Nervous

System
Part - 2
Brain
 Nervous system is the chief controlling and
coordinating system of the body. It is the most
complex system of the body. It adjust the body to
surroundings and regulate all bodily activity both
involuntary and voluntary.
 The sensory part of the nervous system collect
information from surrounding and helps in gaining
knowledge and experience where the motor part
is responsible for responses of the body.
 Average weight of adult brain in air is 1500 g since
brain float in cerebral spinal fluid it only wait 50
gram which is comfortable.
 There are about 130 billion neurons in an adult
brain
Division Of Nervous System
Anatomical Division
It is divided into -
1. Central Nervous System (CNS) which
comprises brain and spinal cord. It is
responsible for integrating, coordinating the
sensory information and ordering appropriate
motor action.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include 12
pair of cranial nerve and 31 pair of spinal
nerve. These provide afferent impulse to CNS
and carry efferent impulses to the muscles
gland and blood vessels.
Functional Division
Peripheral nervous system functionally has two
component
1. Afferent component provide sensory
information to CNS.
2. Efferent component carry motor information
to muscle, gland, blood vessels and heart via
a) Somatic nervous system for the control of
skeletal muscle.
b) Autonomic nervous system for control of
heart, smooth muscle of the organs, gland
and blood vessels.
Cellular Division
1. Nerve cell or neurons
2. Neuroglia cells
Synapse
 The neurons are connected to the one
another by their processes, forming a long
chains along which the impulses are
conducted. the site of contact between
the nerve cells is known as synapse.
Parts Of Brain
1. Forebrain
A. Cerebrum (telecephalon), made up of
two cerebral hemisphere
B. Thalamencephalon (diencephalon)
hidden by the cerebrum consists of
thalamus, hypothalamus, metathalamus,
epithalamus, sabthalamus.
2. Midbrain (mesencephelon)
3. Hindbrain include pons, medulla
oblongata and cerebellum.
Cranial Nerve
 There are 12 pair of cranial nerve. each
cranial nerve has a number and a name.
Mnemonic
 Oh Oh Oh, Try, Try Again Failure/Victory Give
Value And Happiness.
1. Oh - Olfactory Nerve
2. Oh - Optic Nerve
3. Oh - Oculomotor Nerve
4. Try - Trochlear Nerve
5. Try - Trigeminal Nerve
6. Again - Abducens Nerve
7. Failure - Facial Nerve
8. Victory - Vestibulocochlear Nerve
9. Give - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
10. Value - Vagus Nerve
11. And - Accessory Nerve
12. Happiness - Hypoglossal Nerve
Attachment Of The Nerves
 I,II to the forebrain
 III IV to midbrain
 V VI VII VIII to pons
 IX X XI XII to medulla oblongata
1st Cranial Nerve
 The Olfactory Nerve is the first cranial
nerve (CN I). It is a sensory nerve that
functions for the sense of smell.
 Olfactory smell pathway.
2nd Cranial Nerve
 The Optic Nerve is the second cranial
nerve (CN II) responsible for transmitting
visual information. The optic nerve
contains only afferent (sensory) fibers.
3rd Cranial Nerve
 TheOculomotor Nerve is the third cranial
nerve (CN III). It allows movement of the
eye muscles, constriction of the pupil,
focusing the eyes and the position of the
upper eyelid. Cranial nerve III works with
other cranial nerves to control eye
movements and support sensory
functioning.
4th Cranial Nerve
 The Trochlear Nerve is one of 12 sets of
cranial nerves. It is part of the autonomic
nervous system, It is a motor nerve that
sends signals from the brain to the
muscles.
 Trochlear 4th cranial nerve it supplies only
the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball
5th Cranial Nerve
 The Trigeminal Nerve is the fifth cranial
nerve (CN V). Its primary function is to
provide sensory and motor innervation to
the face. The trigeminal nerve consists of
three branches on either side that extend
to different territories of the face.
 Sensation of pain, temperature, touch
and pressure from the skin of face,
mucous membrane of nose, most of
tongue, paranasal sinus.
6th Cranial Nerve
 The Abducens Nerve (or abducent
nerve) is the sixth cranial nerve (CNVI), in
humans, that controls the movement of
the lateral rectus muscle, one of the
extraocular muscles responsible for
outward gaze.
7th Cranial Nerve
 The Facial Nerve is the seventh cranial
nerve. It contains the motor, sensory, and
parasympathetic nerve fibers,
which provide innervation to many areas
of the head and neck region.
 Supplies muscle responsible for facial
expression, elevation of hyoid bone.
8th Cranial Nerve
 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (auditory
vestibular nerve), known as the eighth
cranial nerve, transmits sound and
equilibrium (balance) information from
the inner ear to the brain.
9th Cranial Nerve
 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve is the ninth set of
12 cranial nerves (CN IX). It provides motor,
parasympathetic and sensory information to
your mouth and throat. Among its many
functions, the nerve helps part of throat,
enabling swallowing.
 Motor to stylopharyngeus, secretomotor to
the parotid gland and gustatory to posterior
one third of the tongue.
 It sensory to pharynx, tonsil, soft palate,
posterior one third of the tongue.
10th Cranial Nerve
 Vagus Nerve, also called X cranial nerve or
10th cranial nerve, longest and most complex
of the cranial nerves. The vagus nerve runs
from the brain through the face and thorax to
the abdomen. It is a mixed nerve that
contains parasympathetic fibres.
 Supplies the head, neck, thorax and the
abdomen. supply muscle of the palate
pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal
viscera.
11th Cranial Nerve
 The Accessory Nerve is a cranial nerve that
supplies the sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles. It is considered as the
eleventh of twelve pairs of cranial nerves, or
simply cranial nerve XI, as part of it was
formerly believed to originate in the brain.
 Accessory nerve is distributed through the
branches of vagus to the muscle of palate
pharynx, larynx and heart, its fibres supply the
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle.
12th Cranial Nerve
 The Hypoglossal Nerve is one of 12 cranial
nerves. It's also known as the 12th cranial
nerve, cranial nerve 12 or CNXII. This nerve
starts at the base of your brain. It travels
down your neck and branches out,
ending at the base and underside of your
tongue.
 It supply the muscle of tongue.
 Cranial nerve I, II, VIII are almost sensory
 cranial nerve III, IV, VI, XI, XII are motor
 cranial nerve V, VII, IX, X are mixed
Spinal Cord
 The spinal cord is long cylindrical lower
part of central nervous system.
 It occupies upper two third of vertebral
canal and is enclosed in the three
meninges.
 It gives rise to 31 pair of spinal nerve.
Features
 The spinal cord is 18 inches or 45 cm in an
adult male and 42 cm in adult female.
 It is surrounded by three meninges
Meningeal Covering
 Spinal cord is surrounded by 3 meninges.
 The outermost is duramater
 The middle one is arachnoid matter and
 Innermost is piameter
 The space between duramater and
arachnoid matter is called subdural space.
 The arachnoid and piameter are separated
by subarachnoid space which contain
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
 Space between meningeal layers and
endosteum of the vertebral canal is called
epidural space, where the epidural
anesthesia can be given.
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