ee a RYT NCERT : MUST TO peep UL ea Ey Lees) BY OM PRABFE i AIMS DELFI [ SELECTION LEKE RAENGE YE WADA HN HAMARAee Serily TARGET CHAPTER WITH TOPICS DUAL NATURE OF Radiation and iO) Matter, Introduction Work Functions of different element ¢ Photoelectric Effect * Most Imp graphs of Photoelectric effect " 10. | is 2.2 x 10% m/s. Thus, the frequency of the electron moving around mR | the proton is [ = ya¥_. _2.210°ms! | We t Fae” 25[53+10" ml] eee $6.6 10" Hz. 4 2 According to the classical electromagnetic theory we know that the | frequency of the electromagnetic waves emitted by the revolving _ electrons is equal to the frequency of its revolution around the nucleus. |. Thus the initial frequency of the light emitted is 6.6 « 10° Hz. 423 J hip: youtube.com @OM PRABHU. AIMS. DELHI hips: melomprabhuaimsdLs Lid It was Niels Bohr (1885 ~ 1962) who made certain modifications in this model by adding the ideas of the newly developing quantum hypothesis. Niels Bohr studied in Rutherford’s laboratory for several months in 1912 and he was convinced about the validity of Rutherford nuclear model. Faced with the dilemma as discussed above, Bohr, in 1913, concluded that in spite of the success of electromagnetic theory in explaining large-scale phenomena, it could not be applied to the processes at the atomic scale. It became clear that a fairly radical departure from eo the established principles of classical mechanics and electromagnetism 7 would be needed to understand the structure of atoms and the relation Y of atomic structure to atomic spectra. Bohr combined classical and early % quantum concepts and gave his theory in the form of three postulates. Xohr’s first postulate was that an electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable orbits without the emission of radiant energys: * ‘vontrary tothe predictions of electromagnetic theory. According to this postulate, each atom has certain definite stable states in which it can exist, and each possible state has definite total energy. These are states that the electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum-s some integral multiple of where h is the Planck’s constant (= 6.6 x 10°" J s). Thus the ar momentum (L) of the orbiting electron is quantised. That is (12.11) ma concepts that had been developed by Planck and Binstein. a It states that gn electron might make @ transition from one of its specified non-radiating orbits to another-of lower_energy. When it dves“So,a photo} the energy difference between the initial and final states. Thg frequency of the (12.12) ‘where E aint E;ére the energies of the initial and final states and E,> E,. For a hydrogen atom, Eq. (12.4) gives the expression to determine the energies of different energy states. But then this equation requires the radius rof the electron orbit. Tocalculate r, Bohr’s second postulate about the angular momentum of the eclectron-the quantisation condition — is used. The angular momentum Lis given by = mvr + ioe & Uhir’s second postulate of quantisation [Eq, (12.11)) says that the ¥y allowed values of angular momentum are integral multiples of h/2r. oe on = mgt, = ah (12.13) ‘ors Ol+ nere nis an integer, r,is the radius of n™ possible orbit and v, is the n" orbit. The allowed orbits are numbered Ap Alen yoni qvocns oer PLanesing electron m tHe hpsitcenpedhtned sone Potala, => L= 96 LT1, 2,3 ..., accordi ng t t ‘i Be | Quantum number eto the Values of n, which is called the principal tof the orbit, mEq. (12.3), the relation between v, ‘4neymr, Se ‘with Eq, (12.13), we get the following expressions for U, and r, is > Die tert n 4xe (h/2n) (12.14) and [2] [2] an m/ lan) @ (12.15) Eq. (12.14) depicts that the orb; e of n. Using Eq. (12.15), the econ es ycan be eae ¢ size of the innermost orbit (n= 1) can be yobs xme? ‘This is called the Bohr radiug represented by the symbol a,. Thus, (12.16) Substitution of vah Eq, (12.15), itcan antah? (12.17) Substituting values, Eq. (12.17) yields 2.18 x10** Soot! (12.18) Atomic energies are often expressed in electron volts (eV) rather than Joules. Since 1 eV= 1.6 « 10"? J, Eq. (12.18) can be rewritten as (12.19) ‘The negative sign of the total energy of an electron moving in an orbit means that the electron is bound with the nucleus. Energy will thus be required to remove the electron from the hydrogen atom to a distance é infinitely far away from its nucleus (or proton in hydrogen atom). 42! titpsdmaw yoctube com @OM PRABHU AIMS DELHI ‘ntpsi-melomprabhuaimed