Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality Management

The role of tourism in economic development

1. Continuous demand for international travel

2. Income in developed countries increases

Peak season- march-may, December holiday (PRICE ELASTIC)

Lean season- January, February, June-Oct. (PRICE ELASTIC)

Inflation

Price Discrimination

-Sr. discount

-Student discount

-Pwd

Tourist expenditures (mga nagagastos ng mga tourist sa loob ng bansa using their own money) >>
Philippine economy

Direct effect- means that the income is received by the tourist

Secondary effect- means that the money pid by tourist to businesses are in turn

How to maximized the economic effect of Tourism

A. Growth theories
B. Economic Strategies
C. Important substitution
D. Incentives
E. Foreign exchange

Tourism and Hospitality Components

Category I
Travel Agency

Hotel

Retail Shops

Restaurants

Airlines

Ground Transportation

Direct Providers

to

THE TRAVELER

DIRECT PROVIDERS INCLUDE BUSINESSES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TRAVEL. THESE BUSINESSES
PROVIDE SERVICES, ACTIVITIES, AND PRODUCTS THAT ARE CONSUMED AND/OR PURCHASED DIRECTLY
BY TRAVELERS. THEY REPRESENT THE SECTORS OF THE INDUSTRY THAT ARE VISIBLE TO THE TRAVELERS.

Category II

Contract Food Services

Contract Laundry Food Suppliers

Tour Organizers

Travel Publications

Support Services

Directly to Indirectly to

DIRECT

PROVIDERS THE TRAVELER

SUPPORT SERVICE LEND SUPPORT INCLUDING SPECIALIZED SERVICES TO DIRECT PROVIDERS. SUPPORT
SERVICES PROVIDE GOODS AND SERVICES FOR BOTH THE TRAVELER AND FOR ORGANIZATIONS THAT
SELL GOODS AND SERVICES DIRECTLY BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY TO TOURISTS.

Category III

Planners

Government Agencies

Financial Institutions

Real Estate Developers

Educational and Vocational Training

Institutions

Affects Directly and Tourism Developmental Organizations Indirectly

DIRECT PROVIDERS SUPPORT SERVICES THE TRAVELER

TOURISM DEVELOPMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS DEAL WITH TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY DEVELOPMENT,

WHICH TEND TO BE MORE COMPLEX AND BROADER IN SCOPE THAN THE PRODUCTION OF DAILY
TRAVEL SERVICES. THE DECISIONS AND RESULTS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY DEVELOPMENT ARE
MORE LONG-TERM IN NATURE THAN THE FIRST TWO CATEGORIES WHICH DEAL MORE WITH
OPERATORS.

1.NATURAL RESOURCES

INCLUDE ELEMENTS IN AN AREA FOR THE USE AND ENJOYMENT OF VISITORS SUCH AS CLIMATE,
LANDFORMS, TERRAIN, FLORA, FAUNA, BODIES OF WATER, BEACHES, NATURAL BEAUTY, AND WATER
SUPPLY FOR DRINKING, SANITATION, AND SIMILAR USES;

2. INFRASTRUCTURE

CONSISTS OF ALL UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTION SUCH AS WATER

SUPPLY SYSTEMS, SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, GAS LINES, ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEMS, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, AND OTHER CONSTRUCTED FACILITIES SUCH AS HIGHWAYS, AIRPORTS,
RAILROADS, ROADS, DRIVES, PARKING LOTS, PARKS, NIGHT LIGHTING, MARINAS AND DOCK FACILITIES,
BUS AND TRAIN STATION FACILITIES, AND SIMILAR TOURIST SERVICE INSTALLATIONS;

1.WATER. SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF PURE WATER IS ESSENTIAL. A TYPICAL RESORT REQUIRES 350 TO
400 GALLONS OF WATER PER ROOM PER DAY.

2. POWER. THE IMPORTANT THINGS TO CONSIDER ARE THAT ADEQUATE

SUPPLY OF POWER IS AVAILABLE TO MEET PEAK LOAD REQUIREMENT.

3. COMMUNICATION.

4. SEWAGE/DRAINAGE. SEWER DEMAND IS OFTEN PLACED AT 90% OF DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND.

5. HEALTHCARE.

6. STREETS/HIGHWAYS. THE AVAILABILITY OF FIRST-CLASS ROADS ADDS

GREATLY TO THE ACCESSIBILITY OF A REGION.

7. TRANSPORTATION TERMINAL PROBLEMS IN TERMINAL FACILITIES AND GROUND TRANSPORTATION

A. GENERAL. THERE IS AN ALMOST COMPLETE LACK OF COORDINATION AND CONSISTENCY

AMONG THE THREE MODES OF AIR, RAIL, AND BUS.
B. AIR. LONG WALKS ARE REQUIRED IN MANY TERMINALS.

C.RAIL. PARKING IS INCONVENIENT AND INADEQUATE NEAR LARGER TERMINALS; INADEQUATE

CLEANING PROCEDURES LEAD TO CROWDED AND UNSANITARY WAITING ROOMS AND RESTROOMS:
SECURITY TO PREVENT THEFTS IS LACKING:
 D. BUS. TERMINALS ARE DIRTY AND CROWDED; INADEQUATE CLEANING

PROCEDURES; BOARDING GATES LACK A SYSTEM OF ORDERLY PROCEDURES

8. SECURITY.

WHILE ON VACATION, TOURISTS ARE IN AN UNFAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT. BECAUSE OF THIS, THE NEED
FOR ASSURANCE REGARDING THEIR SAFETY IS IMPORTANT. THE IMAGE GAINED OF THE DESTINATION
MAY BE DISTORTED. IN ADDITION, THE COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE ARE SO EXPENSIVE THAT CONCERN
ABOUT HEALTH IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES MAY GENERATE ADDITIONAL FEARS, INSECURITIES ABOUT
FOOD, WATER, OR POLICE PROTECTION MAY PREVENT VISITORS FROM VISITING. IT IS NECESSARY THAT
THE BASIC NEED FOR SECURITY AND SAFETY

BE CONSIDERED AND ASSUMED TO MAKE THE POTENTIAL TOURIST FEEL SECURE BEFORE AND DURING
THE VACATION.

ACCOMMODATION

WHILE AWAY FROM HOME, THE TOURIST NEEDS TO EAT AND SLEEP. SLEEPING ACCOMMODATIONS
RANGE FROM HOTELS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND CONDOMINIUMS TO CAMPGROUNDS AND
THE HOMES OF RELATIVES AND FRIENDS.

FOR A TOURIST REGION TO SUCCEED, A SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF ACCOMMODATIONS OF THE RIGHT

QUALITY SHOULD BE PROVIDED FOR THE NEEDS OF THE TOURISTS. THE DEMAND FOR
ACCOMMODATIONS VARIES PRICE THE GUESTS ARE WILLING TO PAY, SERVICES REQUIRED, AND
SIMILAR CONSIDERATIONS.

TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION

HOTELS

PROVIDE ACCOMMODAT ION, MEALS, AND REFRESHMENTS

CONDOMINIUM

IS AN APARTMENT OWNED BY AN INDIVIDUAL BUT THE MANAGEMENT AND SERVICES, ARE HANDLED
BY AN INDEPENDENT COMPANY.

MOTELS

PROVIDE BEDROOMS, BATH, AND PARKING TO MOTORISTS

INNS

LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS CATERING TO TRANSIENTS WHICH DO NOT MEET THE MINIMUM

REQUIREMENT OF AN ECONOMY HOTEL:

APARTMENTS

SEVERAL INDEPENDENT AND HOTELS (APARTELLES), BUILDINGS, OR EDIFICES CONTAINING FURNISHED

OR SEMI FURNISHED. APARTMENTS THAT ARE REGULARLY LEASED TO TOURISTS AND TRAVELERS FOR
DWELLING, ON A MORE OR LESS LONG-TERM BASIS AND OFFERING BASIC SERVICES TO ITS TENANTS
SIMILAR TO HOTEL.

PARADORES

OLD CONVENTS, MONASTERIES,CASTLES, OR FORTRESSES CONVERTED INTO HOTELS BY THE

GOVERNMENT AND OPERATORATED BY A NATIONAL TOURISM OFFICE.

PENSIONS

PRIVATE OR FAMILY OPERATED TOURIST ACCOMMODATIONS SIMILAR TO BOARDING HOUSES OR

GUESTHOUSES.

BED-AND BREAKFAST

PROVIDE A ROOM. BATH, AND A HEARTY BREAKFAST TO TOURISTS AND/OR TRAVELERS.

HOSTELS

PROVIDE MINIMAL AMENITIES SUCH AS A BUNK BED AND A COMMONLY SHARED TOILET AND
BATHROOM.

CAMPGROUNDS

APPEAL MOSTLY TO FAMILIES WHO TRAVEL IN RECREATIONAL VEHICLES (RVS);

HEALTH SPAS

HOSTELS AND RESORTS WHICH CATER TO INDIVIDUALS WHO GO TO SPAS OR MINERAL MEDICAL
TREATMENT

PRIVATE HOMES

ROVIDE LODGING TO TOURISTS WHEN ACCOMMODATIONS ARE NOR AVAILABLE DURING PEAK
PERIODS.

HOTEL CLASSIFICATIONS

LOCATION - CITY CENTER, SUBURBAN, AIRPORT. HIGHWAY, AND RESORTS

TYPE OF GUEST - COMMERCIAL, CONVENTION, AND RESORT

PRICE - ECONOMY OR BUDGET, STANDARD OR MIDSCALE, FIRST-CLASS, OR DELUXE.

STAR RATING SYSTEM - ASSIGNED ACCORDING TO THE QUALITY OF RESTAURANTS, ROOMS, AMENITIES,
AND SERVICE.

RESTAURANTS

RESTAURANTS ARE ESTABLISHMENTS OFFERING REFRESHMENTS AND/OR MEALS TO THE PUBLIC.

4. TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT

TRANSPORTATION IS OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN DEVELOPING TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY.

TOURISTS NEED EASY ACCESS TO VARIOUS FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION.
THUS, THE AMOUNT OF TIME FROM MAJOR POPULATION CENTERS VIA EACH MODE OF
TRANSPORTATION IS IMPORTANT. IT IS IMPORTANT TO HAVE CONVENIENT ACCESS AND QUALITY
SERVICE.

THE COST OF REACHING THE DESTINATION AND STAYING THERE MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED.THIS
SHOULD INCLUDE SPECIAL NEEDS, SUCH AS ROAD TOLLS,GASOLINE STATIONS, REPAIRS, PARKING,CAR
RENTALS AND CHARTER, AND SCHEDULED BUS SERVICES.

LAND TRAVEL

TAXI AND LIMOUSINE SERVICE - ADEQUATE TAXI AND LIMOUSINE SERVICE IS IMPORTANT IN A TOURIST
AREA. THE TAXI DRIVER SHOULD ALWAYS BE COURTEOUS, HELPFUL AND TRAINED IN FOREIGN
LANGUAGE

BUS SERVICE - TOUR BUSES SHOULD HAVE LARGE WINDOWS, COMFORTABLE SEATS, AIR CONDITIONING
UNIT, AND RESTROOM FACILITIES. PERSONS ASSIGNED TO THE BUSES SHOULD BE SELECTED FOR THEIR
APPROPRIATE TEMPERAMENT, COURTESY, AND HOSPITALITY.

RAIL SERVICES - THE MAJORITY OF SEASONED TRAVELERS PREFER TO TRAVEL BY TRAIN BECAUSE OF ITS
SAFETY RECORD AND THE CONVENIENCE AND SATISFACTION OF VIEWING THE SCENERY FROM A
COMFORTABLE AIR-CONDITIONED CAR.

AIR TRAVEL

PORTER SERVICE IS IMPORTANT AT AIR TERMINALS. AIRPORT MUST BE COMFORTABLE AND PROVIDE
SUFFICIENT AIRCONDITIONING OR HEATING

SEA TRAVEL

SEA TRAVEL IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY.CRUISE SHIPS HAVE DEVELOPED INTO
“FLOATING RESORTS” OR “FLOATELS.” BECAUSE OF THIS IDEA, THE DEMAND FOR SEA TRAVEL HAS
INCREASED AND CRUISES BECAME POPULAR IN RECENT YEARS.

5. HOSPITALITY RESOURCES

INCLUDE THE CULTURAL WEALTH OF AN AREA WHICH MAKES POSSIBLE THE SUCCESSFUL HOSTING OF
TOURISTS.

HOSPITALITY RESOURCES REFER TO THE GENERAL FEELING OF BEING WELCOMED THAT THE VISITORS
RECEIVE WHILE VISITING A DESTINATION AREA. IT IS THE WAY THAT TOURIST SERVICES ARE DELIVERED
BY SERVICE PROVIDERS, AS WELL As THE GENERAL FEELING OF WARMTH FROM THE LOCAL
POPULATION. HOSPITALITY RESOURCES CAN BE IMPROVED BY TRAINING TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
PERSONNEL TO BE HOSPITABLE

HOSPITALITY TRAINING

HOSPITALITY TRAINING AIMS TO MOTIVATE SERVICE PROVIDERS TO BE HOSPITABLE IN DEALING WITH

TOURISTS, IT IS ASSUMED THAT PROVIDING MORE HOSPITABLE SERVICES WILL RESULT TO A MORE
SATISTIED TOURIST WHO WILL BE INCLINED TO RETURN AND ADVERTISE TO OTHER POTENTIAL
TOURISTS THROUGH WORD OF MOUTH,
TO ENABLE SERVICE PROVIDERS TO RENDER HOSPITABLE SERVICES, IT IS NECESSARY TO CHANGE THEIR
PRESENT BEHAVIOR. THIS CHANGE OF BEHAVIOR IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A CHANGE IN ATTITUDE AND
AN INCREASE IN THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE.

THE THREE ASPECTS OF ATTITUDES

ATTITUDE TOWARD SELF

ATTITUDE TOWARD OTHERS

ATTITUDE TOWARD THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY