POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH

ENGINEERING DRAWING
AND PLANS

PREPARED BY :
JESECO A. MALOLOS, CE
Asst. Professorial Lecturer

21 MARCH 2023
SESSION 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
“ I want to learn something, not because I have to . .
But because I really want to”.
- Yo-Yo Ma Quotes
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects. In

general, it provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality, material,
manufacturing process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from which a trained
person can visualize objects.

The Instruments and other aids used in drafting work are listed below:
▪ Drawing board
▪ Set squares
▪ French curves
▪ Templates
▪ Mini drafter
▪ Instrument box
▪ Protractor
▪ Set of scales
▪ Drawing sheets
▪ Pencils
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

Drawing Board:
Until recently drawing boards used are made of
well seasoned softwood of about 25 mm thick
with a working edge for T-square. Nowadays
mini-drafters are used instead of T-squares
which can be fixed on any board. The standard
size of board depends on the size of drawing
sheet size required.

Mini Drafter:
Mini-drafter consists of an angle formed by two
arms with scales marked and rigidly hinged to
each other .It combines the functions of T-square,
set-squares, scales and protractor. It is used for
drawing horizontal, vertical and inclined lines,
parallel and perpendicular lines and for measuring
lines and angles.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

Instrument Box:
Instrument box contains :
1. Compass
2. Shapes and rulers
3. Technical pens
What is important is the position of the pencil lead
with respect to the tip of the compass. It should be at
least 1 mm above as shown in the fig. because the tip
goes into the board for grip by 1 mm.

Pencils:
Pencils with leads of different degrees of hardness or grades
are available in the market. The hardness or softness of the
lead is indicated by 3H, 2H, H, HB, B, 2B, 3B, etc. The grade
HB denotes medium hardness of lead used for general
purpose. The hardness increases as the value of the numeral
before the letter H increases. The lead becomes softer, as the
value of the numeral before B Increases:
▪ HB Soft grade for Border lines, lettering and free
sketching
▪ H Medium grade for Visible outlines, visible
edges and boundary lines
▪ 2H Hard grade for construction lines, Dimension
lines, Leader lines, Extension lines, Centre lines,
Hatching lines and Hidden lines.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

Drawing Sheets:
Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an object is
drawn which is available in various sizes. The sheet used
for engineering should be of good quality. It should be
white in color with uniform thickness with must resist the
easy torn of paper.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

Title Block:
The title block should lie within
the drawing space at the bottom or
at the right side of the drawing
sheet providing the following
information.
▪ Title of the drawing.
▪ Drawing number.
▪ Scale.
▪ Name of the firm, and
▪ Initials of staff, who have
designed, checked and
approved.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

Lines:
In Engineering Graphics,
the details of various
objects are drawn by
different types of lines.
Each line has a definite
meaning and sense to
convey.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Lines: (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Lines: (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

ACTIVITY 1a : Draw a title block on a long (13”) bond paper– standard template
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Lines: (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

HATCH PATTERN

Hatching styles are patterns used on drawings for the easy identification and location of different
types of commonly-used materials, objects and spaces.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Hatch Pattern: (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Hatch Pattern: (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Hatch Pattern: (cont.)

www.archtoolbox.com
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

DRAWING SCALES

Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing sheet.
This reduction creates a scale of that reduction ratio, which is generally a fraction & such a scale is
called Reducing Scale.

Scale drawings are drawings that represent something at a size other than their full size. They can
represent things at either a larger or a smaller scale than full size, depending on the size of the thing
they are representing and the use to which the drawing will be put.

Scale drawings are used to illustrate items that it is not useful or convenient to draw at their actual
size. This may be because drawing the item at full size would be unmanageable, or would not easily
fit on a single sheet of paper (such as a building), or alternatively because items need to be drawn
larger than full size to adequately represent all the detail that needs to be communicated.

PHILIPPINE STANDARD UNIT OF MEASUREMENT - METRIC

A number of units of measurement were used in the Philippines to measure various quantities
including mass, area, and capacity. The metric system has been compulsory in the country
since 1860, during the late Spanish colonial period.[1] A mixture of Spanish units and
indigenous units were used alongside American units in the 1900s
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Engineers’ Scales: (cont.)

Length of the Object in the Drawing

Representative fraction (R.F.) =
Actual Length

R.F. = 1cm = 1cm = 1

1m 100cm 100

Convert : 1m is 100cm

Metric Measurements:
10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre( cm)
10 centimetres (cm) = 1 decimetre(dm)
10 decimetre (dm) = 1 metre(m)
10 metres (m) = 1 decametre (dam)
10 decametre (dam) = 1 hectometre (hm)
10 hectometres (bm) = 1 kilometre (km)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Engineers’ Scales: (cont.)

Length of the Object in the Drawing

Representative fraction (R.F.) =
Actual Length

R.F. = 1cm = 1cm = 1

1m 100cm 100

Convert : 1m is 100cm

ACTIVITY 1b : Scale Calculation

Construct a scale of 1:40 to read metres and decimetres and long enough to measure
8.0m. Mark on it a distance of 6.3m.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
Engineers’ Scales: (cont.)

ACTIVITY 1b : Scale Calculation

Construct a scale of 1:40 to read metres and decimetres and long enough to measure
8.0m. Mark on it a distance of 6.3m.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES

A plane of projection (i.e., an image or picture plane) is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image is
projected. The projection is produced by connecting the points where the lines of sight pierce the
projection plane. As a result, the 3D object is transformed into a 2D view.

Orthographic View
If the distance from the observer to
the object is infinite, then the
projection lines are assumed to be
parallel, and the projection is called
a parallel projection. Parallel
projection is orthographic if the
plane of projection is placed
between the observer and the
object, and the plane is
perpendicular to the parallel lines of
sight.

www.mcgill.ca/engineeringdesign
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

Main principles of creating multiview projections

The plane of projection can be oriented to produce an infinite number of views of an object.
However, the most common views are the six mutually perpendicular views that are produced
by six mutually perpendicular planes of projection:

▪ Front view – the one that shows most features or characteristics.

▪ Left side view – shows what becomes the left side of the object after establishing the
front view position.
▪ Right side view – shows what becomes the right side of the object after establishing
the front view position.
▪ Top view – shows what becomes the top of the object once the position of the front
view is established.
▪ Bottom view – shows what becomes the bottom of the object once the position of the
front view is established.
▪ Rear view – shows what becomes the rear of the object once the position of the front
view is established.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

The most informative (descriptive) view of the object to be represented is normally chosen as
the principal view (front view). This is view A related to the corresponding direction of
viewing A
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

Conventional view placement

Generally, three views of an object are enough, however, a drawing must contain as many views as
necessary to illustrate the part, usually at right angles to one another.

Frontal plane of projection

In multiview projection, the object is

viewed perpendicular to the main
faces, so that only one face of the
object is depicted in each view.
The frontal plane of projection is
the plane onto which the front view
of a multiview drawing is projected.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

Frontal plane of projection

In multiview projection, the object is viewed perpendicular to

the main faces, so that only one face of the object is depicted
in each view. The frontal plane of projection is the plane
onto which the front view of a multiview drawing is projected.

In the front view you can

see height and width of the object,
but you cannot see its depth.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

Horizontal plane of projection

The top view is projected onto the horizontal plane of

projection, which is plane suspended above and parallel to
the top of the object.

The top view of an object shows

the width and depth dimensions.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

RIGHT SIDE AND LEFT SIDE VIEW

In multiview drawings, the right side view is the standard side view. The right side view is projected
onto the right profile plane of projection, which is a plane that is parallel to the right side of the
object. However, you can also use the left side view if it is more descriptive and informative.
Moreover, when needed, you can include both side views into one drawing.

The side view of an object shows

the depth and height dimensions..
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

THREE-VIEW
MULTIVIEW

The three-view multiview

drawing is the standard used
in engineering and
technology, because often
the other three common
views are mirror images and
do not add to the knowledge
about the object.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting
PROJECTIONS OF PLANES (cont.)

ACTIVITY 2 : Actual Measurement of Object

Find an object, measure each element content of the object then draw a scaled projection.
INTRODUCTION, a recap to HS Technical Drafting

PERSPECTIVE VIEW

If the distance from the

observer to the object is
finite, then the projection
lines are not parallel (since
all lines of sight start at a
single point), and the
drawing is classified as
a perspective projection. In
perspective view the object
surface and projection plane
can be also parallel.

www.mcgill.ca/engineeringdesign