DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION- ii

CE 3100

Department of Civil Engineering

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Khulna-9203.
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Road Roller

A road roller is a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. The depth of the layer which
can be satisfactorily compacted depends on the type of soil, the weight of rollers and the
purpose of the work. Compaction is obtained by the feet penetrating and applying a high vertical
pressure while at the same time providing lateral pressure. Smooth wheeled rollers are typical
examples of compaction equipment which operate on this principle.

Fig. Road roller

Bulldozer
A bulldozer is a crawler, equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade), and
used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc, during construction work. The term
"bulldozer" is often used to mean any heavy engineering vehicle. The blade of the bulldozer is
lowered below the surface of the ground, and when the machine moves forward, the bushes
and the removal trees are pushed ahead of it. They may be used for various operations such as

 Clearing the site,

 Back filling trenches,
 Clearing the construction sites of debris,
 Opening up temporary roads through difficult areas,
 Moving earth for haul distances up to about 100 meters,
 Helping load tractor-pulled scrapers, levelling earth fills,
 Clearing the floors of borrow pits, maintaining haul roads.

Fig. Bulldozer
Excavator

An excavator is an engineering vehicle consisting of an articulated arm, bucket and cab

mounted on a pivot (a rotating platform) atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
Excavators are usually employed together with loaders and bulldozers. The weight of the
machine is removed from the axles during a back acting excavation operation. This is achieved
by outrigger jacks at the corners or by jacks at the rear of the power unit working at the same
time with the inverted bucket at the front of the machine. Excavators are used in many ways
such as

 Digging of trenches, holes, foundations Material handling

 General grading/landscaping
 Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
 Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
 River dredging
 Driving piles, in conjunction with a Pile Driver.

Fig. Excavator

Forklift or Lifttruck
A forklift is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. They are used
for quick and efficient transporting mainly palleted materials around building sites over the
rough terrain by means of a moving level platform from one place to other and placing them at
designated location. These machines are more popular in countries having the shortage of
labour for the rapid movement of materials with a low breakage factor.

Fig. Forklift
Concrete Vibrator
Concrete vibrator is an engineering equipment used to concrete and remove the air that
is entrained in concrete during the construction work. This instrument is operated by used diesel
on oil. It has a parole at the beginning. It is used for removing void in the concrete and makes
the concrete compact. It makes the concrete more strong for bonding.

Fig. Concrete vibrator

Asphalt Paver

An asphalt paver is a machine used to distribute, shape and partially compact a layer of
asphalt on the surface of a roadway, parking lot, or other area. It is sometimes called an asphalt-
paving machine. Some pavers are towed by the dump truck delivering the asphalt, but most are
self-propelled. Self-propelled pavers consist of two major components: the tractor and the
screed. The tractor provides the forward motion and distributes the asphalt. In operation, a
dump truck filled with asphalt backs up to the front of the paver and slowly discharges its load
into the paver's hopper. As the paver moves forward, the feeder conveyors move the asphalt to
the rear of the paver, and the distribution augers push the asphalt outward to the desired width.
The screed then levels the layer of asphalt and partially compacts it to the desired shape

Fig. Asphalt paver

Asphalt Mixing Plant

Asphalt mixing plant is equipment in which various raw materials like sand, asphalt, filler,
macadam, and dust particles are aggregates and combined together under accurate
temperature to form strong and quality form. This plays significant and vital role in providing the
strong forms of roads. Its key parts such as burner, sensors adopt well-known component. The
control system using Siemens programming controller and computer can carry on the automatic
and manual control for the weighting, mixing, discharging and so on. The asphalt plant with
production capacity of 60-240t/h, high automatic, accurate measuring and high reliability is the
ideal equipment for construction and maintenance of high-grade highways.

Fig. Asphalt mixing plant

Rotary Drilling Rig

A drilling rig is a machine, which creates holes (usually called boreholes) and/or shafts in
the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells,
oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells or they can be small enough to be moved manually by
one person. They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical
properties, and to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities,
instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks,
tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms,
commonly called offshore oil rigs). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of
equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the earth s crust.

Fig. Rotary drilling rig

Wheel Loader
This is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front mounted
square wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from
the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without pushing
the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used to move a stockpiled material from
ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench excavation.
Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and
digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below
the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. It also acts as a light dozer or scraper.

Fig. Wheel loader

Truck Crane
Truck crane is commonly used type of small movable crane mounted on a heavy,
modified truck. Generally, these cranes are designed to be able to travel on streets and
highways, eliminating the need for special equipment to transport a crane to the jobsite. They
are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight; in the
construction industry for the movement of materials; and in the manufacturing industry for the
assembling of heavy equipment.

Fig. Truck crane

Concrete Curing Equipment

Concrete curing equipment is an engineering vehicle which wet the concrete during
curing. Curing is all of the things that we do to keep our concrete baby happy during the first
week or so of its life: maintain the proper temperature (neither too hot nor too cold) and
dampness. Curing is easy to skip in the instant but that will have a major impact on the quality of
your finished work. While curing is important for all concrete, the problems that arise from not
curing are most obvious with horizontal surfaces. An uncured slab, whether decorative or plain
gray, is likely to develop a pattern of fine cracks and once it's in use the surface will have low
strength that can result in a dusting surface that has little resistance to abrasion.
 Fig. Concrete curing equipment

Concrete Mixing Plant

Concrete mixing plant is one of main construction equipments, which is a group mixer
dedicated to mixing various mixtures such as cement, sand, khoa or stone chips with water. Due
to the mixing process concentrated in a fixed site, it features accurate batching, even mixing and
materials-saved etc. So the equipment is widely used for high rising building, high-grade
highways and urban roads base/sub-base layer construction, as well as freight yard, parking lot,
airport construction. It is the ideal machine for modern construction.

Fig. Concrete mixing plant

Truck Mounted Crane

These cranes are usually based upon the standard power unit capable of being rigged as
an excavator. These cranes can transverse around most sites without the need for a firm level
surface and have capacity ranges similar to the lorry-mounted cranes.

Fig. Truck mounted crane

Horizontal Directional Drill
Horizontal directional drilling is a steerable trenchless method of installing underground
pipes, conduits and cables in a shallow arc along a prescribed bore path by using a surface
launched drilling rig, with minimal impact on the surrounding area. Horizontal directional drill is
mainly used under the condition of non-excavating ground surface, laying and replacing various
kinds of underground pipes and lines. It is the optimal equipment for the construction in the
fields of water supply, gas supply, as well as electricity, telecommunication, heating, and
petroleum supply.

Fig. Horizontal directional drill

Soil Stabilizer
Soil Stabilizers are used for highways, road, square, port, parking lot to mix stabilized soil
dite work of base and sub-base layer, low-grade road construction available. They can mix Ⅰ/Ⅱ
grade soil and stabilized material, aggregate size of advanced performance, high efficiency and
comfortable operation. Many key components adopt international famous products to
guarantee the quality. They are the ideal machines for modern construction.

Fig. Soil stabilizer

Dump Truck

A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material such as sand, gravel, or dirt
for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed
hinged at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on
the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. It enables quick unloading of the materials.
Air-entrained concrete may be transported several kilometers in dump trucks.
 Fig. Dump truck

Generator
This is a machine in which mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy. All
electrical generators utilize a magnetic field to produce an output voltage which drives the
current to the load. The electric current and magnetic field also interact to produce a mechanical
torque opposing the motion supplied by the prime mover. The mechanical power input is equal
to the electric power output plus the electrical and mechanical losses.

Fig. Generator

Barge
A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods.
Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be towed by tugboats or pushed by towboats.
Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath, contended with the railway in the
early industrial revolution, but were outcompeted in the carriage of high-value items due to the
higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport. A barge is being used to pull out
fallen trees and branches. Barges are used today for low-value bulk items, as the cost of hauling
goods by barge is very low. Barges are also used for very heavy or bulky items.

Fig. Barge
Chipping Spreader
The method of spreading the chippings means traveling forward, and with the wheels of
the spreader traveling over chippings not bitumen. Roads once constructed needs constant
repair as it is prone to wear and tear due to weather influence and rolling traffics. A chip
spreader through chip sealing gives special protective wearing surface to an existing pavement.
A chip spreader is a unique self-propelled machine for laying of precoated chipping surface
treatments provides long-time conservation and maintenance of the roads. Thus for maintaining
the quality and giving it a lasting effect, stone chipping is one of the most effective method
which is done by chip spreader.

Fig. Chipping spreader

Tunnel Drilling Machine

A tunnel drilling machine (TDM) is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular
cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can drill through hard rock, sand, and
almost anything in between. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre to 19 metres. Tunnels of
less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done by horizontal directional drilling rather
than TDMs. Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting methods in
rock and conventional 'hand mining' in soil. A TDM has the advantages of limiting the
disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly
reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas.
The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TDMs are expensive to construct, difficult to
transport and require significant infrastructure.

Fig. Tunnel drilling machine

Backhoe Loaders
Backhoe loader is an engineering vehicle, which consists of a tractor, fitted with a
shovel/bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back. They are very common and can be
used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building
materials, powering building equipment, digging holes/excavating, landscaping, breaking
asphalt, and paving roads. The backhoe bucket can also be replaced with powered attachments
such as a breaker, grapple, auger, or a stump grinder. Enhanced articulation of attachments can
achieved with intermediate attachments such as the tilt rotator.

Fig. Backhoe loader

Construction Elevator

Elevators are used mainly for transporting materials such as aggregates and concrete in
the vertical direction. Most elevators use counterweights which equal the weight of the elevator
plus 40% of its maximum rated load. This counter-weight reduces the weight the motor must lift
and ensures that the elevator cannot fall out of control while the cable is intact. In a lifting drum
installation, a hoist cable runs down from a drive drum attached to the hoist motor, around a
large pulley on the top of the elevator, up to a second pulley hanging from the roof of the
elevator shaft, and down again to the counterweight. In a traction drum installation, the cable
runs from the elevator, up and once around a drive drum attached to the hoist motor, then back
to the counterweight.

Fig. Construction elevator

Concrete Mixer

A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as

sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to
mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that
the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the
concrete before it hardens.

Fig. Portable concrete mixer Fig. Concrete mixing truck

Concrete Skip
Concrete skip is designed for pouring mass concrete onto shutters and also large slab
areas. The patented innovative design offers excellent accessibility where handrails and
scaffolding may present a problem. Gate operation is by means of a geared hand wheel which
enables precise and accurate placing.

Fig. Concrete skip

Crusher Machine
Crusher machine are used to reduce materials such as ore, coal, stone, and slag to
particle sizes that are convenient for their intended uses. Impact crusher is new product
designed by our company after absorbing the advanced technology home and abroad. This kind
of crusher can crush many kinds of materials with max feed size less than 500mm and crushing
strength less than 360 MP. It has the features of high ratio of crushing, high efficiency of
crushing, easy to maintenance, etc. The final products are with cubic shapes and are the ideal
equipments for construction the highway and water and electricity construction. In addition,
impact crushers are more suitable to process granite, limestone, bank gravel etc. in the area of
highway construction, water conservancy project and architecture.

Fig. Stone crusher Fig. Brick crusher

Motor Grader
A motor grader is an engineering vehicle with a large blade used to create a flat surface.
Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads.
They are used for levelling and finishing earth-work. In the construction of paved roads they are
used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on.
Graders are also used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction
of large buildings. The various attachments of graders are blade, sacrifier, bulldozer and snow
plough, elevator attachments and rollers. For grading, the machine moves forward and the
steering is controlled by the steering wheel. The different operations which can be performed
are grading, spreading, side cutting, road crowning, bank dressing and mixing materials.

Fig. Motor grader