appetite. endocrine system.
 Many other body functions. Adrenal Response in emergency
or stressful situations,
The Endocrine Glands metabolism, blood
pressure, salt balance.
- are the organs of the Endocrine System. Pancreas Blood sugar
Hormones Ovaries Production of eggs;
female characteristics
- They produce and secreted by the endocrine Testes Production of sperm;
glands. male characteristics
- They are located all over your body. Thymus Parts of the immune
system.

Hormones
- Are chemical messengers that are secreted
(released) from glands into the blood and
affects cells in another part of the body.
Target Cells
- A certain cell where hormone can work with.
- It has special receptors that recognize the
hormones and allow them to influence the cell.

CONTROLS IN THE HORMONES

External Stimuli
- Way of nerves from the sensory organs in the
nervous system.
Internal Stimuli
- Way of nerves and other hormones from inside
SOME ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND WHAT the body.
THEY REGULATES REACTIONS OF BRAIN
GLAND WHAT IT Secretions
REGULATES
 - Is how brain reacts. not enter the muscle and liver cells like it should and it
- Secretions from neurons in hypothalamus builds up in the blood causing complications.
(neurohormones)
UNDERSTAND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Nerves
- Family history
- Reacts by way of nerves from hypothalamus - Lack of exercise
and brainstem. - Unhealthy diet
- Overweight
Nerves and Hormones
 Seven million are diagnosed with type 2
- It regulates the organ functions. diabetes.

External A few hormone systems are positive feedback

systems:
- Means coming from the outside of your body.
- The pituitary gland sends a signal by way of
Internal the hormone oxytocin to the uterus causing
- Means coming from the inside of your body. contractions.
- The pressure of the fetus on the cervix sends a
Response signal back to the brain which then stimulates
the release of more oxytocin. This causes more
- Is the body’s reaction to the stimulus.
contractions.
- It is a step-by-step process.
- The fetus pushes harder on the cervix. More
oxytocin is released. The system continues
until birth occurs.
Disease is usually a positive feedback problem.

 Disease, may cause when the functions lose

their negative feedback control.
AN EXAMPLE
- Neurons in the hypothalamus secrete thyroid
releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates
cells in the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH).
- TSH binds to receptors to cells in the thyroid
gland, stimulating thyroid hormones, which
affect all cells in the body.
- When blood concentrations of thyroid
hormones increase above a certain level, TRH-
secreting neurons in the hypothalamus are
inhibited and stop secreting TRH.
- If this process is disrupted, the Thyroid keeps
producing hormones and hyperthyroid disease
ensues.
SOME COMMON HORMONES
- Progesterone
- Adrenaline
- Testosterone
- Insulin
- Thyroxine
In the case shown in this picture, the body produces - Estrogen
insulin but the target cells become resistant and - Cortisol
unresponsive to it. Diabetes can also be caused by the - Done
body not producing enough insulin. The glucose does
Adrenaline
Where it comes from - Condition where people may not produce
enough of this hormone.
- Comes from the adrenal gland.
- They can take thyroxine to treat this
Where it acts condition.

- Acts in the heart,blood, vessels, eyes. Testosterone

- Stimulates heart rate, increase blood pressure,
Where it comes from
dilates pupils.
- Comes from the testicles.
What it does
Where it acts
- Causes adrenaline rush.
- a fight and flight hormone - Acts in the body-hair cells, muscles,
- released in high stress conditions or in reproductive structures.
excitement or fear,.
What it does
- Loud noise, high temperature may trigger its
release. - It stimulates development of male sexual
characteristics.
Progesterone
- Testosterone is a steroid and has been
Where it comes from administered to athletes inorder to improve
performance.
- It comes from the ovary (where an egg was
- Females also produce small amount of
released)
testosterone in their ovaries that affect muscle
Where it acts development and other body functions.

- Acts in the uterus. Estrogen

What it does Where it comes

- It controls menstruation in women and plays a - Comes from the ovary.

role in pregnancy .
Where it acts
- One of the components of birth control pills.
- It acts in the breast tissue, reproductive
structures in female.
What it does
- It stimulates development of female sexual
characteristics.
- Estrogen levels may be related somehow to
migraine headaches in women.
Cortisol
Where it comes from:
Thyroxine - Outer part of adrenal gland.
Where it comes Where it acts
- Comes from the thyroid. - Multiple tissues
Where it acts What it does
- It acts as the most cells of the body. - Mental stimulation breaks down fat and
What it does protein to glucose, anti-inflammation.

- It controls the rate of metabolic processes in It is usually referred to as “stress hormone” as it is

the body and influences physical development. involved in response to stress and anxiety.

Hypothyroidism Insulin
Where it comes from
 - Insulin is produced in the pancreas.
Where it acts
- Liver muscle and fat tissue.
What it does
- Insulin causes cells to take up glucose (sugar)
from the blood, storing it in the liver and
muscle, and stopping use of fats as an energy
source.
Diabetes
- May cause when there is a problems with
insulin production or use in the body.