1713875493_Art and Culture 2024

Drishti IAS Presents...
A rt & C ulture (March 2023 — March 2024)
Drishti IAS, 641, Mukherjee Nagar, Drishti IAS, 21 Drishti IAS, Tashkent Marg, Drishti IAS, Tonk Road,
Opp. Signature View Apartment, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh Civil Lines, Prayagraj, Vasundhra Colony,
New Delhi New Delhi - 05 Uttar Pradesh Jaipur, Rajasthan
e-mail: englishsupport@groupdrishti.com, Website: www.drishtiias.com
Contact: Inquiry (English): 8010440440, Inquiry (Hindi): 8750187501
Contents
z GULAAL GOTA.......................................................................................................................................................... 1
z Pandavula Gutta and Ramgarh Crater as Geo-Heritage Sites.................................................................................. 1
z ASI Survey of Bhojshala Complex ........................................................................................................................... 2
z Temple Discoveries Highlight Chalukya Expansion.................................................................................................. 3
z GI Tag to Majuli masks, Manuscript and Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft................................................................. 4
z Maratha Military Landscapes.................................................................................................................................. 6
z Sri Sri Auniati Satra Vaishnavite Monastery ........................................................................................................... 8
z Asian Buddhist Conference for Peace .................................................................................................................... 9
z Madhika Language on Brink of Extinction .............................................................................................................. 9
z Ram Temple........................................................................................................................................................... 10
z Bangla for Classical Language, Gangasagar Mela for National Status ................................................................. 12
z Shankaracharyas . ................................................................................................................................................. 13
z Harvest Festivals.................................................................................................................................................... 14
z Vadnagar: India’s Oldest Living City ..................................................................................................................... 15
z GI Tags for Over 17 Products ............................................................................................................................... 16
z Shahi Idgah and Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple Dispute . .................................................................................... 17
z Sahitya Akademi Awards 2023.............................................................................................................................. 18
z Bihar's Punaura Dham project . ............................................................................................................................ 19
z UNESCO Recognition to Gujarat's Garba Dance.................................................................................................... 19
z Parthenon Sculpture . ........................................................................................................................................... 20
z Motorable Road to Amarnath Cave Shrine .......................................................................................................... 21
z Kozhikode and Gwalior in UNESCO Creative Cities Network................................................................................. 21
z Puri Jagannath Temple's Ratna Bhandar............................................................................................................... 22
z Odhuvars in Tamil Nadu........................................................................................................................................ 23
z Shri Ramalinga Swamy . ....................................................................................................................................... 23
z Allah Baksh and Mewari Style Painting ................................................................................................................ 24
z Toto Language ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
z Statue of Adi Shankaracharya . ............................................................................................................................ 26
z Hoysala Temples Now India's 42nd World Heritage Site...................................................................................... 27
z Santiniketan Becomes India's 41st World Heritage Site........................................................................................ 29
z TRIFED Showcases India's Tribal Craftsmanship at G20 Summit .......................................................................... 30
z Indian Gifts to G-20 Leaders Full of Rich Crafts .................................................................................................... 32
z Konark Wheel Shines at G-20 Summit Venue ...................................................................................................... 33
z Nataraja Artistry of Lord Shiva ............................................................................................................................. 33
z Adopt a Heritage 2.0 and e-Permission Portal ..................................................................................................... 35
z World Sanskrit Day 2023 ...................................................................................................................................... 36
z National Maritime Heritage Complex . ................................................................................................................. 37
z Lambani Art........................................................................................................................................................... 38
z Buddha's Relevance to the Modern Youth............................................................................................................ 38
z Kharchi Puja .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
z Jagannath Rath Yatra............................................................................................................................................. 41
z Kathakali ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
z Sengol to be Installed in New Parliament Building . ............................................................................................. 43
z Dancing Girl Figurine............................................................................................................................................. 44
z Thirunelli Temple................................................................................................................................................... 45
z Global Buddhist Summit 2023............................................................................................................................... 45
z Saurashtra Tamil Sangamam................................................................................................................................. 46
z World Heritage Day............................................................................................................................................... 47
z Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism...................................................................................................................... 48
z Pattanam Site........................................................................................................................................................ 49
z Menace of Missing Antiquities in India................................................................................................................. 50
z Hybrid Gamosas.................................................................................................................................................... 50
z Ministry of Culture's Initiative to Promote of Art and Culture.............................................................................. 51
z India’s Traditional New Year Festivals................................................................................................................... 52
z Sandalwood Buddha Statue.................................................................................................................................. 53
z Rural Tourism........................................................................................................................................................ 55
z Jagannath Temple................................................................................................................................................. 55
z Revamping Monument Mitra Scheme.................................................................................................................. 56
z Jain Community Protests....................................................................................................................................... 56
z Mural Art............................................................................................................................................................... 57
z Vishwa Hindi Diwas............................................................................................................................................... 58
nnn
www.drishtiias.com/hindi PT SPRINT (2024) Art and Culture 1
in Anandpur Sahib with martial arts demonstrations,
GULAAL GOTA poetry, and kirtans.
¾ Phaguwa in Bihar:
Why in News? Phaguwa, also known as Phagwah or Phalgunotsava,
In Jaipur, Rajasthan, the age-old tradition of celebrates the arrival of spring and the harvest
celebrating Holi continues.This celebration involves season.
the practice of “Gulaal Gota,” a unique tradition dating z Folk songs and Holika Dahan precede the colourful
back around 400 years. festivities, creating a vibrant environment.
What is Gulaal Gota?
Pandavula Gutta and
History:
¾ Gulaal Gota is a small ball made of lac, filled with
Ramgarh Crater as Geo-
dry gulaal, and weighs around 20 grams when filled. Heritage Sites
Lac is a resinous substance that is secreted by
certain insects. The female scale insect is one Why in News?
of the sources of lac.
Pandavula Gutta, an ancient geological marvel
To produce 1 kg of lac resin, around 300,000 predating the Himalayan hills, has been officially
insects are killed. The lac insects also yield resin, designated as the sole Geo-heritage site in Telangana.
lac dye and lac wax..
¾ Also, the Rajasthan government designates Ramgarh
Raw materials and Artisan Community Crater in Baran district as a geo-heritage site.
¾ Lac, the primary raw material for GulaalGota,is sourced What are the Key Facts About Pandavula
from chhattisgarh and jharkhand
Gutta?
¾ GulaalGotas are made by Muslim lac makers, known
as Manihaars, in Jaipur, who learned lac-making from ¾ Pandavula Konda (Pandavula Gutta) is a geological
Hindu lac makers in Bagru, a town near Jaipur. marvel situated in the Jayashankar Bhupalpally
district of Telangana.
Historical Significance and Economic Aspects: ¾ Pandavula Gutta is rich in terms of rock shelters, and
¾ Established in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II, Jaipur, habitation from the Mesolithic period (about 10,000
known for its vibrant culture, dedicates a lane at the B.C. to 8,000 B.C.) to mediaeval times.
Tripoliya Bazaar to the Manihar community. ¾ Pandavula Gutta boasts Palaeolithic (500,000
¾ Named “Manihaaron ka Raasta,” this lane remains BCE–10,000 BCE) cave paintings offering a glimpse
a hub for selling lac bangles, jewellery, and Gulaal into prehistoric life.
Gota, preserving the city’s artistic legacy to this day.
The cave paintings depict wildlife like Bison,
¾ In the past, kings would ride through the city on
Antelope, Tiger, and Leopard, as well as shapes like
elephant backs on Holi and toss GulaalGotas to the
swastika symbols, circles, squares, and weapons.
public, and the erstwhile royal family ordered Gulaal
Gota at its palace for the festival. The paintings also feature geometrical designs
and impressions in green, red, yellow, and white
Unique Holi Traditions Across India pigment colours.
¾ Holla Mohalla in Punjab: ¾ The topography of Pandavula Gutta makes it a popular
Integral to Sikh tradition, Holla Mohalla is observed destination for rock climbing enthusiasts.
Note:
2 PT SPRINT (2024) Art and Culture www.drishtiias.com/hindi
These sites may have unique rock formations, fossils,

or landscapes that are important for education, research,
cultural significance, or visual appeal. They can also
contribute to local and regional economies as tourist
destinations.
GSI or the respective State governments take
necessary measures to protect these sites.
¾ The Geological Survey of India (GSI) declares geo-
heritage sites/national geological monuments for
protection and maintenance.
What are the Key Facts About Ramgarh Crater? GSI is a scientific agency that was founded in 1851
to find coal deposits for the Railways. The GSI is
¾ Ramgarh Crater, Rajasthan formed around 165
headquartered in Kolkata, and is an attached office to
million years ago due to a meteor impact, this 3-km
the Ministry of Mines. Its main functions include creating
diameter crater provides essential ecosystem services,
and updating national geoscientific information, and
contributing to the region’s ecological balance and
assessing mineral resources.
biodiversity.
¾ Recognised as a Ramgarh Conservation Reserve under
the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Ramgarh ASI Survey of Bhojshala
Crater is protected to preserve its unique ecological Complex
and cultural heritage.
¾ It is declared as the Ramgarh Conservation Reserve
Why in News?
under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the
presence of Pushkar Talab complex within the crater, The Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court
recognised as wetlands under Wetland (Conservation has ordered theArchaeological Survey of India (ASI) to
& Management) Rules, 2017. conduct a scientific survey of theBhojshala Temple-Kamal
Maula Mosque complex in Dhar district to clarify its
original nature.
What is the Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula

Mosque Complex?
¾ About:
The Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque
complex was originally a temple of goddess
Sarasvatibuilt by Parawara King Bhoja in 11th
Century AD.
The mosque is built using structural members of
the temple. The monument also retains some slabs
inscribed with Sanskrit and Prakrit literary works.
Noted as a great patron of art and literature, King
Geo-Heritage Site/National Geological Bhoja is said to have established a school, now
Monuments known as Bhojashala.
¾ Geoheritage refers to sites or areas with significant Under an agreement with the ASI, Hindus perform
scientific, educational, cultural, or aesthetic value puja in the temple every Tuesday, and Muslims
due to their geological features. offer Namaz every Friday.
Note:
What are the Methods Adopted by the ASI for Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Excavation? ¾ ASI, under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier
¾ Invasive Methods: organization for the archaeological research and
Excavation, the most invasive archaeological protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
technique, involves digging using stratigraphic ¾ It administers more than 3650 ancient monuments,
principles to gather information about the past archaeological sites, and remains of national
while simultaneously destroying it. importance.
z Stratigraphy is adopted by archaeologists to peel ¾ Its activities include carrying out surveys of antiquarian
off layers in reverse order and understand the
remains, exploration and excavation of archaeological
logical formation of the archaeological record.
sites, conservation and maintenance of protected
¾ Non-Invasive Methods: Non-invasive methods are
monuments, etc.
used when investigations are undertaken inside a
¾ It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the
built structure and no excavation is permitted. It has
several Methods: first Director-General of ASI. Alexander Cunningham
is also known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”.
Active Methods: Inject energy into the ground
and measure the response. The methods provide
an estimate of the ground’s material properties, Temple Discoveries Highlight
such as density, electrical resistance, and wave
velocity. Chalukya Expansion
z Seismic Techniques: Use shock waves to study
subsurface structures. Why in News?
z E l e c t ro m a g n et i c M et h o d s : M e a s u re Archaeologists from the Public Research Institute
electromagnetic responses after energy injection. of History, Archaeology, and Heritage (PRIHAH) have
¾ Passive Methods: Measure existing physical properties. unearthed two ancient temples dating back to theBadami
Magnetometry: Detect magnetic anomalies caused Chalukyan period, along with a rare inscription, in
by buried structures. Mudimanikyam village of Nalgonda district, Telangana.
Gravity Surveying: Measure gravitational force
variations due to subsurface features. What are the Major Highlights of the Recent
¾ Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR): Excavation?
ASI uses GPR to produce a 3-D model of buried ¾ Temples: Located at the end of the village, the two
archaeological features. temples date back to between 543 AD and 750 AD,
GPR operates by introducing a short radar impulse corresponding to the rule of the Badami Chalukyas.
from a surface antenna and records the time and
They showcase unique architectural styles, blending
magnitude of return signals from the subsoil.
Badami Chalukyan and Kadamba Nagara style in
Radar beam spreads like a cone, causing reflections
the Rekha nagara format.
before the antenna passes over the object.
In one temple, apanavattam (base of a Shiva
Radar beams spread out in a cone, leading to
lingam) in the sanctum sanctorum has been found.
reflections that may not directly correspond to
physical dimensions, creating false images. In another, a Vishnu idol was recovered.
¾ Carbon Dating: ¾ Inscription: The discovery also includes an inscription,
Determineorganic material age by measuring labeled as ‘Gandaloranru’, dating back to the 8th or
carbon content (C-14). 9th Century AD.
Note:
Despite Sanskrit’s prominence, the Chalukyas

also acknowledged the significance of regional
languages like Kannada, recognizing them as the
language of the people.
¾ Painting: Chalukyas adopted the Vakataka style
in painting. Paintings are found in a cave temple
dedicated to Vishnu in Badami.
Aihole Inscription of Pulikesin II:

¾ Situated in the Megudi temple at Aihole, Karnataka,
the Aihole inscription provides invaluable insights into
What are the Key Features Related to the
Chalukya history and achievements.
Chalukya Dynasty?
Aihole is considered as the cradle of Indian temple
¾ About: The Chalukya dynasty governed significant architecture.
territories in southern and central India from the 6th ¾ Crafted by the renowned poet Ravikriti, the inscription
to the 12th centuries. is a lyrical tribute to the Chalukya dynasty, particularly
It comprised three distinct dynasties: the Chalukyas King Pulakesin II, lauded as the embodiment of truth
of Badami, the Eastern Chalukyas, and the Western (Sathyasraya).
Chalukyas. ¾ The inscription chronicles the Chalukya dynasty’s
The Chalukyas of Badami, originating in Vatapi triumphs over adversaries, including the renowned
(modern Badami in Karnataka), ruled from the defeat of Harshavardhana.
early 6th century until the mid-8th century, reaching
their zenith under Pulakeshin II.
After Pulakeshin II’s reign, the Eastern Chalukyas
emerged as an independent kingdom in the eastern
Deccan, centred around Vengi (in present-day
Andhra Pradesh) until the 11th century.
¾ Foundation:Pulikesin I (c. 535-566 CE) is credited with
fortifying a hill near Badami, laying the foundation
for the Chalukya dynasty’s ascendancy.
The city of Badami was formally founded by
Kirtivarman (566-597), serving as the epicentre
of Chalukya power and culture.
¾ Architecture: Historically, in Deccan, Chalukyas
introduced the technique of building temples using
soft sandstones as medium. GI Tag to Majuli masks,
Their temples are grouped into two: excavated

cave temples and structural temples.
Manuscript and Narasapur
z Badami is known for both structural and Crochet Lace Craft
excavated cave temples.
z Pattadakal and Aihole are popular for structural Why in News?
temples. The traditional crochet lace craft of Narasapur in
¾ Literary: Chalukya rulers utilised Sanskrit for official Andhra Pradesh receives a Geographical Indications (GI)
inscriptions, showcasing their commitment to classical tag to preserve its unique identity amidst competition
literature and language. from machine-made lace from China.
Note:
¾ Similarly, Majuli masks and manuscript painting in ¾ Geographical Indication (GI) Tag:
Assam gain GI recognition, enhancing their cultural The Department of Promotion of Industry and
significance and safeguarding against decline. Internal Trade (DPIIT) under the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry registered the craft in the
What are the Key Highlights About Narasapur
Geographical Indications Registry (GIR), certifying
Crochet Lace Craft?
that the craft is geographically limited to 19
mandals in West Godavari and Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
Konaseema districts in the Godavari region.
What are Majuli masks and Majuli Manuscript

Painting?
¾ Majuli Masks:
Majuli masks are intricately crafted masks made
by hand using traditional techniques.
The handmade masks are traditionally used to
depict characters in bhaonas (a traditional form
of entertainment, with religious messages), or
theatrical performances with devotional messages
under the neo-Vaishnavite tradition, introduced
by the 15th-16th century reformer saint Srimanta
Sankardeva.
¾ Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft: z The masks can depict gods, goddesses, demons,
The crochet lace craft originated in 1844 and animals and birds — Ravana, Garuda, Narasimha,
endured challenges like the Indian famine (1899) Hanuman, Varaha Surpanakha all feature among
and the Great Depression (1929). By the early the masks.
1900s, more than 2,000 women were involved in Made from a variety of materials including bamboo,
lace crafting in theGodavari region, highlighting
clay, dung, cloth, cotton, and wood, the masks
its cultural importance.
can vary in size from covering just the face to
The craft involves transforming thin cotton threads encompassing the entire head and body of the
into intricate artefacts using delicate crochet
performer.
needles of varying sizes.
Traditional practitioners are modernizing Majuli
Artisans use a single crochet hook to create loops
mask-making by moving beyond the confines of
and interlocking stitches, forming delicate lace
sattras (Monastery) to embrace contemporary
patterns.
contexts.
Narsapur’s hand-made crochet industry produces a
diverse range of products made of lace— garments, z Sattras were founded by Srimanta Sankardev
home furnishings and accessories including Doilies, and his disciples to serve as centres of religious,
Pillow covers, Cushion covers, Bedspreads, Table- social, and cultural reform.
runners, Table cloths, Hand purses, Caps, Tops, z Majuli, with its 22 sattras, is a hub for these
Stoles, Lampshades, and Wall hangings. cultural practices. The mask-making tradition is
Narsapur’s crochet lace products find their way to predominantly found in four sattras: Samaguri
global markets, with exports reaching destinations Sattra, Natun Samaguri Sattra, Bihimpur Sattra,
such as the UK, USA, and France. and Alengi Narasimha Sattra.
Note:
¾ Majuli Manuscript Painting:

The manuscript paintings of Majuli are a form of Maratha Military Landscapes
religious art closely linked to the island’s Vaishnavite
culture, centred around worship. Why in News?
One of the earliest examples of this art form is
India is set to nominate the “Maratha Military
attributed to Srimanta Sankardev, depicting the
Landscapes” for the United Nations Educational, Scientific
AdyaDasama of the Bhagwat Purana in Assamese. It
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage
continues to be practised in every sattra in Majuli.
recognition in 2024-25.
Majuli Manuscript Painting are inspired by the
Pala school of Painting art. What are the Maratha Military Landscapes?
z Pala art refers to the style of Buddhist art that
¾ The ‘Maratha Military Landscapes’ is a network of 12
developed in the Pala Empire of eastern India
forts and fortifications that represent the extraordinary
(8th-12th centuries). It is characterized by its
vibrant colors, detailed work, and emphasis military system and strategy of the Maratha rulers
on religious themes. in the 17th-19th centuries
The twelve parts of this nomination are, Salher
Fort, Shivneri Fort, Lohgad, Khanderi Fort, Raigad,
Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala Fort,
Vijay durg, Sindhudurg in Maharashtra and Gingee
Fort in Tamil Nadu.
¾ The Maratha Military Landscapes of India are included
in the Tentative List of World Heritage sites in 2021.
Maratha Military Landscapes is the sixth cultural
property nominated for inclusion in the World
Heritage List from Maharashtra.
This network of forts, varying in hierarchies, scales
and typological features, is a result of integrating the
landscape, terrain and physiographic characteristics
distinctive to the Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills),
the Konkan Coast, Deccan Plateau and the Eastern
Ghats in the Indian Peninsula.
Note:
¾ There are more than 390 forts in Maharashtra out of The Maratha Military ideology originated in the
which only 12 forts are selected under the Maratha 17th century under the rule of Chhatrapati Shivaji
Military Landscapes of India, of these 8 forts are Maharaj in 1670 CE, extending through subsequent
protected by the Archaeological Survey of India. rulers until the Peshwa rule concluded in 1818 CE.
Note: ¾ There are 10 selection criteria:

¾ At present in India there are 42 World Heritage sites,
out of which 34 are cultural sites, 7 are natural sites
and one is mixed sites.
In Maharashtra there are six World Heritage Sites,
five cultural and one natural.
z These are, Ajanta Caves (1983), Ellora Caves
(1983),Elephanta Caves (1987), Chhatrapati
Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria
Terminus) (2004), Victorian Gothic and Art
Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018) and western
Ghats of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
and Kerala is serial property in natural category
(2012).
Note:
¾ There are two categories of nomination cultural and ¾ Bhaona and Traditional Art Forms:
natural criteria, the Maratha Military landscapes is Bhaona, a traditional art form, is practiced at the
nominated in the category of cultural criteria. Satra. It is a combination of acting, music, and
There are six criteria (i to vi) for cultural sites and
musical instruments.
four criteria (vii to x) for natural sites for inclusion
The main drama is usually preceded by a musical
in the World Heritage List.
performance called the Gayan-Bayan.
¾ The Maratha Military Landscapes of India is nominated
under Criterion (iii), Criterion (iv) and Criterion (vi).
What are the Key Facts Related to Majuli
¾ A country can’t nominate a property to the World
Heritage List unless it’s been on its Tentative List Island?
for at least one year. ¾ Majuli is a river island located in the Brahmaputra
¾ The list of World Heritage Sites is maintained by River in the northeastern state of Assam, India. It is
the International ‘World Heritage Programme’, recognized as the largest river island in the world.
administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committe. ¾ The island is a result of the dynamics of the Brahmaputra
River system, characterized by the shifting courses
Sri Sri Auniati Satra and channels of the river.
Vaishnavite Monastery ¾ The island is surrounded by the Brahmaputra River
and its tributaries, creating a unique fluvial landform.
Wetlands known as Beels and Chaporis (islets)
Why in News?
contribute to the ecological diversity of the region.
Sri Sri Auniati Satra is a more than 350-year-old
Vaishnavite monastery in Assam’s Majuli district. What is Vaishnavism?
What are the Key Facts about Sri Sri Auniati ¾ About:
Satra Vaishnavite Monastery? Vaishnavism is a prominent bhakti (devotional)
¾ Establishment: movement within Hinduism, and it emphasises

The Sri SriAuniati Satra was established in the
deep devotion and love towards the god Vishnu
year 1653 in Majuli, Assam. It has a history of over and his various incarnations.
350 years, making it one of the oldest Satras in ¾ Key Features:
the region. Devotion to Vishnu: The central focus of Vaishnavism
z A Satra is an institutional centre for Assamese is devotion (bhakti) to Vishnu, who is considered the
Vaishnavism, a bhakti movement that emerged Supreme Being and the sustainer of the universe.
in the 15th century.
Vaishnavas believe in a personal relationship with
The Satra is located in Majuli, which is the largest
Vishnu, expressing love, reverence, and devotion
inhabited river island in the world.Majuli is situated
toward the deity.
in the Brahmaputra River in the northeastern state
of Assam, India. Dashavatara: The ten avatars of Vishnu are Matsya
¾ Religious Significance: (fish), Kurma (turtle), Varaha (boar), Narasimha

The Satra is a center of Assamese Vaishnavism, a
(half-man, half-lion), Vamana (dwarf), Parashurama
bhakti movement that revolves around the worship (the warrior with an axe), Rama (the prince of
of Lord Krishna. Ayodhya), Krishna (the divine cowherd), Buddha
The original idol of Lord Krishna in the form of (the enlightened one), and Kalki (the future warrior
Govinda is said to have been brought from the on a white horse).
Lord Jagannath Temple at Puri. Bhakti and Liberation: Vaishnavism places a strong
¾ Cultural Heritage: emphasis on the path of bhakti, which involves
Vaishnavite monasteries like Auniati Satra are intense devotion and love toward Vishnu. The
not only places of worship but also centers for the ultimate goal for many Vaishnavas is liberation
preservation of traditional art forms, literature, (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death
and cultural practices. (samsara) and union with Vishnu.
Note:
Variety of Sects: Vaishnavism encompasses a variety What is the Asian Buddhist Conference for
of sects and groups with different interpretations Peace?
of the relationship between the individual soul
(jiva) and God. Some sects emphasisequalified ¾ About: ABCP wasfounded in 1970 at Ulaanbaatar,
nondualism (vishishtadvaita), while others Mongolia as a voluntary movement of followers
subscribe to dualism (dvaita) or pure nondualism of Buddhism with both monastic (monks) and lay
(shuddhadvaita). members.
z Srivaishnava Sect: Emphasises qualified ABCP then emerged as a collaborative effort of
nondualism based on the teachings of Ramanuja. Buddhist dignitaries from India, Mongolia, Japan,
z Madhva Sect: Professes dualism, asserting the Malaysia, Nepal, the then USSR, Vietnam, Sri Lanka,
separate existence of God and the soul, following South and North Korea.
the philosophy of Madhva. ¾ Headquarters: Gandanthegchenling Monastery in
z Pushtimarg Sect:Maintains pure nondualism Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
according to Vallabhacharya’s teachings. The Supreme Head of Mongolian Buddhists is the
z Gaudiya Sect: Founded by Chaitanya, teaches current ABCP President.
inconceivable duality and nonduality. ¾ Aims of ABCP:
Bring together efforts of Buddhists in support
Asian Buddhist Conference of consolidating universal peace, harmony and

cooperation among peoples of Asia.
for Peace Furthering their economic and social advancement
and promoting respect for justice and human dignity.
Why in News? Disseminating the Buddhist culture, tradition
Recently, the Asian Buddhist Conference for Peace and heritage.
(ABCP), a voluntary mass movement of Buddhists in Asia
convened its 12th General Assembly in New Delhi.
Madhika Language on Brink
What are the Major Highlights of the 12th
General Assembly of ABCP?
of Extinction
¾ Theme: ABCP - The Buddhist Voice of Global South,
Why in News?
reflects India’s commitment, as demonstrated through
its G20 presidency and theVoice of Global South In the remote colony of Kookanam, near Karivellur
Summit. grama panchayat, Kerala the Chakaliya community is
Proactive role of India was highlighted in developing grappling with the imminent loss of its unique language
the Buddhist circuit and establishing the India Madhika.
International Centre for Buddhist Culture. ¾ There are only two people left, who are the last fluent
speakers of Madhika.
What are the Key Facts about Madhika

Language and Chakaliya Community?
¾ About Madhika Language:
Madhika is a language with no script and is a
blend of Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, and Malayalam.
Despite sounding similar to Kannada, it can bewilder
listeners due to its diverse linguistic influences.
Madhika is largely influenced by Havyaka Kannada,
an old form of Kannada.
z The neglect of Madhika is attributed to the social
stigma associated with the Chakaliya community.
They were considered untouchables.
Note:
Due to the lack of documentation (no script) and the

¾ Initiatives Taken to Conserve Threatened Languages:
passing of older speakers, there is a significant risk Scheme for Protection and Preservation of
that Madhika may not survive beyond individuals. Endangered Languages (India)
¾ About the Chakaliya Community: International Mother Language Day (UNESCO)
The Chakaliya community was originally nomadic

What are the Constitutional Provisions Related
and worshippers of Thiruvenkatramanaand
to Languages in India?
Mariamma. They migrated from the hilly regions
of Karnataka to northern Malabar centuries ago. ¾ Article 29:
Protects the interests of minorities, ensuring that
Originally categorised as a Scheduled Tribe (ST),
all citizens have the right to preserve their distinct
the community was subsequently reclassified into
language, script, or culture.
the Scheduled Caste (SC) group in Kerala.
¾ Eighth Schedule:
How is the Linguistic Diversity of India? Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the
official languages. The Eighth Schedule recognizes
¾ Indian Linguistic Space: 22 official languages.
India has a rich linguistic heritage, with diverse z Six languages in India currently have ‘Classical’
languages and writing systems. status.
Writing in India dates back to the days of the Indus ¾ Article 350A:
Valley Civilization, around four thousand years ago. Provides that every state must provide primary
Linguistic Survey: education in the mother tongue.
z During colonial rule the first linguistic survey was ¾ Article 350B:
conducted during 1894 to 1928 and identified Provides for the appointment of a “Special Officer”
179 languages and 544 dialects. for linguistic minorities.

z In 1991, the Census of India listed 1576 mother
¾ Article 351:
tongues’ with separate grammatical structures Gives power to the Union government to issue
and 1796 speech varieties that are classified a directive for the development of the Hindi
language.
as other mother tongues’.
As per UNESCO, any language spoken by
less than 10,000 persons is considered Ram Temple
“potentially endangered.
Language Families of India: Why in News?
z There are major language families in India, On 22nd January 2024, the Ram temple in Ayodhya
including Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austric, was inaugurated, marking the completion of a 200-year-
Tibeto-Burman, and others. old saga that profoundly impacted India’s socio-political
landscape.
¾ Threat of Extinction:
¾ The Ram temple has been designed in the Nagara
As per People’s Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI),
Style of Temple Architecture.
a linguistic survey by an NGO (Bhasha Research
¾ The story of Ram is popular from Laos, Cambodia
and Publication Centre), there are around 400 and Thailand in Asia to Guyana in South America
languages that are at the risk of extinction in the to Mauritius in Africa, making Ramayana Popular
next 50 years. outside India.
z Most of the languages at risk are spoken by
marginal tribes, whose children receive little to What is the Uniqueness of Ram Temple?
no education. If they go to school instructions ¾ Traditional Architecture and Construction:
are often provided in one of India’s 22 languages This is a 3-storey temple, built in the traditional
recognized in the Constitution. Nagara style, standing tall with pink sandstone
Languages without scripts have greater risk of from Mirzapur and the hills of Bansi-Paharpur
extinction like the Bhili language. (Rajasthan).
Note:
Temple covers an expansive 71 acres, showcasing A typical Nagara-style temple also comprises a
the architectural marvel. circumambulatory passage around the garbhagriha,
¾ Temple Dimensions: and one or more mandapas (halls) on the same
axis as it. Elaborate murals and reliefs often adorn
Spanning 250 feet in width and 161 feet in height,
its walls.
the main temple area covers 2.67 acres, boasting
390 pillars, 46 doorways, and 5 mandaps. Note: Meru, Mandara and Kailasa are the first three
names amongst the twenty types of temples described
¾ Unique Features Inside:
in the early texts, all three are the names of the Mountain,
The main Garbh Griha holds the idols of Ram Lalla, which is the axis of the world.
accompanied by multiple mandaps, including Rang
Mandap & Nritya Mandap.
¾ Innovative Anointment Tradition:
On every Ram Navami at noon, a system of mirrors
and lenses will focus the sun’s rays on Ram Lalla’s
idol. This unique anointment requires no electricity,
utilizing brass instead of iron or steel.
¾ Sculptor’s Contribution:
The idol of five-year-old Ram Lalla, crafted by
Mysuru sculptor Arun Yogiraj, stands at 51 inches
and was consecrated in a special ceremony.
¾ Durability and Symbolism:
No iron has been used in the temple’s construction,
designed to endure for at least a millennium.
¾ Five Modes of Nagara Architecture:
What is the Nagara Style of Temple
Valabhi:
Architecture?
z This mode begins as a masonry rendering of the
¾ About: barrel-roofed wooden structure, either simple
The Nagara style of temple architecture emerged or with aisles, familiar through chaitya halls
sometime in the 5th century CE, during the late (prayer halls, most associated with Buddhist
Gupta period, in northern India. shrines). It is a formalization of multi-eave
It is seen in juxtaposition with the Dravida style towers, often with a piling up of slabs.
of southern India, which too emerged in the same Phamsana:
period. z The Phamsana mode is characterized by a
¾ Distinguished by a Towering Shikhara: shikhara that is a formalization of multi-

eave towers and involves a piling up of slabs.
Nagara temples are built on a raised plinth, with
It is associated with the Early Nagara Style
the Garbha Griha (sanctum sanctorum) — where
andrepresents a progression from the Valabhi
the idol of the deity rests — the most sacred part mode.
of the temple.
Towering over the Garbha Griha is the shikhara
(literally ‘mountain peak’), the most distinguishable
aspect of Nagara-style temples.
z As the name suggests, shikharas are human-
made representations of the natural and
cosmological order, as imagined in Hindu
tradition.
Note:
Latina: Bhumija:
z The Latina is a shikhara that is a single, slightly z The Bhumija mode involves miniature spires
curved tower with four sides of equal length. It arranged in horizontal and vertical rows, creating
emerged in the Gupta heartland, was complete a grid-like effect on each face of the shikhara. The
with curvature by the early seventh century, and actual shikhara often approaches a pyramidal
spread across the entire breadth of northern shape, with the curve of the Latina less visible.
India. For three centuries, it was considered the This style emerged from composite Latinas in
peak of Nagara temple architecture. the tenth century onwards.
Shekhari:
z The Shekhari mode features a shikhara with
attached sub-spires or spirelets echoing the
main shape. These sub-spires may run up most
of the face of the shikhara and can be of more
than one size.
Bangla for Classical
Language, Gangasagar Mela
for National Status
Why in News?
Recently, West Bengal’s Chief Minister made headlines
with two distinct pursuits: advocating for classical
language status for Bangla, which is the world’s 7th most
spoken language and seeking national fair status for the
Gangasagar Mela.
What is Gangasagar Mela?

¾ About:
Gangasagar Mela, which takes place duringMakar
Sankrati (mid-January), is said to be India’s second
largest pilgrimage gathering after the Kumbh Mela.
Note:
This annual pilgrimage draws millions to Sagar ¾ Criteria:
Island at the confluence of the Ganges and Bay High antiquity of early texts/recorded history
of Bengaland commemorates the legendary King spanning 1,500–2,000 years.
Bhagirath’s descent of the Ganges to Earth. Possession of a body of ancient literature/texts
¾ Other Major Melas in India: considered valuable heritage by generations.

Presence of an original literary tradition not
Kumbh Mela: It is celebrated four times every 12
years, the site of the observation rotating between borrowed from another speech community.
four pilgrimages on the four sacred rivers at The classical language and literature being distinct
Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. from modern, there may also be a discontinuity
between the classical language and its later forms
z Ardha (half) Kumbh Mela is held at only two
or its offshoots.
places, Haridwar and Allahabad, every sixth year.
Note: 8th Schedule of Indian Constitutionlists the
z And a Maha Kumbh is held after every 144 years. official languages of the Republic of India that currently
Pushkar Mela: Pushkar Mela is an annual five includes 22 languages namely: Assamese, Bengali,
day camel and livestock fair held in the town of Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam,
Pushkar, Rajasthan. Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi,Sanskrit, Sindhi,
z It is one of the world’s largest cattle fairs. Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili and Dogri.
Hemis Gompa Fair : In the northernmost corner
of India, the chilly deserts of Ladakh celebrate Shankaracharyas
a 300-year-old annual fair known as the Hemis
Gompa Fair. Why in News?
z The Hemis Monastery commemorates the fair on The decision of the four Shankaracharyas to abstain
the birth anniversary of Guru Padmasambhava. from attending the inauguration of the Ram Temple in
Note: Ganga Sagar Mela has recently faced challenges Ayodhya has stirred considerable interest.
due to rising sea levels and beach erosion near the Kapil
Muni temple on Sagar Island. Despite dredging and Who are the Shankaracharyas?
tetrapods to counter erosion, the situation remains ¾ About:Shankaracharya (teacher of the way of
uncertain. Shankara), is a religious title used by the heads of
the four cardinal mathas or peeths believed to have
What are Classical Languages? been established by Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
¾ According to tradition, they are religious teachers
¾ About:
who belong to a line of teachers going back all the
In 2004, the Government of India decided to create
way to Adi Shankara himself, however, historical
a new category of languages called “classical evidence regarding the same is scarce before the
languages”. 14th century CE.
In 2006, it laid down the criteria for conferring
classical language status. So far, the 6 languages Who was Adi Shankara?
are granted classical language status. ¾ About: Adi Shankara or Adi Shankaracharya was
an 8th-century Indian philosopher and theologian,
considered one of the most influential figures in the
history of Hinduism
He is believed to be born in Kalady village in Kerala.
Initiated into studies by Govindacharya, Shankara

travelled extensively, challenging philosophical
traditions, and establishing mathas.
Note:
¾ Major Works/Commentaries: Harvest Festivals

Bhashya Granthas:
z Brahma Sutras
Why in News?
z Isavasya Upanishad
z Kena Upanishad
Recently, the Prime Minister of India has greeted
z Katha Upanishad
people across the nation on the occasion of Harvest
z Prasna Upanishad
Festivals Makar Sankranti, Uttarayan, Bhogi, Magh Bihu
z Mundaka Upanishad
and Pongal.
z Mandukya Upanishad ¾ Along with these festivals Rooster Fights are organized
z Mandukya Karika in some parts of Andhra Pradesh.
z Bhagavad Gita
Prakarana Granthas:
What are the Harvest Festivals in India?
z Vivekachudamani ¾ Makar Sankranti:
z Aparokshanubhuti Makar Sankranti denotes the entry of the sun into
z Upadesasahasri the zodiac sign of Makara (Capricorn) as it travels
z Swatma Nirupanam on its celestial path.
z Atma bodha The day marks the onset of summer and the six
z Sarva Vedanta Sara Samgraha months auspicious period for Hindus known as
z Advaita Anubhuti Uttarayan – the northward movement of the sun.
z Brahma anuchintanam
z As a part of the official celebration of ‘Uttarayan’,
z Sadachara anusandhanam
the Gujarat government has been hosting the
Hymns and Meditation Verses:
International Kite Festival since 1989.
z Sri Ganesa Pancharatnam
The festivities associated with the day is known by
z Ganesa Bhujangam
different names in different parts of the country:
z Subrahmanya Bhujangam
z Lohri by north Indian Hindus and Sikhs,
Note: However, the authorship of many works
attributed to Shankara remains disputed. But Shankara’s z Sukarat in central India,
legacy extends beyond metaphysics and theology, z Bhogali Bihu by Assamese Hindus, and
incorporating a near-nationalistic interpretation of faith,
philosophy, and geography. z Pongal by Tamil and other South Indian Hindus.
Note: A ‘Statue of Oneness’ dedicated to Adi ¾ Bihu:
Shankaracharya, standing at a height of 108 feet, has It is celebrated when the annual harvest takes place
been unveiled on Mandhata mountain in the Khandwa in Assam. People celebrate Magh Bihu/Bhogali Bihu
district of Madhya Pradesh. to mark the beginning of the Assamese new year.
It is believed that the festival started from the time
when people of the valley started tilling the land.
¾ Pongal:
The word Pongal means ‘overflow’ or ‘boiling over’.
Also known as Thai Pongal, the four-day occasion is
observed in the month of Thai, when crops such as
rice are harvested and people show their gratitude
to the almighty and the generosity of the land.
Tamilians celebrate the occasion by making
traditional designs known as kolams in their homes
with rice powder.
Note:
¾ The study challenges the notion of a “Dark Age” by
providing evidence of cultural continuity in Vadnagar
even after the collapse of the Harappan civilization.
What are the Key Highlights of the Excavation

at Vadnagar?
¾ Age of Settlement:
The study reveals evidence of a human settlement
in Vadnagar dating back to as old as 800 BCE.
This places the settlement in the late-Vedic/pre-
Buddhist Mahajanapadas or oligarchic republics
period.
¾ Multicultural and Multireligious Settlement:
Vadnagar is described as a multicultural and
multireligious settlement that included Buddhist,
Hindu, Jain, and Islamic influences.
The excavation uncovered seven cultural stages
(periods), including Mauryan, Indo-Greek, Indo-
Scythian, Hindu-Solankis, Sultanate-Mughal, and
What is a Rooster Fight? Gaekwad-British colonial rule, up to the present day.
¾ About: ¾ Archaeological Artifacts:
A rooster fight, also known as “Kodi Pandalu” in Various archaeological artifacts were discovered
local parlance, involves specially bred and trained during the excavation, including pottery, copper,
birds with sharp leg blades in a small arena, where gold, silver, and iron objects.
they fight until one is killed or critically injured. The findings also include intricately designed
Betting on these fights is common, resulting in bangles and coin molds from the Indo-Greek rule.
significant sums changing hands. ¾ Buddhist Monastery:
¾ Laws Related to Rooster Fights: One of the significant discoveries is the presence
Rooster Fights are banned under Prevention of of one of the oldest Buddhist monasteries in
Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960. It includes Vadnagar, adding to the historical and cultural
provisions that prohibit the organization and richness of the settlement.
participation in animal fights. ¾ Radiocarbon Dates:
Additionally, the Supreme Court of India has issued Unpublished radiocarbon dates suggest that the
rulings banning the use of animals for entertainment settlement could be as old as 1400 BCE, which
purposes, including in events like rooster fights. challenges the notion of a Dark Age.
z The “Dark Age” refers to the period between
the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization and
Vadnagar: India’s Oldest the emergence of the Iron Age and cities like
Living City Gandhar, Koshal, and Avanti in Indian history.
If true, it implies cultural continuity in India for
the last 5500 years.
Why in News?
A joint study by the Indian Institute of Technology Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
(Kharagpur) and Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has ¾ ASI, under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier
found evidence of cultural continuity in Vadnagar, Gujarat, organization for the archaeological research and
even after the Harappan collapse. protection of the cultural heritage of the nation.
Note:
¾ Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological Why in News?

sites and remains of national importance is the prime
Recently, over 17 products from Odisha, Arunachal
concern of the ASI.
Pradesh, West Bengal, and J&K have received the
¾ Besides it regulate all archaeological activities in Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
the country as per the provisions of the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains What Products have Received the GI Tags from
Act, 1958. It also regulates Antiquities and Art Odisha?
Treasure Act, 1972.
¾ Kapdaganda Shawl:
¾ It was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham- the
Woven and embroidered by the women of the
first Director-General of ASI. Alexander Cunningham
Dongria Kondh tribe, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
is also known as the “Father of Indian Archaeology”.
Group (PVTG) in the Niyamgiri hills in Odisha’s Rayagada
and Kalahandi districts, the shawl reflects the rich tribal
GI Tags for Over 17 Products heritage of the Dongria Kondhs.
¾ Lanjia Saura Painting: The art form belongs to the Lanjia Saura community,
a PVTG largely residing in the Rayagada district.
These paintings are in the form of exterior murals
painted on the mud walls of homes. White paintings
figure over a crimson-maroon background.
¾ Koraput Kala Jeera Rice:
The black-coloured rice variety, also known as the
‘Prince of Rice’, is famous for its aroma, taste,
texture and nutritional value.
Tribal farmers of the Koraput region have preserved
the rice variety for around 1,000 years.
¾ Similipal Kai Chutney:
The chutney made with red weaver ants is a
traditional delicacy of the tribals in Odisha’s
Mayurbhanj district. These ants are found in the
forests of Mayurbhanj, including in the Similipal
forests.
Note:
¾ Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal: ¾ Dhenkanal Magji:
This Brinjal is known for its prickly thorns on It is a type of sweet made from cheese from
the stems and the whole plant. The plants are buffalo milk, with distinct characteristics in terms
resistant to major insects and can be grown with of appearance, taste, flavour, shape, and size.
minimal pesticide.
¾ Odisha Khajuri Guda: What are the other Products Which Received
Odisha’s “Khajuri Guda” or jaggery is a natural
GI Tag?
sweetener extracted from date palm trees and
has its origin in the Gajapati district.
State Product Name Brief Explanation
Wancho Wooden Ethnic wood craft integral to Wancho tribes, used for decoration and gift-
Arunachal Craft ing, historically used in various aspects of their community life.
Pradesh
Adi Kekir Ginger variety from Arunachal Pradesh.
Tangail Saree Saree style originating from Bengal with distinct weaving patterns.
Saree, known for its unique texture and appearance, is a traditional attire
Garad Saree
from Bengal.
West
Bengal Saree variety is recognized for its weaving style and traditional significance
Korial Saree
in Bengal.
Kalo Nunia Rice Rice variety from West Bengal.
Sundarban Honey Honey sourced from the Sundarbans area of West Bengal.
Product of date palm harvested at Khalal (fresh stage), which are bold,
Gujarat Kachchhi Kharek
crisp and sweet.
Jammu Ramban Anardana, locally referred to as Dhruni, is an important fruit tree
Ramban Anardana
Kashmir growing wild in hilly tracts and forests of J&K.
What is a Geographical Indication (GI) tag registration and better protection of geographical
Tag? indications relating to goods in India.
¾ About: It is governed and directed by the WTO Agreement
A GI tag is a name or sign used on certain products
on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
that correspond to a specific geographical location Rights (TRIPS).
or origin.
The GI tag ensures that only the authorised users Shahi Idgah and Krishna
or those residing in the geographical territory are
allowed to use the popular product name.
Janmabhoomi Temple
z It also protects the product from being copied Dispute
or imitated by others.
¾ A registered GI is valid for 10 years. Why in News?
¾ GI registration is overseen by the Department for The Allahabad High Court recently ruled that a survey
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade under the will be conducted for the Shahi Idgah, a three-domed
Ministry of Commerce and Industry. mosque in Mathura.
¾ Legal Framework and Obligations: ¾ It is seeking appointment of a court commission to
The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration inspect the Shahi Idgah mosque that stands adjacent
and Protection) Act, 1999 seeks to provide for the to theKrishna Janmabhoomi temple in Mathura.
Note:
What is the Places of Worship Act,1991? Sahitya Akademi Awards

¾ About: 2023
It was enacted to freeze the status of religious
places of worship as they existed on August 15, Why in News?
1947, and prohibits the conversion of any place
of worship and ensures the maintenance of their Recently, the Sahitya Akademi announced the Sahitya
Akademi Award 2023 in 24 languages.
religious character.
Nine books of poetry, six novels, five short story
¾ Major Provisions of the Act:
collections, three essays and one literary study
Prohibition of Conversion (Section 3): have won the Sahitya Akademi Awards this year.
z Prevents the conversion of a place of worship, The award, in the form of a casket containing an
whether in full or part, from one religious engraved copper-plaque, a shawl, and RS 1,00,000,
denomination to another or within the same will be presented to the awardees.
denomination.
Maintenance of Religious Character (Section 4(1)):
What is the Sahitya Akademi Award?
z Ensures that the religious identity of a place of ¾ About:
worship remains the same as it was on August Sahitya Akademi award established in 1954, is a
15, 1947. literary honour that is conferred annually by Sahitya

z The Allahabad High Court’s recent stance in
Akademi, India’s National Academy of letters.
the Gyanvapi case suggests that the Places of Akademi gives 24 awards annually to literary works
Worship Act, 1991 does not clarify “religious in the languages it has recognized and an equal
character of any place of worship” and can only number of awards to literary translations from
and into the languages of India.
be determined in a trial, based on documentary
and oral evidence, on a case-to-case basis.
Abatement of Pending Cases (Section 4(2)):
z Declares that any ongoing legal proceedings

concerning the conversion of a place of worship’s
religious character before August 15, 1947, will
be terminated, and no new cases can be initiated.
Exceptions to the Act (Section 5):
z The Act does not apply to ancient and historical

monuments, archaeological sites, and remains
covered by the Ancient Monuments and
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
z It also excludes cases that have already been
settled or resolved and disputes that have been
resolved by mutual agreement or conversions
that occurred before the Act came into effect.
z The Act does not extend to the specific place
of worship known as Ram Janmabhoomi-
z Besides the 22 languages enumerated in the
Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, including any legal
Constitution of India, the Sahitya Akademi has
proceedings associated with it.
recognised English and Rajasthani as languages
Penalties (Section 6): in which its programme may be implemented.
z Specifies penalties, including a maximum The Sahitya Akademi award is the second-highest
imprisonment term of three years and fines, literary honour by the Government of India, after
for violating the Act. the Jnanpith award.
Note:
¾ Criteria for Choosing Awardee: Mithila, also known as Tirhut or Tirabhukti, is
The author must be of Indian Nationality. a historically and culturally significant region
Book/work eligible for the award must be an
encompassing Darbhanga, Madhubani, Sitamarhi,
Supaul, Saharsa, Madhepura, and adjacent areas
outstanding contribution to the language and
of Bihar and Nepal.
literature to which it belongs.
z It is bounded by the Himalayas in the north,
When equal merit for books of two or more
the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in
are found, certain criteria like total literary
the west, and the Mahananda River in the east.
contribution and standing of authors shall be
z It is also known as Mahla and mentioned in
taken into consideration for declaring the award.
revenue records of the United Provinces of
¾ Other Sahitya Akademi Awards:
Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa.
Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar is given
It was ruled by the Videha Janak dynasty.
to an author based on his/her total contribution
¾ Language and Literature:
to children literature and relates to books first
The main language of Mithila is Maithili which
published during the five years immediately
preceding the year of Award. belongs to the Indo-Aryan family.
z Maithili has a rich literary tradition, the poet
Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar relates to books
published by an author of the age of 35 and below. Vidyapati(1352–1448 AD), wrote famous songs
of love and devotion in this language.
Cultural Heritage:
Bihar’s Punaura Dham z Mithila is famous for its unique style of painting,
project known asMadhubani or Mithila painting, which

is done using bright earthy natural colours and
geometric patterns.
Why in News?
z The paintings depict scenes from Hindu
The Bihar state government recently approved a mythology, especially the Ramayana, as well
project to develop Punaura Dham, a temple complex in as flora, fauna, and social events.
Sitamarhi district, as a major tourist attraction. ¾ GI Tag:
¾ Punaura Dham is believed to be the birthplace of Mithila Makhana or Makhan (botanical name:
Goddess Sita, wife of Lord Rama and a revered figure Euryale ferox Salisb.) is a special variety of aquatic
in Hinduism. fox nut cultivated in Mithila region of Bihar and
¾ The initiative aims to promote the culture and heritage Nepal. It is also recognised with the GI (geographical
of Mithila, the region where Sita was born and raised. indication) tag.
Note:
UNESCO Recognition to
¾ According to the Valmiki Ramayana, Sita emerged
from a furrow when King Janaka, the ruler of Mithila, Gujarat’s Garba Dance
was ploughing the land.
He adopted her as his daughter and named her Why in News?
Sita, which means “furrow” in Sanskrit. He also Recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific
gave her the name Janaki, meaning “daughter and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), during its 18th
of Janaka”. session of the Intergovernmental Committee in Botswana,
officially added Gujarat’s iconic Garba dance to its
What are the Key Cultural Aspects of Mithila? esteemed Representative List of Intangible Cultural
¾ Historical Significance: Heritage(ICH) of Humanity.
Mithila has a rich and ancient history, dating back ¾ The Garba dance form is the 15th cultural item from
to the Vedic period (1500-500 BCE) when it was India to make it to the UNESCO list. Kolkata’s Durga
one of the 16 Mahajanapadas of India. Puja was the last one added in 2021.
Note:
What is the Garba Dance? In 2003, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the
¾ Garba is a form of Gujarati folk dance that is performed Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
during the nine-day Hindu festival of Navratri, which (ICH), signifying a commitment to protect, promote,
celebrates the victory of good over evil. and transmit the diverse expressions of human
culture.
The name Garba comes from the Sanskrit word
The convention establishes two crucial lists for ICH.
for womb, implying life and creation.
z Representative List: Showcasing the global
¾ Garba dances celebrate fertility, honor womanhood,
and pay respect to any of an array of mother goddesses. diversity of ICH, this list raises awareness of its
The dance also customarily marks a girl’s first
significance and importance.
menstrual cycle and, later, her imminent marriage. z Urgent Safeguarding List: Identifying threatened
¾ The dance is performed around a centrally lit lamp ICH, this list calls for immediate measures to
or a picture or statue of the Goddess Shakti, who ensure its survival.
represents the feminine energy of the universe. ¾ Examples of ICH:
¾ Garba is accompanied by rhythmic music, singing, and Languages, oral traditions, literature, and poetry.
clapping. The dance can be performed by anyone, Performing arts, such as music, dance, and theatre.
regardless of age, gender, or social status. Social practices, rituals, and festive events.
¾ Modern Garba is heavily influenced by Dandiya Raas, Knowledge and practices concerning nature and
a dance traditionally performed by men. The merger the universe.
of these two dances has formed the high-energy
Traditional craftsmanship, such as pottery, weaving,
Garba dance that is seen today.
and metalwork.
¾ Garba fosters social equality by diluting socio-
economic, gender, and rigid sect structures.
It continues to be inclusive and participative Parthenon Sculpture
by diverse and marginalized communities,
strengthening community bonds. Why in News?
Greece and the UK had a diplomatic dispute regarding
the Parthenon Sculptures at the British Museum when
Athens accused London of avoiding discussion on the
contested sculptures, also known as the Elgin Marbles.
¾ Despite Greece’s repeated requests for their
permanent return, Britain and the British Museum
have consistently refused.
What are the Parthenon Sculptures?

¾ About
What is UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage The Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British
(ICH)? Museum are a collection of over 30 ancient stone

sculptures from Greece, dating back more than
¾ About:
2,000 years.
UNESCO ICH is a term that refers to the practices,
Originally adorning the walls and grounds of the
representations, expressions, knowledge, skills,
Parthenon temple on the Acropolis hill in Athens,
and cultural spaces that are recognized as part
of the cultural heritage of a community, group, these artifacts are significant remnants of Athens’
or individual. Golden Age, with the temple’s construction
completed in 432 BC.
UNESCO defines ICH as “the mainspring of
Dedicated to the goddess Athena, the Parthenon
humanity’s cultural diversity and its maintenance
a guarantee for continuing creativity.” is a symbol of cultural and historical importance.
Note:
¾ Artistic Depictions and Cultural Significance:
Among the sculptures, a notable piece spanning
75 meters portrays a procession celebrating the
birthday of Athena. Additionally, other sculptures
within the collection depict various gods, heroes,
and mythical creatures.
The intricate craftsmanship and historical context
make these sculptures not only artistic treasures but
also integral pieces of Greece’s cultural heritage.
¾ Arrival to Britain:
They were removed from the Parthenon in the
early 19th century by Thomas Bruce, the 7th Kozhikode and Gwalior in
Earl of Elgin and then-British ambassador to the
OttomanEmpire. The marbles weretaken to Britain
UNESCO Creative Cities
and purchased by the British. Network
Motorable Road to Amarnath Why in News?

Cave Shrine Recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced the
addition of 55 new cities to its Creative Cities Network
Why in News? (UCCN). Among the new entrants, two Indian cities made
The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) has completed their mark: Kozhikode in Kerala as the ‘City of Literature’
the construction of a motorable road that connects the and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh as the ‘City of Music’.
Amarnath cave shrine in Kashmir’s Lidder Valley with
the Baltal base camp, making the pilgrimage more Note:
accessible and comfortable for the devotees. ¾ Other Indian cities in the UCCN include Jaipur: Crafts
¾ This milestone resulted from the successful upgrade and Folk Arts (2015), Varanasi: Creative City of Music
of the Baltal road, a feat accomplished through the (2015), Chennai: Creative City of Music (2017), Mumbai:
continuous efforts of Project Beacon. Film (2019), Hyderabad: Gastronomy (2019), and
Srinagar: Crafts and Folk Art (2021).
Note:
¾ Project Beacon is the BRO’s oldest undertaking, was
raised on May 18, 1960, with its headquarters at
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.
Beacon currently takes care of the road infrastructure
development and maintenance in important areas
of Kashmir.
¾ Traditional Access Routes:
Pilgrims historically approached the shrine via two
routes Pahalgam and Sonamarg both located in
the Lidder Valley, each presenting its own set of
challenges through demanding terrains.
Pilgrims also had the option to use chopper services
from Baltal to Panchtarni, located 6 km away from
the shrine. However, ecological concerns led to the
discontinuation of services directly to the shrine.
Note:
What is the Significance of Kozhikode and Puri Jagannath Temple’s

Gwalior?
Ratna Bhandar
¾ Kozhikode as City of Literature:
Kozhikode is the first city in India to receive the
Why in News?
prestigious title of ‘City of Literature’ by UNESCO.
The city has a long history of hosting various literary
Recently, the demand to open the Ratna Bhandar
events, such as the Kerala Literature Festival, which (treasure room) of theJagannath Templeis growing louder
is one of the largest literary gatherings in Asia. again. The treasure room at the temple has not been
z This acknowledgement reinforces the city’s role
unlocked for three decades.
as a hub for intellectual exchange and literary
What is Jagannath Temple’s Ratna Bhandar?
discussions.
z Kozhikode carried the distinction of being home
¾ About:
to over 500 libraries. The precious ornaments of sibling deities, Lord
The city is also home to many renowned writers, Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Goddess
including S. K. Pottekkatt (the most celebrated Subhadra, given by devotees and erstwhile kings
writer of the city), Thikkodiyan and P. Valsala over centuries, are stored in the Ratna Bhandar
Sanjayan, along with poets, scholars, and publishers of the 12th century shrine.
who have contributed to the diversity and vibrancy The Ratna Bhandar consists of two chambers: the
of Malayalam literature and culture. Bhitar Bhandar (inner chamber) and the Bahara
¾ Gwalior as the City of Music: Bhandar (outer chamber).
Gwalior is the second city in India to be designated z While the outer chamber is opened regularly to
as the ‘City of Music’ by UNESCO, after Varanasi fetch ornaments for the deities during important
in 2015. rituals and festivals, the inner chamber has not
The city is widely regarded as the birthplace been opened in the past 38 years.
of Tansen, one of the greatest musicians and
composers in Indian history, who was also one Jagannath Temple
of the ‘Navratnas’ (nine jewels) in the court of ¾ The Jagannath temple located in Puri, Odisha is a
Emperor Akbar. sacred temple devoted to Lord Jagannath along with
The city is also the origin of the Gwalior Gharana, his brother Lord Balabhadra and sister Devi Subhadra.
the oldest and most influential school of Hindustani It was constructed by a famous king of Ganga
classical music. Dynasty Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva dating
The city hosts one of the biggest annual music back to 12th century.
festivals in India, the Tansen Sangeet Samaroh, It is known as the “White Pagoda” and one of the
which attracts thousands of music lovers and artists four pilgrimage sites of Char Dham Pilgrimage.
from across the country and abroad.
¾ It is an outstanding example of Kalinga architecture,
UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) featuring distinctive curvilinear towers, intricate
carvings, and ornate sculptures.
¾ It was created in 2004.
It is enclosed by a high wall with four gates, each
¾ It aims to “promote cooperation among cities which
facing a cardinal direction.
recognize creativity as a strategic factor in their urban
development”. ¾ It is also called as ‘Yamanika Tirtha’ where, according
Sustainable Development Goal 11 aims for

to the Hindu beliefs, the power of ‘Yama’, the god of
Sustainable Cities and Communities. death, has been nullified in Puri due to the presence
of Lord Jagannath.
¾ The network covers seven creative fields: crafts
and folk arts, media arts, film, design, gastronomy, ¾ Associated Major Festivals: Snana Yatra, Netrotsava,
literature and music’ Rath Yatra, Sayan Ekadasi.
Note:
Poetic Works: The Alvars’ devotional hymns and

poems were collected in the Naalayira Divya
Prabandham, a significant Vaishnavite scripture.
These hymns were composed in the Tamil language
and celebrated the divine qualities and forms of
Lord Vishnu.
¾ Nayanars:
Devotion to Lord Shiva: The Nayanars were a
group of sixty-three Shaiva (devotees of Lord
Shiva) saint-poets. They were deeply devoted
to Lord Shiva and composed hymns and poems
in praise of him, emphasizing the path of bhakti
(devotion) and love for the divine.
Poetic Works: The Nayanars’ hymns and poems
Odhuvars in Tamil Nadu were collected in the Thirumurai, a corpus of
Shaivite scriptures. These compositions, written
Why in News? in Tamil, celebrated the various manifestations
and attributes of Lord Shiva.
Recently, Tamil Nadu government handed over
appointment orders to 15 Odhuvars (among them five
are women), who were assigned to Shaivite temples in Shri Ramalinga Swamy
the Chennai region as they serve the deities by singing
the hymns and praise.
Why in News?
Who are Odhuvars in Tamil Nadu? India celebrated the 200th birth anniversary of Shri
¾ About: Ramalinga Swamy, also known as Vallalar, on 5th October,
Odhuvars sing devotional hymns in Tamil Nadu’s 2023.
Hindu temples but are not priests. They are in the
service of Lord Shiva by singing his praise from What are the Key Contributions of Shri
Thirumurai in Saivite temples. They sing devotional Ramalinga Swamy?
hymns but do not enter the sanctum sanctorum.
¾ Origin of Odhuvars:
The tradition of Odhuvars can be traced back to
ancient times, with its roots firmly embedded in
the Bhakti movement,which flourished between
the 6th and 9th centuries in Tamil Nadu.
During this period, several saint-poets known
as Alwars and Nayanars composed devotional
hymns in praise of Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva,
respectively. The Odhuvars emerged as custodians
of this rich musical and devotional heritage.
Alvars and Nayanars: The Saints of Tamil

Bhakti Tradition
¾ Alvars:
Devotion to Lord Vishnu: The Alvars were a
group of twelve Vaishnava (devotees of Lord ¾ About:
Vishnu) saint-poets. Their compositions primarily
Shri Ramalinga Swamy was a prominent Tamil poet
centered on their deep devotion to Lord Vishnu and
emphasized the concept of surrender (prapatti) in the 19th century and a member of the “gnana
to attain salvation. siddhars” lineage.
Note:
z He was born in the village of Marudhur in Who was Allah Baksh?

Tamil Nadu. ¾ About:
¾ Vision of Social Reforms: Allah Baksh was a court painter employed by
Vallalar’s vision transcends religious, caste, and Maharaja Jai Singh of Udaipur during the late
creed barriers, recognizing divinity in every atom 17th century.
of the universe. ¾ Paintings and Portrayal:
z Vallalar was strongly against the caste system Each painting by Allah Baksh meticulously portrays
and initiated the ‘Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga the details of characters’ costumes, the flora and
Sangam’ in 1865, later renamed ‘Samarasa fauna in the background, and the depiction of
Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam.’ magical and mystical events.
He established ‘The Sathya Dharma Salai,’ a free These miniatures encapsulate a delightful
food facility in Vadalur, Tamil Nadu in 1867, serving representation of the Mahabharata, showcasing a
all people without caste distinctions. dialogue between the verbal and visual imaginations
In January, 1872, Vallalar opened the ‘Sathya of the poet and the painter.
Gnana Sabha’ (Hall of True Knowledge) in Vadalur.
¾ Philosophical Beliefs and Teachings:
One of Vallalar’s primary teachings was “Service to
Living Beings is the path of Liberation/Moksha.”
According to Suddha Sanmarga, the prime aspects of
human life should be love, connected with charity
and divine practice, leading to pure knowledge.
Vallalar believed that the intelligence possessed
by humans is illusory (Maya) intelligence and not
accurate or final.
What is Mewari Style Miniature Painting?
z He emphasized “Jeeva Karunyam” (Compassion
for living beings) as the path of final intelligence. ¾ About:
He forbade killing animals for the sake of food Mewār painting, one of the most important schools
of Indian miniature painting of the 17th and 18th
and advocated feeding the poor as the highest
Centuries. It is a school in the Rājasthanī style
form of worship.
and was developed in the Hindu principality of
He also believed that God in the form of Grace is
Mewār (in Rājasthān state).
the personification of Mercy and Knowledge.
It is a highly refined and intricate form of painting
z And, Mercy is a path to God. characterized by its attention to detail, vibrant
colors, and meticulous craftsmanship.
Allah Baksh and Mewari The works of the school are characterized by
simple bright color and direct emotional appeal.
Style Painting z The comparatively large number of paintings to
which dates and places of origin can be ascribed
Why in News? make possible a more comprehensive picture
Allah Baksh, a Mewari miniature painter late 17th of the development of painting in Mewār than
century, portrayed the Interpretation of Mahabharata in any other Rājasthanī school.
in his Painting and is known for his intricate and delightful ¾ Famous Painter: Sahibdin (painted the Ragamala
representation. in 1628).
Note:
z This school of painting emphasized on the
symbolic use of colors and the themes were
often taken from the Buddhist tantric rituals.
Jain School: The Jain School of painting gained
prominence in the 11th century A.D when religious
texts like ‘Kalpa Sutra’ and ‘Kalkacharya Katha’
were portrayed in the form of miniature paintings.
Mughal School: The amalgamation of Indian
paintings and Persian miniature paintings gave
rise to the Mughal School of miniature painting.
z Interestingly, Persian miniature paintings were
largely influenced by Chinese paintings.
Rajasthani School: The decline of the Mughal
miniature paintings resulted in the rise of the
Rajasthani School. Rajasthani School of painting can
be further divided into various schools depending
on the region they were created in.
z The Mewar School, Marwar School, Hadoti
School, Dhundar School, Kangra and Kullu
Schools of art are all part of Rajasthani School
of painting.
Pahari School: Pahari School of miniature painting
emerged in the 17th century A.D. These paintings
originated in the kingdoms of North India, in the
Himalayan region.
What is Miniature Painting? Deccan School: The Deccan School of miniature
¾ About: painting flourished in places like Ahmednagar,
Miniature paintings are colorful handmade paintings
Golconda, Tanjore, Hyderabad and Bijapur from
16th to 19th century A.D.
very small in size. One of the outstanding features
z The Deccan School of miniature painting was
of these paintings is the intricate brushwork which
contributes to their unique identity. largely influenced by the rich traditions of the
Deccan and the religious beliefs of Turkey,
The colors used in the paintings are derived from
Persia and Iran.
various natural sources like vegetables, indigo,
precious stones, gold and silver.
They were often painted for either books or
Toto Language
albums, on perishable material including paper,
palm leaves and cloth. Why in News?
z The Palas of Bengal are considered the pioneers The Toto language, spoken by only 1,600 people in
of miniature painting in India. West Bengal, is on the brink of extinction.
z The tradition of miniature paintings was further
¾ However, a trilingual dictionary (Toto-Bengali-English)
called “Toto Shabda Sangraha” is set to be released
taken forward by the artists of various Rajasthani
in Kolkata on 7th October 2023, to help preserve the
schools of painting, including the Kishangarh,
toto language.
Bundi Jaipur, Mewar and Marwar.
¾ Schools of Miniature Painting: What is the Toto Language?
Pala School: The earliest Indian miniature paintings ¾ The Toto language is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken
are related to the Pala School dating back to the by the Toto tribal people in parts of West Bengal
8th century A.D. bordering Bhutan.
Note:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO) lists it as a critically
endangered language.
¾ The Toto language is primarily spoken orally and
even though prominent community memberPadma
Shri-decorated Dhaniram Toto developed a script as
recently as in 2015, most people either write it in
Bengali script or write in Bengali language.
Toto People
¾ The Toto is a primitive and isolated tribal group
residing only in a small enclave called Totopara in
the Jalpaiguri of West Bengal, India.
¾ The total population of Totos is less than 2000
according to the 2001 census, all living in Totopara.
¾ The Totos are considered Mongoloid people.
¾ They are generally endogamous and marry within
their own tribe.
¾ The Toto family is patrilocal(social system in which a
married couple resides with the husband’s parents) Who was Adi Shankaracharya?
in natureand dominated by nuclear type. However, ¾ About:
joint families are not rare. Monogamy is a common Known as Adi Shankara(788–820 CE), born at
form of marriage among the Toto but polygamy is Kaladi near Kochi, Kerala.
not prohibited. There is no custom of divorce among
z Took Samadhi at the age of 33, at Kedar tirth.
the Totos.
He was a devotee of Shiva.
He is said to have arrived at Omkareshwar as a

Statue of Adi young monk, where he encountered his Guru
Shankaracharya Govind Bhagwadpad.
Resided in the sacred city for four years, and
received his education .
Why in News?
He departed Omkareshwar at the age of 12
Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (M.P) unveiled and embarked on a journey across the nation,
the 108 feet high ‘Statue of Oneness’ of Adi Shankaracharya disseminating the teachings of Advaita Vedanta
on Mandhata mountain at Omkareshwar in Khandwa philosophy and elucidating its principles to the
district, M.P and laid the foundation stone of Advaita people.
Lok.
Propounded theDoctrine of Advaita (Monism)and
Why is the Mandhata Considered Significant? wrote many commentaries on the Vedic canon
(Upanishads, Brahma Sutras and Bhagavad Gita)
¾ The Mandhata island, nestled on the Narmada River, in Sanskrit.
is home to two of the 12 Jyotirlingas – Omkareshwara
He was opposed to Buddhist philosophers.
(located on the south side of the island) and
Amareshwara. ¾ Major Work:
Brahmasutrabhasya (Bhashya or commentary on
¾ The island is dotted with Shaivite, Vaisnavite, and
Jain temples dating back to the 14th and 18th centuries. the Brahma Sutra).
Bhajagovinda Stotra.
¾ The name ‘Omkareshwar’ is derived from the shape
of the island, which resembles the sacred syllable Nirvana Shatakam.
‘Om’, and its name means ‘the Lord of Omkara’. Prakaran Grantha.
Note:
What is Advaita Vedanta ? What are the Key Facts About the Hoysala
¾ It articulates a philosophical position of radical Temples?
nondualism, a revisionary worldview which it derives ¾ Chennakeshava Temple in Belur:
from the ancient Upanishadic texts. It was built by Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana
¾ According to Advaita Vedantins, the Upanishads to commemorate his victory over the Cholas in
1116 AD.
reveal a fundamental principle of nonduality termed
z Beluru (also known earlier as Velapuri, Velur
‘brahman’, which is the reality of all things.
and Belapur in olden times) is situated on the
¾ Advaitins understand brahman as transcending banks of the Yagachi River and was one of the
individuality and empirical plurality. capitals of the Hoysala Empire.
¾ They seek to establish that the essential core of one’s It is a star-shaped temple, dedicated to Lord
self (atman) is brahman. Vishnu, and is the main temple in the temple
¾ The fundamental thrust of Advaita Vedanta is that complex at Belur.
the atman is pure non-intentional consciousness.
¾ It is one without a second, nondual, infinite existence,
and numerically identical with brahman.
Other Famous Statue

¾ Previously, Prime Minister (PM) of India inaugurated
the Statue of Equality on the outskirts of Hyderabad
to commemorate the 11th-century Bhakti saint Sri
Ramanujacharya on his 1,000th birth anniversary.
¾ In 2018, PM inaugurated the Statue of Unity in ¾ Hoysaleshwara Temple in Halebid:
Gujarat’s Kevadia in memory of former deputy Prime This twin-shrined temple is perhaps the largest
Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Shiva temple built by the Hoysalas.
The sculptures depict various aspects of Shiva, as
well as scenes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata,
Hoysala Temples Now India’s and the Bhagavata Purana.
42nd World Heritage Site Halebid has a walled complex containing three
Jaina basadi (temples) of the Hoysala period as
well as a stepped well.
Why in News?
The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala, the famed
Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid and Somanathapur
in Karnataka have been added to the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) World Heritage list. This inclusion marks the
42nd UNESCO World Heritage Site in India
¾ Recently, Santiniketan, which is a town located in the
Birbhum district of West Bengal, was also included
in UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
¾ Keshava Temple of Somanathapur:
Note: It is a beautiful Trikuta Temple dedicated to Lord
¾ The ‘Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala’ have been Krishna in three forms-Janardhana, Keshava and
on UNESCO’s Tentative list since April 15, 2014. The Venugopala.
other heritage sites in Karnataka which got into the z The main Keshava idol is missing, and the
UNESCO list are Hampi (1986) and Pattadakal (1987). Janardhana and Venugopala idols are damaged.
Note:
Hoysala Dynasty
¾ Origin and Rise:
The Hoysalas governed areas spanning Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu for over three centuries, with Sala
serving as the dynasty’s founder.
The first kings came from the hillsnorthwest
of Dorasamudra (present-day Halebid), which
became their capital in about 1060.
¾ Political History:
The Hoysalas were feudatories of the Chalukyas
What are the Key Facts about Hoysala of Kalyana, also known as the Western Chalukya
Architecture? Empire.
¾ About: The most notable rulers of the Hoysala dynasty
The Hoysala Temples were built during the 12th were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II, and Veera
and 13th centuries CE, showcasing the unique Ballala III.
architectural and artistic brilliance of the Hoysala
z Vishnuvardhana (also known as Bittideva) was
dynasty.
the greatest king of the Hoysala dynasty.
z All these three Hoysala temples are protected
¾ Religion and Culture:
monuments of the Archaeological Survey of
India (ASI). The Hoysala dynasty was a tolerant and pluralistic
¾ Key Elements:
society that patronized various religions, such as
Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism.
Mantapa
Vimana
King Vishnuvardhana was initially a Jain but later
converted to Vaishnavism under the influence of
Sculpture
the saint Ramanuja.
¾ Characteristics:
These temples are not just architectural wonders
but also repositories of the cultural and historical
heritage of the Hoysala dynasty.
Hoysala temples are sometimes called hybrid
or vesara as their unique style seems neither
completely dravida nor nagara, but somewhere
in between. They are easily distinguishable from
other medieval temples.
z Hoysala architecture is known for its distinctive
blend of Bhumija style prevalent in Central
India, the Nagara traditions of northern and
western India, and the Karnataka Dravida modes
favored by the Kalyani Chalukyas.
Contain multiple shrines grouped around a
central pillared hall and laid out in the shape of
an intricately-designed star.
They are made out ofsoapstone which is a relatively
soft stone, the artists were able to carve their
sculptures intricately. This can be seen particularly
in the jewellery of the gods that adorn their
temple walls.
Note:
Santiniketan Becomes India’s ¾ Nobel Laureate:
In 1913, Rabindranath Tagore became the first
41st World Heritage Site Asian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
for his collection of poems titled “Gitanjali” (Song
Why In News? Offerings).
¾ Recently, Santiniketan, which is a town located in ¾ Knighthood:
Birbhum district of West Bengal, was included in Rabindranath Tagore was awarded with Knighthood
theUNESCO’s World Heritage List. for Services to Literature by King George V in 1915.
The efforts to have Santiniketan recognized as a Tagore renounced his title of Knighthood after
UNESCO World Heritage Site have been ongoing the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
since 2010. Santiniketan has been recognized by ¾ Composer of National Anthems:
UNESCO as India’s 41st World Heritage Site. He wrote the national anthems of two countries,
“Jana Gana Mana” (the Indian national anthem)
Why is Santiniketan Well Known? and “Amar Shonar Bangla” (the Bangladesh
¾ Historical Significance: In 1862, Rabindranath national anthem).
Tagore’s father, Debendranath Tagore, spotted this
scenic landscape and decided to establish an ashram, What are UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites?
building a house called Santiniketan, meaning “abode ¾ A World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by UNESCO
of peace”. for its special cultural or physical significance.
¾ Name Change: The area, originally called Bhubadanga, ¾ The list of World Heritage Sites is maintained by
was renamed Santiniketan by Debendranath Tagore the international ‘World Heritage Programme’,
due to its conducive environment for meditation. administered by the UNESCO World Heritage
¾ Educational Legacy: In 1901, Rabindranath Tagore Committee.
chose a significant portion of land and established a ¾ This is embodied in an international treaty called
school based on the Brahmachary Ashram model. the Convention concerning the Protection of the
This school later evolved into Visva Bharati University. World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by
¾ UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Ministry of UNESCO in 1972.
Cultureproposed Santiniketan for inclusion in
the UNESCO World Heritage List, emphasising its
importance in human values, architecture, arts, town
planning, and landscape design.
¾ Archaeological Preservation: The Archaeological
Survey of India (ASI)has been involved in the restoration
of several structures in Santiniketan, preserving its
historical and cultural heritage.
Who was Rabindranath Tagore?

¾ Early Life:
Rabindranath Tagore was born on May 7, 1861, in
Calcutta, India, into a prominent Bengali family.
He was the youngest of thirteen children.
Tagore was a polymath and excelled in various
fields. He was not only a poet but also a philosopher,
musician, playwright, painter, educator, and
social reformer.
Note:
z It produces melodies through a simple one-

TRIFED Showcases India’s handed twirl and has fish emblems, geometric
Tribal Craftsmanship at G20 lines, and triangles etched on its surface.
The ‘Sulur’ serves utilitarian purposes, helping
Summit tribal men ward off animals and guide cattle
through jungles.
Why in News? It showcases the Gond Tribe’s ingenious
The recent18th G20 Summitwitnessed a captivating craftsmanship, which is a harmonious blend of
display of India’s rich tribal heritage and craftsmanship, artistry and functionality.
curated and presented by the Tribal Cooperative
¾ Gond Paintings:
Marketing Development Federation of India(TRIFED),
Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Gond paintings
ref l e c t t h e i r
What Artifacts and Products did TRIFED Display deep connection
at the G20 Summit? to nature and
¾ Longpi Pottery: tradition.
Originating from They start with
the village of dots, calculating

Longpi in Manipur, image volume,
the Tangkhul Naga which they then
tribespractise this connect to form
unique pottery outer shapes
style. filled with
Longpi pottery vibrant colours.
stands out as it
These artworks
doesn’t rely on
the potter’s wheel; everything is hand-shaped are deeply
or moulded. influenced by their social environment and they
The distinct grey-black cooking pots, sturdy kettles,
stand as a testament to the tribe’s artistic ingenuity.
and charming bowls are Longpi’s trademarks, but ¾ Gujarat Hangings:
new design elements are being introduced. Curated by the Bhil & Patelia Tribe in Dahod,
Gujarat, these wall hangings are rooted in ancient
Gujarat art.
I n i t i a l l y, t h e
hangings were
dolls and cradle
birds made of
cotton cloth
a n d re c yc l e d
materials.
z The hangings
now include
mirror work,
zari, stones,
and beads,
¾ Chhattisgarh Wind Flutes: blending
‘Sulur’ bamboo wind flute is a unique musical tradition with
creation curated by the Gond Tribe of Bastar in contemporary
Chhattisgarh. fashion.
Note:
¾ Sheep Wool Stoles:
Crafted by the Bodh, Bhutia, and Gujjar Bakarwal

tribes from Himachal Pradesh/Jammu & Kashmir.
z They use pure sheep wool to make various
Meenakari Crafts:
clothing, including jackets, shawls, and stoles. z Meenakari crafts involve decorating metal
z Originally featuring monochromatic schemes of

surfaces with vibrant minerals, a tradition
white, black, and grey, Tribal craftsmanship is demanding exceptional skill, introduced by
undergoing a transformation with dual-coloured the Mughals.
designs becoming popular. This tradition demands exceptional skills
¾ Rajasthan Artistry: as delicate designs are etched onto metal,

creating grooves for colours to nestle in.
Mosaic Lamps:
Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development

Federation of India (TRIFED):
¾ TRIFED came into existence in 1987. It is a national-level
apex organisation functioning under the administrative
control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
¾ The objective of TRIFED is the socio-economic
development of tribal people in the country by way
of marketing development of the tribal products such
as metal craft, tribal textiles, pottery, tribal paintings
and pottery on which the tribals depend heavily for
a major portion of their income.
¾ TRIFED acts as a facilitator and service provider for
tribes to sell their product.
¾ The approach by TRIFED aims to empower tribal people
z Captures the mosaic art style and is crafted with knowledge, tools and a pool of information so
into lampshades and candle holders. When that they can undertake their operations in a more
illuminated, they unleash a kaleidoscope of systematic and scientific manner.
colours, adding vibrancy to any space. ¾ It also involves capacity building of the tribal people
Ambabari Metalwork: through sensitization, formation of Self Help Groups
z It is curated by the Meena Tribe and also (SHGs) and imparting training to them for undertaking
embraces enamelling, a meticulous process a particular activity.
that elevates metal decoration. ¾ TRIFED has its Head Office located in New Delhi and
Today, it extends beyond gold to metals like has a network of 13 Regional Offices located at various
silver and copper. places in the country.
Note:
Indian Gifts to G-20 Leaders z Nilgiri Tea comes from the most spectacular
mountain range in south India. Cultivated amidst
Full of Rich Crafts the mountains’ lush terrain at an elevation of
1,000-3,000 ft, the tea is relatively mild.
Why in News? ¾ Araku Coffee:
The G20 Summit 2023 held in Delhi recently served Araku Coffee is the world’s first terroir-mapped
as a platform for world leaders to experience India’s rich coffee, grown on organic and sustainable plantations
traditions and cultural diversity through a curated selection in the Araku Valley of Andhra Pradesh.
of handcrafted gifts.
¾ Traditional Honey from the Sundarbans:
¾ These gifts included a variety of handcrafted items
sourced from different regions of India, showcasing From the Sundarbans, the largest
Bharat’s cultural and artisanal heritage. mangrove forest globally, located

in the Bay of Bengal, came a special
What are the Gifts Presented to the Leaders? honey harvested by traditional
¾ Sandook: honey collectors.
Besides being 100% natural and
pure, Sundarban honey is also high
in flavonoids (various compounds
found naturally in many fruits and
vegetables) and provides valuable
health benefits.
¾ Perfume from Kannauj:
The ZighranaIttar
from Kannauj in
All the Gift items were meticulously packaged in U t t a r P ra d e s h
a Sandook (chest) adorned with intricate brass showcased
detailing. India’s centuries-
This chest was handcrafted using Sheesham(Indian
old tradition of
rosewood), known for its durability and distinctive crafting exquisite
grain pattern.
perfumes, adding a
¾ Aromatic and Culinary Delights:
sensory dimension
The gift hamper included a pack of Saffron from
to the gifts.
Jammu and Kashmir, renowned as the world’s
most expensive spice, celebrated for its culinary
and medicinal properties.
¾ The Champagne Of Teas:
Pekoe Darjeeling and Nilgiri Tea are two illustrious
gems from India’s tea tapestry, epitomizing the delicate
art of tea cultivation and infusion.
z Darjeeling Tea
i s t h e m o st
valued tea
in the world,
located on the ¾ Exquisite Shawls from Kashmir:
misty hills of The gift package also featured a Kashmiri Pashmina
West Bengal shawl sourced from the Changthangi goat, found
at altitudes of only at elevations of 14,000 feet above sea level.
3,000-5,000 feet. The soil’s unique character gets
The wool is collected by combing (and not shearing)
reflected in a highly aromatic and invigorating
cup of tea. the undercoat of this goat.
Note:
¾ Khadi Scarves: The temple is also a UNESCO World Heritage

The Khadi scarf, personally presented to each leader Siteand a major pilgrimage site for Hindus and is
during their visit to the Rajghat, held immense depicted on the reverse side of the Indian currency
symbolic value. note of 10 rupees.
Khadi, with its origins in India’s independence The Sun Temple is the culmination of Kalinga
movement and its evolution into a symbol of temple architecture.
sustainable fashion, epitomizes high-quality and The temple was also called the “Black Pagoda”
eco-conscious clothing. by European sailors as early as 1676 because it
¾ Commemorative Coins and Stamps: looked like a great tiered tower that appeared
In July 2023, the Prime Minister of India released black. Similarly, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was
special coins and stamps to commemorate India’s called the”White Pagoda.”
G20 Presidency during the inauguration of Bharat ¾ Key Features:
Mandapam. The temple represents a chariot of the Sun God,
These designs drew inspiration from India’s G20 with twelve pairs of wheels drawn by seven
logo and the theme of ‘VasudhaivaKutumbakam.’ horses evoking its movement across the heavens.
One of the postage stamps, rendered in gold color, z The wheels have 24 spokes that symbolize the
took inspiration from the lotus, India’s national 24 hours in a day. The wheels also function as
flower, as represented in the G20 Presidency logo. sundials, as the shadows cast by the spokes
indicate the time of the day.
Konark Wheel Shines at G-20 The temple comprises several distinct and well-
organized spatial units.
Summit Venue z The vimana (principal sanctuary) was surmounted
by a high tower with a shikhara (crowning cap)
Why in News? also known as Rekha deul, which was razed in
The 18th G20 Summit was held in New Delhi, for the the 19th century.
first time on 9th -10th September 2023, under the theme z To the east, thejahamogana (audience hall or
‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’. Mandap) dominates the ruins with its pyramidal
¾ The venue of the summit was the Bharat Mandapam mass.
Convention Centre in Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. z Farther to the east, the natmandir (dance hall),
As part of showcasing India’s cultural diversity and today unroofed, rises on a high platform.
heritage, a wall depicting the mural of the historic
Konark Wheel of Odisha’s Sun Temple is placed as
the backdrop for welcoming world leaders at the Nataraja Artistry of Lord
summit venue.
Shiva
What are the Key Facts About Konark Sun
Temple? Why in News?
¾ About: Recently, The G20 Leaders’ Summit at Bharat
The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century CE Sun
Mandapam, New Delhi, featured a stunning 27-foot
temple at Konark, on the coastline in Puri district, Nataraja sculpture, the world’s tallest representation
Odisha, India. of Lord Shiva in his dancing form.
The temple is attributed to King Narasimhadeva
What are the Key Highlights of the Nataraja
I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty about 1250 CE.
Statue in Bharat Mandapam?
Dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya, the temple
complex has the appearance of a 100-foot-high ¾ This remarkable Nataraja statue, crafted from an
chariot with immense wheels and horses, all ashtadhatu (eight-metal alloy) by artisans from
carved from stone. Tamil Nadu, weighs 18 tonnes.
Note:
¾ The statue is sculpted by the renowned sculptor Temple in Konerirajapuram, and the Brihadeeswara
Radhakrishnan Sthapaty of Swami Malai in Tamil Nadu. (Big) Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in
¾ The design of this Nataraja statue draws inspiration Thanjavur. This offers a deep insight into the history
from three revered Nataraja idols: the Thillai Nataraja and religious symbolism of Lord Shiva’s dancing form.
Temple in Chidambaram, the Uma Maheswarar ¾ The Nataraja sculpture at Bharat Mandapam is made
using the lost wax method.
Lord Shiva is a complex deity in the Puranic left arm, he wields Agni (fire), symbolizing his
pantheon, embodying both destructive and power to destroy the universe.
ascetic qualities. z Beneath one of Nataraja’s feet lies a crushed
Nataraja, the ‘Lord of Dance,’ is celebrated for dwarf-like figure, representing illusion and
his invention of 108 diverse dances. The dancing worldly distractions.
Shiva became associated with both creation and z In ornamentation, one ear of Shiva has a male
destruction, embodying the dualities of life. earring while the other has a female.
The dance was seen as a cosmic dance, with Shiva This represents the fusion of male and female
as the cosmic dancer, and the world as the stage. and is often referred to as Ardhanarishwar.
Iconic Elements of Nataraja z A snake is twisted around the arm of Shiva. The
z In iconic representations, Nataraja is depicted snake symbolises the kundalini power, which
within a flaming aureole or halo, symbolizing resides in the human spine in the dormant stage.
the circle of the world. If aroused, one can attain true consciousness.
z His long, flowing dreadlocks signify the energy Nataraja as Protector and Reassurer:
and dynamism of his dance. z Despite the formidable symbolism associated
Nataraja is typically shown with four arms, with Nataraja, he also serves as a protector.
each holding symbolic objects that convey z The ‘abhayamudra’ (fear-allaying gesture) made
deeper meanings. with his front right hand reassures devotees,
Symbolism in Nataraja’s Attributes: offering protection from fear and doubt.
z Nataraja holds a damru (hand drum) in his z Nataraja’s raised feet and his gesture with his
upper right hand, which draws all creatures front left-hand point to his feet, inviting devotees
into his rhythmic motion, and in his upper to seek refuge in him.
Note:
Nataraja’s Smile: ¾ The Cholas excelled in the lost wax method for
z One of the distinctive features of Nataraja’s producing elaborate metallic sculptures.
iconography is his almost always present broad ¾ This technique was used to create intricate sculptures
smile. for millennia.
z The French historian Renee Grousset beautifully
described Nataraja’s smile as representing both
“death and life, both joy and pain.”
Adopt a Heritage 2.0 and
e-Permission Portal
Why in News?
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) launched the
“Adopt a Heritage 2.0” program to come forward and
help in better upkeep and rejuvenation of India’s rich
cultural heritage, in line with the vision of ‘Virasat Bhi,
Vikas Bhi’.
¾ An easy-to-use mobile application called ‘Indian
Heritage’ has been introduced, alongside the launch
of an e-permission portal.
What is the Indian Heritage App and

e-Permission Portal?
¾ Indian Heritage App:
It will showcase the heritage monuments of India.
The app will feature state-wise details of monuments

along with photographs, a list of public amenities
available, geo-tagged locations, and feedback
mechanism for citizens.
¾ e-Permission Portal:
An e-permission portal is for obtaining permission
for photography, filming, and developmental
What is the Lost Wax Method?
projects on monuments.
¾ Sculptors who created the Nataraja statue which is The portal will fast-track the process of obtaining
placed at the Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, trace various permissions and solve operational and
their lineage 34 generations back to the Cholas.
logistical bottlenecks.
¾ The crafting process used is the traditional ‘lost-wax’
casting method, indigenous to the Chola era. What is the Adopt a Heritage 2.0 Programme?
The lost-wax method dates back at least 6,000
¾ The programme is a revamped version of the earlier
years, a copper amulet crafted using this method at scheme (Adopt a Heritage Scheme) launched in 2017
a neolithic site in Mehrgarh, Balochistan (present and clearly defines the amenities sought for different
day Pakistan) is dated to circa 4,000 BC.
monuments as per the Ancient Monuments and
z Notably, the Dancing Girl of Mohenjo Daro was
Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR), 1958.
also crafted using this technique.
¾ The stakeholders can apply for adopting a monument or
¾ This method involves creating a detailed wax model,
specific amenities at a monument through a dedicated
coating it with alluvial soil, heating to burn away the web portal that contains details of monuments sought
wax, and filling the mold with molten metal.
for adoption.
Note:
¾ Adopt a Heritage 2.0 programme seeks to foster ¾ Campaign Clean India: ‘Campaign Clean India,’ in
collaboration with corporate stakeholders through which the government had identified 120 monuments/
which they can contribute to the preservation of destinations.
these monuments for the next generations. Under this scheme, the India Tourism Development
The term of the appointment will be for a period of Corporation (ITDC) adopted Qutab Minar as a
five years initially, which may be further extended pilot project in 2012, while ONGC adopted six
up to five years. monuments — Ellora Caves, Elephanta Caves,
Golkonda Fort, Mamallapuram, Red Fort, and Taj
What is the Adopt a Heritage Scheme? Mahal — as part of its CSR.
¾ About:
It is a collaborative effort between the Ministry
Note:
of Tourism, Ministry of Culture ASI, and State/ Experience of Italy: Italy has the largest number of
UTs governments. UNESCO Heritage Sites in the world. The cash-strapped
It was launched on 27 September 2017 (World government has been successfully collaborating with
Tourism Day) by the President of India. corporations since 2014 for heritage maintenance after
¾ Aim: shunning them for decades.
The Project aims to develop synergy among all
partners to effectively promote ‘responsible tourism’. World Sanskrit Day 2023
It aims to involve public sector companies, private
sector companies, and corporate citizens/individuals
Why in News?
to take up the responsibility for making our heritage
and tourism more sustainable. In 2023, the celebration of World Sanskrit Day takes
It is to be done through the development,
place on 31st August.
operation, and maintenance of world-class tourist
infrastructure and amenities at ASI/ State heritage What are the Important Facts about World
sites and other important tourist sites in India. Sanskrit Day?
¾ Monument Mitras: ¾ History:
Agencies/Companies would become ‘Monument The first World Sanskrit Day was celebrated in 1969.
Mitras’ through the innovative concept of ‘Vision World Sanskrit Day or Vishwa Sanskrit Diwas
Bidding’, where the agency with the best vision for is celebrated on Purnima Tithi (Full moon) of
the heritage site will be given an opportunity to Shravana month every year.
associate pride with their CSR (Corporate Social
It serves as a tribute to the birth anniversary
Responsibility) activities.
of Paṇini, a distinguished Sanskrit scholar and
¾ Rationale Behind ‘Adopt a Heritage: grammarian.
The heritage sites are facing common challenges
¾ Importance:
primarily related to the operations and maintenance
This day is celebrated to show gratitude and
of the various infrastructural as well as service assets.
respect towards the Sanskrit language.
There is a need to develop a robust mechanism for
the provision of basic amenities on an immediate What are Some of the Important Facts about
basis and advanced amenities on a long-term basis.
the Sanskrit Language?
What are the Previous Attempts for Corporate ¾ It is an Indo-Aryan language and is considered to
Involvement in Heritage Management? be one of the oldest languages and is known as the
mother of most languages of India.
¾ National Culture Fund: The government of India in
1996 formed a National Culture Fund. Since then, ¾ It is believed to have originated in India around 3500
34 projects have been completed under it through years ago and is often referred to as Dev Vani (the
public-private partnerships. language of the deities).
Note:
¾ It is divided into two parts which are Vedic and It will play a crucial role in educating visitors about
classical. India’s rich maritime history and elevate India’s
Vedic Sanskrit is the older and more archaic form image in the global maritime sector.
of Sanskrit, which is attested in the Rig Veda, the The project is part of the Sagarmala Programmeand
Upanishads, and the Puranas. is being developed with the participation of public
Classical Sanskrit is the later and more standardised
and private institutes, organizations, andcorporate
form of Sanskrit, which is based on the grammar
social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.Major ports
of Panini and used in literature, philosophy,
in India have also contributed funds to support
science, and art.
the project.
Note: ¾ Unique Features of NMHC:
¾ Sanskrit is among the 22 official languages included Includes Lothal Mini Recreation;Four theme
in the Eight Schedule of the Indian Constitution. parks: Memorial, Maritime and Navy, Climate, and
¾ It is also included among6 Classical languages besides Adventure and Amusement; Coastal States Pavilion.
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia.
¾ In 2010, Sanskrit was declared the second official What is Lothal?
language of Uttarakhand. ¾ About:
¾ In Mattur village of Karnataka everyone speaks in One of the southernmost sites of the IVC in
the Sanskrit language. Gujarat’s Bhāl region. Believed to have been built
around 2,200 BC.
National Maritime Heritage It flourished as a trade center around 2,200 BC, with
Complex trade connections reaching West Asia and Africa.
Known for its trade of beads, gems, and ornaments.
Why in News? Meaning of “Lothal” in Gujarati is “the mound of
Recently, Union Minister of Ports, Shipping and the dead.”
Waterways, reviewed the project process ofNational The excavated site of Lothal is the only port town
Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC), Lothal in of the Indus Valley Civilization.
Gandhinagar, Gujarat. ¾ Nomination for UNESCO World Heritage Site:
¾ NMHC complex will have Asia’s Biggest Under Water
Lothal was nominated in April 2014 for inclusion
Marine Museum and India’s Grandest Naval Museum.
on theUNESCO World Heritage List.
What is the National Maritime Heritage Its application is pending on the tentative list of
Complex? UNESCO.
¾ About:
The NMHC is being constructed at the historicIndus
Valley civilizationregion ofLothal, Gujarat, under
the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways.
Its primary objective is to showcase the maritime
heritage of India from ancient to modern
times,utilizing an edutainment approach and
incorporating the latest technology.
¾ Significance:
The NMHC is set to become the world’s largest
maritime museum complex and an international
tourist destination.
Note:
Lambani Art G20 Culture Working Group

¾ The G20 Culture Ministers met for the first time in
Why in News? 2020 and highlighted culture’s cross-cutting contribution
to advancing G20 agenda.
The third G20 Culture Working Group (CWG) meeting
Recognizing its impact on various aspects of
in Hampi, Karnataka witnessed a historic moment as
development, culture was integrated into the
aGuinness World Record was established for the ‘largest
G20 agenda as a Culture Working Group in 2021,
display of Lambani items’ in the event, titled ‘Threads
acknowledging its synergies with other policy areas
of Unity”.
¾ The G20 Culture Working Group stands among the
¾ This achievement showcased the collective efforts
13 thematic Working Groups set up by the Indian
of over 450 Lambani women artisans and cultural
Presidency to frame the G20 process in 2023 as part
practitioners from the nomadic Lambani community
of the Sherpa Track.
in Karnataka.
¾ Priority Areas of CWC:
¾ By supporting Lambani artisans, this initiative
Protection and Restitution of Cultural Property
contributes to the economic independence of
women. It aligns with the third priority of the CWG, Harnessing Living Heritage for a Sustainable Future
‘Promotion of Cultural and Creative Industries and Promotion of Cultural and Creative Industries and
Creative Economy. Creative Economy
Leveraging Digital Technologies for the Protection
What is Lambani Art? and Promotion of Culture
¾ Lambani art is a form of textile embellishment
practiced by the Lambani or Banjara community,
a nomadic group inhabiting several states of India, Buddha’s Relevance to the
especially Karnataka. Modern Youth
¾ It is characterised by colourful threads, mirror work,
and a rich array of stitch patterns on loosely woven Why in News?
fabric.
The President of India, urged the youth to draw
It involves skillfully stitching together small pieces
inspiration from the teachings of Lord Buddha, on the
of discarded fabric to create a beautiful patchwork.
occasion of Dharma Chakra Pravartana Divas (3rd July
¾ It is recognised as a sustainable practice that works
2023).
on the principle of recycle and reuse.
¾ The President reflected on how Lord Buddha’s first
¾ The Lambani embroidery techniques and aesthetics
sermon on Asadha Purnima planted the seeds of the
bear similarities with textile traditions in Eastern middle path of the Dhamma.
Europe, West Asia, and Central Asia, showcasing the
interconnectedness of global textile arts Who was Lord Buddha?
Sandur Lambani embroidery, a specific type of
Lambani art from the Sandur region of Karnataka,
received a Geographical Indication tag in 2010.
Note:
¾ Major Teachings of Lord Buddha: What is the Kharchi Puja?
The Three Marks of Existence: These are the
¾ About:
characteristics of all phenomena that one should
Also known as the ‘Festival of 14 Gods,’ this
understand and accept. They are impermanence
(anicca), unsatisfactoriness (dukkha), and non- traditional event involves the worship of Chaturdasa
self (anatta). Devata, (housed in the ancient Ujjayanta Palace),
The Four Noble Truths: These are the truths about
the ancestral deity of the Tripuri people.
the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, and During the festival, the Tripuri people also worship
the path to its cessation. The cause of suffering is the earth along with their 14 deities.
ignorance, attachment, and aversion. ¾ An important ritual in this festival involves the
z The cessation of suffering is possible by following construction of the Chaturdasha Mandapa, a structure
the Noble Eightfold Path: that symbolizes the royal palace of the Tripuri kings.
¾ On the day of the Puja, the 14 gods are carried to
river “Saidra” by the members of “Chantai” (royal
priests). The gods are bathed in the holy water and
are brought back to the temple.
¾ History:
The word ‘Kharchi’ is derived from two Tripuri
words– ‘khar’ or kharta meaning sin and ‘chi’ or
si meaning cleaning.
z Although the festival has tribal origins, it is
celebrated by both tribal and non-tribal people
¾ The Four Sublime States: These are the positive mental of Tripura.
qualities that one should cultivate and radiate to all
It is believed that the Mother Goddess or Tripura
beings. They are loving-kindness (metta), compassion
(karuna), sympathetic joy (mudita), and equanimity Sundari, the presiding deity of the land who protects
(upekkha). the people of Tripura, menstruates during the
By developing these states, one can foster harmony,
time of Ambubachi, which is observed in June.
empathy, altruism, and peace. z There is a popular belief that the Earth becomes
¾ The Five Precepts: These are the basic ethical principles impure during the menstruation period of the
that Buddha laid down for his lay followers. Goddess.
They are: to abstain from killing, stealing, sexual z Hence, Kharchi Puja is observed to ritualistically
misconduct, lying and intoxication. clean the Earth after hermenstruation is over and
They help us to avoid harming ourselves and others, wash away the sins of the people in the land.
to respect life and property, to maintain purity and
honesty and to preserve clarity and awareness.
Kharchi Puja
Why in News?
Kharchi Puja, a significant festival celebrated in the
state of Tripura, has recently garnered attention in the
news.
¾ The festival commenced on June 26 this year and
will continue until July 2.
Note:
States and UTs Major Festivals zIt is believed that one should complete the Char
Dham Yatra in a clockwise direction: Yamunotri,
Andhra Pradesh Makar Sankranti, Ugadi Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath.
Arunachal Pradesh Losar, Solang, Mopin, Monpa ¾ Religious Significance:
festival Each of these shrines holds significant religious
Assam Bihu and mythological importance in Hinduism.
Bihar Chhath Puja It is believed that undertaking the Char Dham
Yatra can cleanse one’s sins and lead to spiritual
Chhattisgarh Maghi Purnima, Bastar Dussehra salvation.
Goa Shigmo Mel ¾ Pilgrimage Season:
Gujarat Navaratra, Uttarayan Usually starts in April or May and continues until
(International Kite Festival) November, depending on weather conditions.
Haryana Baisakhi, Gugga Naumi The yatra involves trekking through challenging
terrains, including high altitudes and mountainous
Himachal Pradesh Gochi, Kullu Dussehra
regions.
Jammu & Kashmir Bahu Mela ¾ Economic Importance:
Jharkhand Sarhul, Karam/ Karma The yatra is not only a religious journey but
Karnataka Karaga also a significant cultural and tourism event for
Uttarakhand, attracting visitors from across India
Kerala Onam, Adoor Gajamela
and around the world.
Madhya Pradesh Lokrang Festival It holds great economic importance for the local
Maharashtra Ganesh Chaturthi communities, providing employment opportunities
Manipur Yaosang, Cheiraoba, Heikru and boosting the tourism industry in the region.
Hitongba
Meghalaya Nongkrem Festival
Mizoram Chapchar Kut,
Nagaland Hornbill festival, Moatsu, Mimkut
Odisha Rath Yatra
Punjab Lohri, Baisakhi
Rajasthan Gangaur, Teej
Sikkim Sakewa, Tendong Lho Rum Faat
Tamil Nadu Pongal ¾ Note:
Yamunotri Dham:
Telangana Bathukamma
z Location: Uttarkashi district.
Tripura Kharchi Puja, Neermahal Festival
z Dedicated to: Goddess Yamuna.
Uttar Pradesh Ram Navmi, Kumbh Mela z River Yamuna is the second-most sacred river
Uttarakhand Magh Mela in India after River Ganga.
West Bengal Durga Puja Gangotri Dham:
z Location: Uttarkashi district.

What is Char Dham Yatra? z Dedicated to: GoddessGanga.
¾ About: z Considered the most sacred of all Indian rivers.
Char Dham Yatra is a pilgrimage circuit in the Kedarnath Dham:
Indian state of Uttarakhand. z Location: Rudraprayag district.
It involves visiting four sacred Hindu shrines located z Dedicated to: Lord Shiva.
in the Himalayas. z Situated on the bank of theMandakini River.
z The four shrines included in the yatra are z One of the 12Jyotirlingas (divine representations
Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri. of Lord Shiva) in India.
Note:
Badrinath Dham: To fulfil her wish, Lord Jagannath and Lord
z Location: Chamoli district. Balabhadra decided to accompany her on a chariot
z Home to the sacred Badrinarayan Temple. ride. This event is commemorated every year by
z Dedicated to: Lord Vishnu. taking the deities on a similar journey.
z One of the holy shrines for Vaishnavites . ¾ The festival dates back to at least the 12th century
CE, when the Jagannath temple was built by King
What is the Char Dam Project? Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. However, some
¾ Char Dam Project is a major infrastructure initiative sources suggest that the festival was already in practice
in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. since ancient times.
¾ It aims to improve connectivity and pilgrimage tourism The festival is also known as Festival of Chariots, as
to the four holy Hindu sites, known as Char Dham. the deities are carried on three massive wooden
¾ Expected to boost tourism, trade, transport, and chariots that are pulled by devotees with ropes.
employment opportunities in Uttarakhand.
It begins on the second day of the bright fortnight
¾ Enhances safety and security for pilgrims and
of the month of Ashadha (June-July) and lasts
strengthens military operations in border areas.
for nine days.
¾ Facilitates disaster management and relief operations
in emergencies. ¾ Features of the Chariots:
The rupakar servitors are skilled craftsmen
responsible for carving intricate figures of birds,
animals, flowers, and guardian deities on the
chariots.
Jagannath Rath Yatra

Why in News?
The Jagannath Rath Yatra officially begins in Puri,
Odisha. This year, the festival commenced on June 20,
2023 and will culminate on June 28, 2023.
What is Jagannath Rath Yatra? Jagannath Puri Temple
¾ Jagannath Rath Yatra is an annual Hindu festival ¾ Jagannath Puri Temple is one of the most impressive
that celebrates the journey of Lord Jagannath, his monuments of the Indian State Odisha.
elder brother Lord Balabhadra, and his younger sister
Goddess Subhadra from their home temple in Puri, This temple is known as the “White Pagoda” and
Odisha to their aunt’s temple in Gundicha, about is a part of Char Dham pilgrimages (Badrinath,
three kilometres away. Dwaraka, Puri, Rameswaram).
The legend behind the festival is that once, Goddess ¾ It is a splendid example of Kalinga architecture,
Subhadra expressed her desire to visit her aunt’s which is characterised by curvilinear towers, intricate
place in Gundicha. carvings and ornate sculptures.
Note:
The temple complex is surrounded by a high wall ¾ Kathakali was in peril and on the verge of extinction
with four gates facing the four cardinal directions. in the beginning of 20th century.
The main temple consists of four structures: the Renowned Poet Vallaththol Narayana Menon and
vimana (sanctum), the jagamohana (assembly Manakkulam Mukunda Raja took the initiative to
hall), the nata-mandira (festival hall) and the set up Kerala Kalamandalam, a centre of excellence
bhoga-mandapa (offering hall). for classical art forms for the revival of kathakali.
¾ Jagannath Puri temple is called ‘Yamanika Tirtha’
where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of Dance and Music:
‘Yama’, the god of death has been nullified in Puri ¾ Kathakali combines elements of dance, music, mime,
due to the presence of Lord Jagannath. and drama.
¾ The movements are highly stylized and include
Kathakali intricate footwork, rhythmic swaying, and various
hand gestures called mudras.
Why in News? The dancers use their facial expressions, known as
KK Gopalakrishnan has recently released a captivating rasas, to convey emotions and tell stories.
book titled “Kathakali Dance Theatre: A Visual Narrative ¾ Manipravalam, a blend of Malayalam and Sanskrit,
of Sacred Indian Mime.” is the language used in Kathakali songs.
¾ The book offers a behind-the-scenes look into the The text of Kathakali songs is known as Attakkatha.
world of Kathakali, focusing on the green room, artists’ Chenda, Maddalam, Chengila and Elaththalam are
struggles, and the unique bonds forged during long the major instruments used with Kathakali music.
make-up hours.
Makeup:
Kathakali make-up is classified into five types
according to the nature of the character.
¾ Pacha (green): noble and heroic characters, such as
gods, kings and sages.
¾ Katti (knife): anti-heroes or villains with streaks of
nobility or bravery
¾ Thadi (beard): different types of beards denote
different types of characters, such as:
What is Kathakali? Vella Thadi (white beard): divine or benevolent
characters
Origin and History: Chuvanna Thadi (red beard): evil or demonic
¾ Kathakali emerged in the 17th century in the kingdom characters
of Travancore (present-day Kerala). Karutha Thadi (black beard): forest dwellers or
The art form was initially performed in temple hunters
precincts and later gained popularity in the royal ¾ Kari (black): characters who are evil, cruel or grotesque,
courts. such as demons or witches.
¾ Kathakali is based on Natya Shastra, the ancient ¾ Minukku (radiant): characters who are gentle, virtuous
treatise on dance, written by Sage Bharata. or refined, such as women, sages or Brahmins.
However, Kathakali relies on Hasthalakshana ¾ The costumes are colourful and extravagant, with
Deepika, another classical text for its hand gestures. heavy jewellery and headdresses.
Note:
¾ It is associated with the Chola Empire, one of the
longest-ruling and most influential dynasties in South
India.
The Cholas ruled over parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, and
Sri Lanka from the 9th to 13th century CE.
They were known for their military prowess,
maritime trade, administrative efficiency, cultural
patronage, and temple architecture.
¾ The Cholas had a tradition of handing over the
Sengol sceptre from one king to another as a mark
of succession and legitimacy.
The ceremony was usually performed by a high
priest or a guru who blessed the new king and
conferred him with the Sengol.
How did Sengol Become a Part of India’s

Independence?
¾ Before independence from the British rule in 1947, the
then Viceroy - Lord Mountbatten posed a question to
the to-be Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru: “What is
the ceremony that should be followed to symbolise
Sengol to be Installed in New the transfer of power from British to Indian hands?”
Parliament Building PM Nehru then consulted C. Rajagopalachari,
commonly known as Rajaji, who went on to become
Why in News? the lastGovernor-General of India.
On May 28th 2023, the Prime Minister will inaugurate z Rajaji suggested that the Chola model of handing
the new Parliament building, which is part of the Central over the Sengol sceptre could be adopted as
Vista redevelopment project. a suitable ceremony for India’s independence.
¾ One of the highlights of the event will be the installation z He said that it would reflect India’s ancient
of a historic golden sceptre, called Sengol, near the civilisation and culture, as well as its unity in
Speaker’s seat. diversity.
¾ The Sengol is a symbol of India’s independence and The Sengol sceptre was presented to PM
sovereignty, as well as its cultural heritage and diversity. Nehru by Thiruvavaduthurai Adheenam (a
500-year-old Saivaite monastery) on August
What is the Historical Significance of Sengol? 14, 1947.
¾ The Sengol is profound in meaning, derived from the ¾ A golden sceptre was crafted by Vummidi Bangaru
Tamil word “Semmai”, it means “Righteousness”. It Chetty, a famous jeweller in Madras (now Chennai).
was made of gold or silver and was often decorated The Nandi, with its unyielding gaze as the beholder
with precious stones.
of “Nyaya”, is hand-carved at the top.
A Sengol sceptre was carried by emperors on ¾ The installation of Sengol in the new Parliament
ceremonial occasions, and used to represent building is not just a symbolic gesture but also a
their authority. meaningful message.
Note:
It signifies that The figurine is made of bronze and was sculpted

India’s democracy using the lost wax technique.
is rooted in its
ancient traditions Significance of the Dancing Girl:
and values and
that it is inclusive ¾ The existence of the figurine indicates the presence
and respectful of of high art in Harappan society, reflecting their artistic
its diversity and sophistication.
plurality. ¾ The meticulous craftsmanship and symbolic aesthetic
of the Dancing Girl suggest that it was not created
What is the Central
for utilitarian purposes but as a symbol of cultural
Vista Redevelopment
significance.
Project?
¾ The figurine also shows a remarkable sense of realism
¾ The Central Vista Redevelopment Project is a project
and naturalism, capturing the subtle details of the
that aims to revamp the Central Vista, India’s central
administrative area located near Raisina Hill, New Delhi. girl’s anatomy, expression and posture. Historian AL
¾ In Union Budget 2022-23, the Ministry of Housing
Basham also praised her lively pertness, distinguishing
and Urban Affairs was allocated an amount of Rs her from other ancient civilisations’ works.
2,600 crore for the construction of non-residential
office buildings of the ambitious Central Vista project, What is the Lost Wax Technique?
including the Parliament as well as the Supreme ¾ The process involves creating a wax model of the
Court of India. desired object, which is then encased in a mold. The
mold is typically made of a heat-resistant material
Dancing Girl Figurine such as plaster or ceramic.
Once the mold is created, it is heated to melt and
Why in News? remove the wax, leaving behind a hollow cavity in
A “contemporised” version of Dancing Girl figurine the shape of the original wax model.
ofMohenjodaro, was used as a mascot for the International ¾ Molten metal, such as bronze or silver, is then poured
Museum Expo 2023 in Delhi. The traditional craft of into the cavity of the mold, filling the space left by
Channapatna toys, also protected by a GI (geographical
the wax.
indication) tag, was used to create this mascot.
¾ However, it has recently sparked controversy due to
The metal is allowed to cool and solidify, taking
distortion from the original form. the shape of the original wax model. Once the
¾ The Ministry of Culture defended it as an inspired metal has cooled, the mold is broken or otherwise
craft work and a contemporary representation of removed, revealing the final metal object.
dwarpals or Door Guardian. ¾ The Lost Wax Technique allows for great precision and
detail in the final metal casting, as the wax model can
What is the Significance of the Dancing Girl
be intricately carved or sculpted before being cast. This
Figurine?
technique is often used in the creation of sculptures,
¾ About: jewelry, and other decorative metal objects where
The Dancing Girl figurine is one of the most famous
fine details are desired.
and iconic artefacts of the Indus Valley Civilization
¾ In contemporary practice, theLost Wax Technique is
(IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization.
often combined with modern technologies such as3D
It was discovered in 1926 by archaeologist Ernest
Mackay at Mohenjodaro, one of the largest and printingor computer-aided design (CAD) to create
most advanced urban settlements of the ancient the initial wax model, enhancing the precision and
world. efficiency of the process.
Note:
Thirunelli Temple United Nations World Heritage Committee: India
has been elected as a member of the committee
for the term 2021-25.
Why in News?
¾ Indian:
Recently, the Indian National Trust for Art and
Adopt a Heritage Programme
Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has urged the government
Project Mausam
to conserve the 600-year-old ‘Vilakkumadom’, at the
Sree Mahavishnu Temple at Thirunelli, Kerala. Article 49 (DPSP)
AMASR Act andNational Monuments Authority

What are the Key Points Related to Thirunelli (NMA)
Temple? PRASHAD Scheme
¾ About:
Thirunelli Temple, also known as Amalaka or Sidha Global Buddhist Summit 2023
Temple, is a Vishnu temple in Wayanad district,
Kerala.
Why in News?
The temple gets its name from an idol of Lord
Vishnu resting on an amla tree in a valley, which Recently, the Ministry of Culture in partnership with
was discovered by Lord Brahma while circling International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)has organized
the globe. the 1st Global Buddhist Summit 2023, which aims to
enhance cultural and diplomatic relations with other
¾ Architecture of Thirunelli Temple:
countries.
The Thirunelli temple’s architecture follows the
traditional Kerala style. The temple has an inner What is the IBC?
sanctorum, surrounded by a tile roof structure,
and an open courtyard around it. ¾ IBC is the biggest religious Buddhist confederation.
¾ The purpose of this body is to create a role for
The east entrance of the temple is decorated with
a granite lamp post. The outer wall of the temple Buddhism on the global stage so as to help to preserve
is bound by granite pillars that are cut in cubicle heritage, share knowledge, and promote values and
style, which is not commonly seen in Kerala. to represent a united front for Buddhism to enjoy
meaningful participation in the global discourse.
¾ In November 2011, New Delhi was host to Global
Buddhist Congregation (GBC), where the attendees
unanimously adopted a resolution to form an
international umbrella body – the International
Buddhist Confederation (IBC).
¾ HQ: Delhi, India.
What is the Global Buddhist Summit 2023?

¾ About:
Buddhist monks from various countries took part
in the two-day Summit.
What are the Efforts to Safeguard Cultural Eminent scholars, Sangha leaders and Dharma
Heritage? practitioners from all over the world attended
¾ Global: the conference.
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible z There are 173 international participants
Cultural Heritage, 2005 comprising 84 Sangha member and 151 Indian

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of delegates comprising 46 Sangha members, 40
the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, 2006. nuns and 65 laity from outside Delhi.
Note:
¾ Theme: Responses to Contemporary Challenges: This event will take place at multiple locations in
Philosophy to Praxis. Gujarat such as Somnath, Dwarka and the Statue
Sub Themes: of Unity at Kevadia.
z Buddha Dhamma and Peace
z Buddha Dhamma: Environmental Crisis, Health

and Sustainability
z Preservation of Nalanda Buddhist Tradition
z Buddha Dhamma Pilgrimage, Living heritage

and Buddha Relics: a resilient foundation to
India’s centuries-old cultural links to countries
in South, Southeast and East Asia.
¾ Significance of Logo:
Saurashtra Tamil Sangamam It is a representation of the merging of the silk
fabric expertise of the Tamil Saurashtrian people
Why in News? and the textile industry of Gujarat.
Nearly 3,000 people are expected to attend Saurashtra The confluence of the two cultures is depicted
Tamil Sangamam. The festival aims to showcase “age-old through the Somnath temple, the place of origin of
ties” and cultural links between two coastal States of the Saurashtrians, and theMeenakshi templenear
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Madurai, where they settled.
The Saurashtra Tamil Sangamam, is similar to the A young woman, posing in a dancing posture with
Kashi Tamil Sangamam. dandiya (Gujarat)andbharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu)
,embodies the coming together of two art forms.
What is Saurashtra Tamil Sangamam?
The upper tricolour signifies the message of ‘Ek
¾ Background:
Bharat Shreshtha Bharat,’ while the blue colour
Centuries ago, invasions between 600 and 1000
on the lower side symbolises the merging of the
years ago forced numerous individuals to migrate
two states with the sea.
from Saurashtra in Gujarat and establish new
settlements in Tamil Nadu’s districts around
What is Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat?
Madurai, now known as Tamil Saurashtrian.
z People of Gujarati origin have settled in various ¾ About: It was launched in 2015 to promote engagement
places in TamilNadu, such as Tiruchi, Thanjavur, amongst the people of different States/UTs so as to
Kumbakonam, and Salem, creating cultural enhance mutual understanding and bonding between
connections between Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. people of diverse cultures, thereby securing stronger
¾ Highlights of the Festival: unity and integrity of India.
The festival aims to highlight the cultural diversity ¾ Ministry Involved: The Ministry of Education has been
and strength of India and to reconnect people designated as the Nodal Ministry for co-ordination
with pilgrimage destinations and cultural heritage. of the programme.
Note:
¾ Activities Under the Scheme: Every State and UT in z The natural heritage sites in India includenational
the country would be paired with another State/UT parks, wildlife reserves, and natural landscapes
for a time period, during which they would carry out that showcase the country’s unique biodiversity
a structured engagement with one another in the and ecological significance.
spheres of language, literature, cuisine, festivals, The mixed-type site in India, the Khangchendzonga
National Park, is known for its cultural significance as
cultural events, tourism etc.
well as its biodiversity, as it is home to several rare and
endangered species.
World Heritage Day
Why in News?
The International Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS) declared April 18th as the International Day
for Monuments and Sites, also known as World Heritage
Day, in 1982.
¾ The theme for this year is “Heritage Changes,” which
focuses on the role of cultural heritage in climate
action and its importance in protecting vulnerable
communities.
What is the Status of Heritage Sites in India?

¾ About:
India is currently home to 40UNESCO World Heritage
Sites, making it the country with the sixth-largest
number of sites in the world.
Out of these, 32 are cultural sites, 7 are natural sites,
and one is a mixed-type site, the Khangchendzonga
National Park.
z The cultural heritage sites in India includeancient
temples, forts, palaces, mosques, and ¾ Recent Government Initiatives Related to Heritage
archaeological sites that reflect the rich history Conservation: ?
and diversity of the country. Adopt a Heritage Programme
Project Mausam
Basava Jayanti
Note:
Vardhaman Mahavira
What is the Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism?

Reincarnation in Tibetan ¾ Buddhism Schools in Tibet:
Buddhism Buddhism became the predominant religion in
Tibet by the 9th century AD. Tibetan Buddhism
has four major schools: Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya,
Why in News?
and Gelug.
The Dalai Lama has named a US-born Mongolian The Janang school is one of the smaller schools
boy as the 10th Khalkha Jetsun Dhampa, the head of that grew as an offshoot of the Sakya school. The
the Janang tradition ofTibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama belongs to the Gelug school.
Buddhist spiritual head of Mongolia. ¾ History of Reincarnation:
¾ This announcement has brought attention back to the The cycle of birth, death and rebirth is one of
larger question of the Dalai Lama’s own reincarnation, Buddhism’s key beliefs, although early Buddhism
which is a civilizational struggle between China and did not organise itself based on this belief
Tibetans over who controls Tibetan Buddhism. inreincarnation.
Note:
However, Tibet’s hierarchical system seemingly What are the Key Points of Pattanam Site?
emerged in the 13th century, and the first instances
¾ About:
of formally recognizing the reincarnations of lamas
can be found at this time. Pattanam, located in central Kerala, is home to
the only multi-culturalarchaeological site on the
The Gelug school developed a strong hierarchy
southwestern coast of the Indian subcontinent.
and instituted the tradition of succession through
reincarnation, with the 5th grand lama of the The excavations have uncovered less than 1% of
school being conferred the title of Dalai Lama. the site so far, but the evidence has found that
¾ Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism: it was a thriving urban center around 5th century
A.D., with its peak phase from 100 B.C. to A.D. 300.
According to Tibetan Buddhist tradition, the spirit
of a deceased lama is reborn in a child, which It was known as Muziris, the “first emporium” of
secures a continuous line of succession through the Indian Ocean, having rigorous cultural and
successive re-embodiments. commercial exchanges between the Greco-Roman
Several procedures are followed to recognize
classical age and ancient South Indian civilization.
‘Tulkus’ (recognised reincarnations), including z The name Muziris is believed to have originated
the predecessor leaving guidance regarding his from the Tamil word “Muciri”, which means
reincarnation, the prospective child undergoing “the land of seven rivers”.
multiple ‘tests’, and other oracles and lamas with ¾ Pattanam Excavations:
the power of divination being consulted before The technological, metallurgical, literary, and artistic
the final proclamation is made.
advances of this phase bear witness to rigorous
There are also procedures to iron out disputes,
cultural and commercial exchanges.
such as making the final decision by divination
The Pattanam excavations have unearthed over
employing the dough-ball method before a sacred
45 lakh sherds (ceramic fragments); these include
Who is Dalai Lama? approximately 1.4 lakh belonging to the littoral
regions of the Mediterranean, the River Nile,
¾ Dalai Lama is a title given by the Tibetan people for
theRed Sea, the western and eastern Indian
the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug or “Yellow
Oceans, and theSouth China Sea. Recent findings
Hat” school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest of the
include the seal of a sphinx, native to the ancient
classical schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
Greek city of Thebes.
The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso.
¾ The Dalai Lamas are believed to be manifestations What Greco-Roman Classical Age?
of ‘Avalokiteshvara’ or Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of
¾ The Greco-Roman classical age refers to a period
Compassion and the patron saint of Tibet.
of ancient history spanning from the 8th century BC
¾ Bodhisattvas are realized beings inspired by a wish
to the 5th century AD, when the cultures of Greece
to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient
and Rome exerted a significant influence on the
beings, who have vowed to be reborn in the world
Mediterranean world and beyond.
to help humanity.
¾ This period is known for its many achievements in
art, literature, philosophy, science, and politics, and it
Pattanam Site laid the foundation for many of the cultural traditions
that continue to shape the modern world.
Why in News? ¾ During this time, Greece and Rome produced some
Recently, some excavations have uncovered the of the most influential thinkers (Socrates, Plato,
Pattanam Site in Kerala, revealing that Pattanam was a Aristotle), artists, and leaders in human history, and
thriving urban center from the 5th century B.C. to the 5th their ideas and achievements continue to inspire
century A.D. people to this day.
Note:
Menace of Missing What is ‘Provenance’ of Antiquity?

Antiquities in India ¾ Provenance includes the list of all owners from the
time the object left its maker’s possession to the time
it was acquired by the current owner.
Why in News?
There is a formidable gap between artefact that has What is the Procedure of Bringing Back the
been “officially” declared missing and what is surfacing Antiquities?
in global markets or being found in museum shelves and
¾ Categories:
catalogues.
Antiquities taken out of India pre-independence;
● Since Independence, 486 antiquities have
Antiquities which were taken out since independence
been reported as missing from the 3,696
monuments protected and maintained by until March 1976;
theArchaeological Survey of India (ASI). Antiquities have been taken out of the country
since April 1976.
What is Antiquity? ¾ For Antiquities taken out of India before independence,
¾ The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972, requests for their retrieval must be raised bilaterally
which came into effect on April 1, 1976, defines an or on international fora.
“antiquity” as any object or work of art that has For example, in November 2022, the Maharashtra
been in existence for at least 100 years.
government announced that it was working to bring
This includes coins, sculptures, paintings, epigraphs,
back the sword of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
detached articles, and other items that reflect from London.
science, art, literature, religion, customs, morals,
¾ Antiquities in the second and third categories can
or politics from a bygone era.
be retrieved easily by raising an issue bilaterally
¾ For “manuscript, record or other document which
with proof of ownership and with the help of the
is of scientific, historical, literary or aesthetic value”,
UNESCO convention.
this duration is “not less than 75 years.”
¾ Protection Initiative:
Indian: Hybrid Gamosas
z In India, Item-67 of the Union List, Item-12 of
the State List, and Item-40 of the Concurrent Why in the News?
List of the Constitution deal with the country’s
Recently, the Bangla Sahitya Sabha, Assam (BSSA)
heritage.
felicitated guests at a function with “hybrid gamosas”
z Before Independence, the Antiquities (Export
made up of Assamese Gamocha and Bengali Gamchas
Control) Act was passed in April 1947 to ensure cut in half and sewn together. The organization issued
that no antiquity could be exported without a an apology after a controversy erupted.
license.
¾ The BSSA is a newly formed literary and cultural
z The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological
society with the aim of serving as a meeting point
Sites and Remains Actwas enacted in 1958 to
for Bengalis of Assam.
protect ancient monuments and archaeological
sites from destruction and misuse.
What is Assamse Gamocha?
¾ Global:
¾ About:
UNESCO formulated the 1970 Convention on the
Assamese Gamocha is a traditional handwoven
Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit
Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of cotton towel, which is an integral part of Assamese
Cultural Property. culture and tradition.
TheUnited Nations Security Council also passed It is a rectangular piece of cloth. The towel comes
resolutions in 2015 and 2016 calling for the in various colors and designs, and the most popular
protection of cultural heritage sites in conflict among them are the red and white ones with a
zones. Phulam known as the ‘Gamocha design’.
Note:
The word ‘Gamocha’ is derived from the Assamese
word ‘Ga’ (body) and ‘Mocha’ (wipe), which Ministry of Culture’s Initiative
means a towel to wipe the body. The weavers
use a traditional loom called the ‘Taat Xaal’ to
to Promote of Art and Culture
weave the towel.
¾ Recognition: Why in News?
The Assamese Gamocha has gained national and The Ministry of Culture has implemented a Scheme
international recognition for its unique design and to protect all genres of artists, including folk song artists,
cultural significance. It was granted theGeographical called the ‘Scheme ofScholarship and Fellowship for
Indication (GI) tag, which is a recognition of its Promotion of Art and Culture’.
origin and unique characteristics. ¾ This scheme has three components that aim to support
The GI tag ensures that the Gamocha is protected
young artists, outstanding persons in different cultural
from imitations and helps to promote the local fields, and those conducting cultural research.
weavers and their traditional weaving techniques.
¾ Cultural Significance: What are the Components of the Scheme?
The Assamese Gamocha is a symbol of Assamese
¾ Award of Scholarships to Young Artists in Different
culture and tradition. The towel is used in various Cultural Fields (SYA):
ways in daily life, and each use has a specific
Provides a scholarship for a period of 2 years to
cultural significance.
selected beneficiaries in the age group of 18-25
z It is used as a headscarf by women during
years.
traditional ceremonies and functions, and it is a
sign of respect and honor when it is presented Candidates should have undergone training under
to someone as a gift. any Guru or Institution for a minimum of 5 years.
z The Gamocha is ¾ Award of Senior/Junior Fellowships:
also used during Senior Fellowship is provided to selected Fellows
the Bihu festival, in the age group of 40 years and above for 2 years
which is the most for cultural research.
important festival
Junior Fellowship is provided to selected Fellows
of Assam. It is
in the age group of 25 to 40 for 2 years.
draped around
the neck of the Up to 400 Senior & Junior Fellowships are awarded
Bihu dancers, and in one batch year.
it is an essential ¾ Award of Tagore National Fellowship for Cultural
part of their Research (TNFCR):
costume. The Candidates are selected under two categories,Tagore
towel is also used as a symbol of unity and National Fellowship and Tagore Research
brotherhood during the Bihu festival. Scholarship, to work on cultural research by
affiliation under different participating institutions
What is Bengali Gamcha?
in 4 different groups.
¾ Bengali Gamcha traditional
z Selection of Fellows and Scholars is made by
handwoven cotton towel,
the National Selection Committee (NSC).
which is an integral part
of Assamese culture and ¾ Additional Component: Under the scheme of “Project
tradition. It is a rectangular Grants to Individuals for Research in the Performing
piece of cloth. It comes in a Arts”, the Sangeet Natak Akademi provides financial
red-and-white chequered assistance to individuals on recommendation of the
pattern. Advisory Committee.
Note:
It commemorates the formation of Khalsa panth

India’s Traditional New Year of warriors under Guru Gobind Singh in 1699.
Festivals Baisakhi was also the day when colonial British
empire officials committed the Jallianwala Bagh
massacre at a gathering, an event influential to
Why in News?
the Indian movement against colonial rule.
Recently, India celebratedChaitra Sukladi,Ugadi, Gudi
¾ Navreh:
Padwa, Cheti Chand, Navreh and Sajibu Cheiraoba. These
festivals of the spring season mark the beginning of the Navreh is the Kashmiri New Year’s Day.
traditional new year in India. The day is marked by performing various rituals,
decorating houses with flowers, preparing traditional
What are the Traditional New Year Festivals in dishes, and offering prayers to the deities.
India? ¾ Sajibu Cheiraoba:
¾ Chaitra Sukladi: It is considered one of the most important festivals
It marks the beginning of the new year of the Vikram of Manipur.
Samvat also known as the Vedic [Hindu] calendar. It is celebrated with great pomp and joy, especially
Vikram Samvat is based on the day when the by the Meiteis of the state.
emperor Vikramaditya defeated Sakas, invaded ¾ Vishu:
Ujjain and called for a new era. It is a Hindu festival celebrated in the Indian
It is the first day during the waxing phase (in which state of Kerala,Tulu Nadu region in Karnataka,
the visible side of moon is getting bigger every Mahé district of Union Territory of Pondicherry,
night) of the moon in the Chaitra (first month of neighbouring areas of Tamil Nadu and their diaspora
Hindu calendar). communities.
¾ Gudi Padwa and Ugadi: The festival marks the first day of Medam (falls
These festivals are celebrated by the people in in the middle of April in the Gregorian calendar),
the Deccan region including Karnataka, Andhra the 9th month in the solar calendar in Kerala.
Pradesh and Maharashtra. ¾ Puthandu:
A famous concoction served is jaggery (sweet) Also known as Puthuvarudam or Tamil New Year,
and neem (bitter), called bevu-bella in the South, is the first day of the year on the Tamil calendar
signifying that life brings both happiness and and traditionally celebrated as a festival.
sorrows. The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the
Gudi is a doll prepared in Maharashtrian homes. lunisolar Hindu calendar, as the first day of the
z For Ugadi, doors in homes are adorned with Tamil month Chithirai.
mango leaf decorations called toranalu or It therefore falls on or about 14th April every year
Torana in Kannada. on the Gregorian calendar.
¾ Cheti Chand: ¾ Bohag Bihu:
Cheti Chand is the new year festival of the Sindhi Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu also called Xaat Bihu
community. (seven Bihus) is a traditional aboriginal ethnic festival
The festival is celebrated to commemorate the celebrated in the state of Assam and other parts
birth anniversary of Jhulelal, the patron saint of of northeastern India by the indigenous ethnic
the Sindhi community. groups of Assam.
¾ Vaishakhi: It marks the beginning of the Assamese New Year.
It is also pronounced as Baisakhi, observed by It usually falls in the 2nd week of April, historically
Hindus and Sikhs. signifying the time of harvest.
Note:
z This mudra symbolizes meditation, concentration,
Sandalwood Buddha Statue and inner peace.
Anjali Mudra: This is the most common mudra
Why in News? used in Buddhism, and it involves pressing the
Recently, the Prime Minister of India gifts a palms together in front of the chest, with the
sandalwood Buddha statue to Japanese Prime Minister fingers pointing upwards.
Fumio Kishida during the latter’s two-day state visit. z It represents respect, greeting, and gratitude.
¾ The statue depicts Buddha sitting in ‘dhyana mudra’ Vitarka Mudra: This mudra is also known as the
under the Bodhi tree. “teaching mudra” or “gesture of discussion,” and
it involves holding the right hand up, with the
What is Sandalwood? thumb and index finger touching to form a circle.
¾ About: Santalum album, commonly known asIndian z It represents the transmission of knowledge and
Sandalwood, is adry deciduous forest species native to the communication of the Buddha’s teachings.
China, India, Indonesia, Australia, and the Philippines. Varada Mudra: In this mudra, the right hand
Sandalwood has been long associated with the is extended downwards, with the palm facing
Indian heritage & culture, as the country contributed outwards.
85% of the world’ sandalwood trade erstwhile. z It represents generosity, compassion, and the
However, lately this has been declining at a fast rate. granting of wishes.
¾ Features: This small tropical tree grows to 20m high Abhaya Mudra: This mudra involves raising the
with red wood and a variety of dark colors of bark right hand up to shoulder height, with the palm
(dark brown, reddish and dark grey). facing outwards.
¾ Uses: Because it is strong and durable, Sandalwood z It represents fearlessness, protection, and the
is mostly harvested for its timber. dispelling of negativity.
Indian Sandalwood is one of the most sacred Bhumisparsha Mudra: This mudra involves touching
herbs of Ayurveda. the ground with the fingertips of the right hand,
¾ Distribution in India: In India, sandalwood is mostly while the left hand rests on the lap.
grown in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Gujarat, z It represents the moment of the Buddha’s
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil enlightenment, and the gesture symbolizes the
Nadu. earth witnessing his attainment of enlightenment.
Karnataka is sometimes called as ‘Gandhara Gudi’ Uttarabodhi Mudra: In this the hands are held in
or the land of sandalwood. The art of sandalwood front of the chest with the fingers of the left hand
carving has been an integral part of Karnataka’s pointing upward and the fingers of the right hand
cultural heritage for centuries. Its earliest origins pointing downward. The thumbs are then placed
can be traced back to the 3rd century B.C. The together in the center, creating a triangle shape.
state has also set up a Sandalwood Development z This mudra represents the union of wisdom
Board to ensure that the resources are sustainably and compassion, the balance of masculine
managed. and feminine energies, and the attainment of
¾ IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable. enlightenment through the integration of all
aspects of thyself.
What is Mudra in Buddhism? Dharma Chakra Mudra: In this the hands are held
¾ In Buddhism, mudras are hand gestures or positions in front of the chest with the thumb and index
that are used during meditation and other practices finger of each hand forming a circle. The remaining
to help focus the mind, channel energy, and deepen three fingers of each hand are extended upwards,
one’s connection to the teachings. Here are some of representing the Three Jewels of Buddhism: the
the mudras commonly used in Buddhism: Buddha, the Dharma (his teachings), and the
Dhyana Mudra: In this mudra, the hands are
Sangha (the community of practitioners). The circle
placed on the lap, with the right hand on top of made by the thumb and index finger represents
the left, and the thumbs touching. the wheel of the Dharma, which
Note:
z This mudra represents the constant cycle of birth, Jnana Mudra: In this the index finger and thumb
death, and rebirth, and the Buddha’s teachings are brought together to form a circle, while the
as the means to break free from this cycle. other three fingers are extended outwards.
Karana Mudra: In this the left hand is brought z This gesture represents the unity of individual
up to the heart, palm facing forward. The index consciousness with the universal consciousness,
and the connection between the practitioner
and little fingers point straight upward. while the
and the teachings of the Buddha.
other three fingers are curled towards the palm.
Tarjani Mudra: In this, the index finger is extended
z This gesture is often seen in depictions of the
upward, while the other fingers are curled towards
Buddha or bodhisattvas, as a symbol of protection the palm. Tarjani Mudra, also known as the
and dispelling of negativity. The index finger is “threatening gesture.”
said to represent the energy of wisdom and z It is used as a symbol of warning or protection
the ability to overcome obstacles. against evil forces or harmful influences.
Note:
¾ The Ministry of Tourism has launched Visit India Year
Rural Tourism 2023, focusing on inbound travel to India, to highlight
varied tourism offerings of our country and showcase
Why in News? them to the global tourists.
¾ PRASHAD (National Mission on Pilgrimage Rejuvenation
Rural Tourism and Rural Homestays (CNA – RT and
and Spiritual and Heritage Augmentation Drive)
RH) under the Ministry of Tourism has identified six niche
schemewas launched by the Ministry of Tourism in
experiences for tourists wanting to visit rural India,
2015.
including agritourism, art and culture, ecotourism, wildlife,
Till date, under PRASHAD scheme, a total of 45
tribal tourism, and homestays.
projects for an amount of Rs.1586.10 Crore have
What is the Concept of Rural Tourism? been sanctioned.
¾ Swadesh Darshan scheme in 2014-15 with focus
¾ About:
on integrated development of theme-based tourist
Rural tourism in India is a form of tourism that
circuits in the country.
focuses on exploring and experiencing the rural
76 projects were sanctioned for an amount of
lifestyle and culture.
Rs.5315.59 Crore under various themes such as
It involves traveling to rural areas and participating
eco, heritage, Himalayan, coastal theme etc.
in various activities such as farming, handicrafts,
and village walks, to gain a deeper understanding
of the local culture and way of life. Jagannath Temple
z For instance, Tamil Nadu’s Kolukkumalai is the
highest tea plantation in the world; Kerala’s Why in News?
Dewalokam is a yoga centre on the banks of Recently, Odisha Governor Ganeshi Lal has backed
a river; Nagaland’s Konyak Tea retreat takes the entry of foreign nationals inside the world-famous
visitors on a trip through tribal culture etc. Jagannath Temple in Puri, wading into a debate that has
¾ Scope: lasted for decades and periodically triggered controversy.
India’s rural tourism potential lies in its diverse and ¾ Currently, only Hindus are allowed inside the shrine to
vibrant culture, handicrafts, folk arts, festivals, offer prayers to the deities in the sanctum sanctorum.
and fairs. ¾ A sign at the Lion’s Gate (main entrance) of the Temple
U.S.-based market research firm Grand View clearly states: “Only Hindus are allowed.”
Research estimates that agritourism alone will
develop at a Compound Annual Growth Rate What are the Key Facts about Jagannath
(CAGR) of 11.4% from 2022 to 2030. Temple?
¾ The temple is believed to have been constructed in
What are the Related Initiatives? the 12th century by King Anatavarman Chodaganga
¾ The Government is exploring organic agriculture areas Deva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
developed under theParamparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana ¾ Jagannath Puri temple is called ‘Yamanika Tirtha’
(PKVY)andMission Organic Value Chain Development where, according to the Hindu beliefs, the power of
in North East Region (MOVCD-NER)for development ‘Yama’, the god of death has been nullified in Puri
as rural tourist spots. due to the presence of Lord Jagannath.
¾ Best Tourism Village Competition Portal was launched ¾ This temple was called the “White Pagoda” and is a
recently to select the best tourism village from across part of Char Dham pilgrimages(Badrinath, Dwaraka,
the country, and also to promote rural tourism in Puri, Rameswaram).
the country ¾ The temple is known for its unique architecture,
The ‘Best Tourism Village Competition’ will be held which includes a massive compound wall and a
in three stages, and will seek entries at district large temple complex with multiple towers, halls,
level, state level and finally at the national level. and shrines.
Note:
¾ The temple’s main attraction is theAnnual Rath Yatra Culture.

festival, in which the three main deities of the temple, ● The project aims to develop monuments,
Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra heritage and tourist sites across India by
are taken out in a grand procession on a chariot. inviting corporate entities, public sector
¾ The temple is also known for its unique food offering, companies or individuals to ‘adopt’ them
the Mahaprasad, which is prepared in the temple
What is a Heritage?
kitchen and is distributed among the devotees.
¾ About:
Heritage is deemed to mean those buildings,
artefacts, structures, areas and precincts that are
of historic, aesthetic, architectural, ecological or
cultural significance.
z It must be recognized that the ‘cultural
landscape’ around a heritage site is critical
for the interpretation of the site and its built
heritage and thus is very much its integral part.
The three key concepts that can be considered to
determine whether a property can be listed as a
Heritage are:
z Historic significance
z Historic integrity
What are the Other Popular Monuments of
z Historic context.
Odisha?
In India, heritage comprises archaeological
¾ Konark Sun Temple (UNESCO World Heritage Site) sites, remains, ruins. The primary custodian
¾ Lingaraja Temple of ‘Monuments and Sites’ in the country, i.e.
¾ Tara Tarini Temple Archeological Survey of India (ASI) and their
counterparts protect them.
z Project Mausam
Revamping Monument Mitra
Scheme Jain Community Protests
Why in News? Why in News?
Private firms will soon be able to partner with The Jain community has been protesting over
Archaeological Survey of India for the upkeep of 1,000 demands related to two holy sites — Sammed Shikhar
monuments under the Monument Mitra Scheme, which on Parasnath hill in Jharkhand and Shatrunjaya hill in
involves adopting and maintaining heritage sites. Palitana of Gujarat.
¾ Revamped scheme would be based on the Corporate ¾ In Jharkhand, the issue is about Parasnath hill being
Social Responsibility model and a new website having declared a tourist spot and aneco-sensitive zone
the names of all the heritage sites, would also be without consulting the people from the Jain community,
launched. while in Gujarat, the row is over the vandalising of a
shrine and related security concerns in Shatrunjaya Hill.
What is the Monument Mitra Scheme?
¾ Monument Mitra’ is the term coined for an entity
What are the Key Facts about Parasnath Hills
partnering with the government under the’Adopt A and Shatrunjaya Hill?
Heritage’ project. ¾ Parasnath Hills:
It was launched under the Ministry of Tourism Parasnath Hills are a range of hills located in Giridih
earlier and then transferred to the Ministry of district of Jharkhand.
Note:
The highest peak is 1350 metres. It is one of the ¾ It preaches 5 mahavratas (the 5 great vows):
most important pilgrimage centre for Jains. They Ahimsa (Non-violence)
call it Sammed Sikhar.
Satya (Truth)
The hill is named after Parasnath, the 23rd
Asteya or Acharya (Non-stealing)
Tirthankara.
Twenty of Jain Tirthankaras attained salvation on
Aparigraha (Non-attachment/non-possession)
this hill. For each of them there is a shrine (gumti Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity)
or tuk) on the hill. ¾ Among these 5 teachings, the Brahmacharya (Celibacy/
Some of the temples on the hill are believed to Chastity) was added by Mahavira.
be more than 2,000 years old. ¾ The three jewels or Triratna of Jainism include:
The Santhals call it Marang Buru, the hill of the
Samyak Darshana (right faith).
deity. They celebrate a hunting festival on the full
Samyak Gyana (right knowledge).
moon day in Baisakh (mid-April).
Every year, thousands of Jains from across the
Samyak Charitra (right conduct).
world undertake the 27 km long trek of climbing ¾ Jainism is a religion of self-help.
the hills to reach the summit. There are no gods or spiritual beings that will help
¾ Palitana and Shatrunjaya Hill: human beings.
Shatrunjaya Hill is a sacred site containing hundreds It does not condemn the varna system.
of shrines in Palitana town, Bhavnagar District, ¾ In later times, it got divided into two sects:
Gujarat.
Shvetambaras (white-clad) under Sthalabahu.
The shrines were sanctified when Rishabha, the
first Tirthankara of Jainism, gave his first sermon Digambaras (sky-clad) under the leadership of
in the temple on the hilltop. Bhadrabahu.
It is one of the Jainism’s holiest pilgrimage sites,
the Shatrunjaya hill is an incredible hill studded Mural Art
with temples, built over 900 years.
It is said that Adinath (also known as Rishabha),
Why in News?
the founder of Jainism, meditated beneath the
rayan tree at the summit. Recently, the Wall of Peace, a great work of modern
mural art on the 700-feet long compound wall of
What is Jainism? Government Vocational Higher Secondary School at
¾ Jainism came to prominence in the 6th century B.C., Cherpulassery (Kerala), was inaugurated.
when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion.
¾ There were 24 great teachers, the last of whom was
Lord Mahavira.
¾ These twenty-four teachers were called Tirthankaras-
people who had attained all knowledge (Moksha)
while living and preached it to the people.
¾ The first Tirthankara was Rishabnatha.
¾ The word Jaina comes from the term Jina, meaning
conqueror.
¾ Tirthankara is a Sanskrit word meaning ‘Ford maker’,
i.e., one who is able to ford the river, to cross beyond
What is Special about Mural Painting?
the perpetual flow of earthly life.
¾ Jainism attaches utmost importance to ahimsa or ¾ Indian Mural Paintings are paintings made on the
non-violence. walls of caves and palaces.
Note:
¾ The earliest evidence of the murals is the beautiful ¾ More broadly, mural art also appears on ceilings or
frescoes painted on the caves of Ajanta and Ellora, any other large permanent surface.
the Bagh caves and Sittanvasal cave. ¾ Mural paintings usually have the distinguishing
¾ In the old scripts and literature, there was much characteristic of having the architectural elements
evidences of mural paintings. of the space they are painted on being harmoniously
According to Vinaya Pitaka, the noted courtesan incorporated into the picture.
of Vaishali – Amrapali employed painters to paint ¾ There are many techniques used for mural painting,
the kings, traders and merchants of that time on of which the fresco is just one.
the walls of her palace. ¾ A mural, therefore, is a general term for a wall painting,
whilst a fresco is a specific term.
What is the Technique of Indian Wall
Paintings?
¾ The technique and process of making Indian Vishwa Hindi Diwas
wall paintings has been discussed in the
Vishnudharamotaram, a Sanskrit text of the 5th/6th Why in News?
century CE. Vishwa Hindi Diwas (VHD) or World Hindi Day (WHD)
¾ The process of these paintings appears to have been is celebrated every year on 10th January to promote the
the same in all the early examples that have survived Hindi language all around the world.
with an only exception in the Rajarajeshwara temple
¾ Whereas Hindi Diwas is celebrated on 14th September
at Tanjore which is supposed to be done in a true
annually, which focuses largely on recognition of the
fresco method over the surface of the rock.
Hindi language in India.
¾ Most of the colours were locally available.
¾ Brushes were made up from the hair of animals, such What is Vishwa Hindi Diwas?
as goat, camel, mongooses, etc.
¾ About:
¾ The ground was coated with an exceedingly thin layer
It was first celebrated in 2006 to commemorate the
of lime plaster over which paintings were drawn in
anniversary of the first World Hindi Conference
water colours.
which was held in Nagpur on 10th January, 1975.
¾ In the true fresco method, the paintings are done
when the surface wall is still wet, so that the pigments z It marks the day when Hindi was first spoken
go deep inside the wall surface. in the United Nations’ General Assembly in
1949. It is also celebrated by Indian embassies
¾ The other method of painting which was followed
located in various parts of the world.
in most of the cases of Indian painting is known as
tempora. The World Hindi Secretariat building was inaugurated
It is a method of painting on the lime plastered
in Port Louis, Mauritius in 2018.
surface which has been allowed to dry first and ¾ Significance:
then drenched with fresh lime water. The purpose of this day is to create awareness
On the surface, thus obtained, the artist proceeded about the Indian language and promote it as a
to sketch. global language around the world. It is also used
The principal colours in use were red ochre, vivid to create awareness about the usage of the Indian
red (vermilion), yellow ochre, indigo blue, lapis language, and about the issues persisting around
lazuli, lamp black (Kajjal), chalk white, terraverte the usage and promotion of the Hindi language.
and green. ¾ National Hindi Day:
The National Hindi Day is celebrated every year in
What is a Mural?
India on September 14 to mark the day of adoption
¾ A mural is any piece of artwork that is painted or of Hindi as the official language by the Constituent
applied directly on a wall. Assembly of India in 1949.
Note:
Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupta, Hazari
z Rajbhasha Gaurav Puraskar and Rajbhasha Kirti
Prasad Dwivedi, Seth Govindadas made important Puraskar recognise contributions to Hindi.
contributions to make Hindi the official language.
Hindi is also aneighth schedule language.
Hindi Language
Article 351 pertains to ‘Directive for development ¾ Hindi got its name from the Persian word Hind,
of the Hindi language’. meaning ‘land of the Indus River’. Turk invaders in
¾ Government Initiatives to Promote Hindi: the early 11th century named the language of the
region Hindi, ‘language of the land of the Indus River’.
The Central Hindi Directorate was established
in 1960 by the Government of India under the ¾ It is the official language of India, English being the
Ministry of Education. other official language.
Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)
¾ Hindi is also spoken in some countries outside India,
has established ‘Hindi Chairs’ in various foreign such as in Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad
universities/institutions abroad. & Tobago and Nepal.
LILA-Rajbhasha (Learn Indian Languages through
¾ Hindi in its present form emerged through different
Artificial Intelligence) is a multimedia based stages, during which it was known by other names.
intelligent self-tutoring application for learning Hindi. The earliest form of old Hindi was Apabhramsa. In
400 AD Kalidas wrote a romantic play in Apabhramsa
E-Saral Hindi Vakya Kosh and E-Mahashabdkosh
called Vikramorvashiyam.
Mobile App, both initiatives of the Department
of Official Language, aim to harness information ¾ The modern Devanagari script came into existence
technology for the growth of Hindi. in the 11th century.
nnn
Note:
Key Points Details
Summary
Key Points Details
Summary

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Drishti IAS Presents...

A rt & C ulture (March 2023 — March 2024)

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Note: ¾ There are 10 selection criteria:

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Due to the lack of documentation (no script) and the

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179 languages and 544 dialects. for linguistic minorities.

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What is Gangasagar Mela?

¾ Other Major Melas in India: considered valuable heritage by generations.

 Initiated into studies by Govindacharya, Shankara

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15, 1947. literary honour that is conferred annually by Sahitya

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z The Act does not apply to ancient and historical

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Motorable Road to Amarnath Why in News?

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Who was Rabindranath Tagore?

z It produces melodies through a simple one-

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Crafted by the Bodh, Bhutia, and Gujjar Bakarwal

z Originally featuring monochromatic schemes of

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Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development

Bharat’s cultural and artisanal heritage. mangrove forest globally, located

What is the Indian Heritage App and

 The app will feature state-wise details of monuments

Lambani Art G20 Culture Working Group

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How did Sengol Become a Part of India’s

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What is the Global Buddhist Summit 2023?

Cultural Heritage, 2005 comprising 84 Sangha member and 151 Indian

z Buddha Dhamma: Environmental Crisis, Health

z Buddha Dhamma Pilgrimage, Living heritage

What is the Status of Heritage Sites in India?

What is the Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism?

Menace of Missing What is ‘Provenance’ of Antiquity?

 It commemorates the formation of Khalsa panth

¾ The temple’s main attraction is theAnnual Rath Yatra Culture.

Despite Sanskrit’s prominence, the Chalukyas

The Chakaliya community was originally nomadic

Initiated into studies by Govindacharya, Shankara

Sustainable Development Goal 11 aims for

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and

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Crafted by the Bodh, Bhutia, and Gujjar Bakarwal

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