4040460 - ADE PRAC- ECE

315- SANKARA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
(Approved by DOTE, Govt. of Tamilnadu and AICTE, New Delhi)

SARAVANAMPATTY, COIMBATORE – 641 035.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PRACTICAL OBSERVATION NOTE BOOK
4040460 – ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL
PREPARED BY,
Mr.S.VIMAL RAJ Mrs.M.ANURADHA

LECTURER /ECE SANKARA HEAD OF DEPARTMENT /ECE
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE , SANKARA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE ,
SARAVANAMPATTY – 641035. SARAVANAMPATTY – 641035.
NAME OF THE STUDENT :
REGISTER NUMBER :
YEAR / SEMESTER :
SCHEME :
Edition:
1. As Per Dote -N Scheme –Syllabus - NOV 2022.
PREFACE
This lab manual has been prepared according to the new syllabus for Fourth Semester
Diploma in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING students. This manual is
written in a more explanatory manner covering the syllabus. The circuit diagrams, tabulation
model graph step by step procedure in this manual enable the students to understand concept
easy.
This manual covers the latest syllabus N- scheme prescribed by Directorate of

Technical Education Tamilnadu. It is now believed that, this edition of this manual will meet
all the electrical and electronics engineering students.
This manual has been prepared after long teaching experience in this subject.
I say, my sincere thank to My God, Sankara Polytechnic Managements, Principal,

Vice Principal cum our Departments Head, Faculty, Students and those who helped to
prepare this manual.
- S.VIMAL RAJ
- M.ANURADHA
SANKARA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Saravanampatti, Coimbatore - 641035
VISION AND MISSION OF INSTITUTION
Vision:
 To build a reputable and creditable college, producing quality diploma holders at a
competitive level in line with the education philosophy and to revive the traditional heritage
of our holy land in the various Spiritual, Cultural, Educational and Technical areas
Mission:
 Sankara Polytechnic College (SPC) offers three year full time Diploma Engineering
Programme for Secondary School Certificate holders and Higher Secondary School passed
out students as per AICTE & State Government rules and regulations.
 Using the advanced appropriate technical delivery system, it imparts sound education to the
students to make them readily employable in Industries and to become entrepreneurs in the
chosen line of industries.
 SPC has assumed responsibility to uplift the community through quality education and
training and make it readily accessible to the poorest stratum of the society.
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Vision
• To develop globally competent Electronics and communication diploma
engineers, innovators and entrepreneurs, thereby contributing value to the
economy and society.
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Mission
 To inculcate the students about the basic concepts in electronics and communication
engineering.
 To enlighten the knowledge of the students about contemporary technologies in

scientific disciplines, electronics.
 To enhance the skills of students and staff based on industry needs.
 To impart ethical activities for being amity with society
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PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
அடிப்஧டை நற்றும் ஒழுக்கம் சார்ந்த அ஫ிவு: ப஧ா஫ினினல் சிக்கல்கட஭த் தீர்க்க
அடிப்஧டை கணிதம், அ஫ியினல் நற்றும் ப஧ா஫ினினல் அடிப்஧டைகள் நற்றும்
ப஧ா஫ினினல் ஥ிபுணத்துயம் ஧ற்஫ின அ஫ிடயப் ஧னன்஧டுத்துங்கள்
2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems using
codified standard methods.
சிக்கல் ஧குப்஧ாய்வு: கு஫ினிைப்஧ட்ை ஥ிட஬னா஦ ப௃ட஫கள் ஧னன்஧டுத்தி ஥ன்கு
யடபனறுக்கப்஧ட்ை ப஧ா஫ினினல் சிக்கல்கட஭க் கண்ை஫ிந்து ஧குப்஧ாய்வு பசய்ப௅ங்கள்.
3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems
and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.
தீர்வுக஭ின் யடியடநப்பு/மநம்஧ாடு: ஥ன்கு யடபனறுக்கப்஧ட்ை பதாமில்நுட்஧
சிக்கல்களுக்கா஦ யடியடநப்பு தீர்வுகள் நற்றும் கு஫ிப்஧ிட்ை மதடயகட஭ பூர்த்தி
பசய்ன கணி஦ி கூறுகள் அல்஬து பசனல்ப௃ட஫கட஭ யடியடநப்஧தில் உதவுதல்.
4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
ப஧ா஫ினினல் கபேயிகள், ஧ரிமசாதட஦ நற்றும் மசாதட஦: ஥ய஦
ீ ப஧ா஫ினினல்
கபேயிகட஭ப் ஧னன்஧டுத்துதல் நற்றும் ஥ிட஬னா஦ மசாதட஦கள் நற்றும்
அ஭யடுகட஭
ீ ஥ைத்த ப஧ாபேத்தநா஦ நுட்஧ம்.
5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
சப௄கம், ஥ிட஬த்தன்டந நற்றும் சுற்றுச்சூமலுக்கா஦ ப஧ா஫ினினல் ஥டைப௃ட஫கள்:
ப஧ாபேத்தநாக யிண்ணப்஧ிக்கவும் சப௄கம், ஥ிட஬த்தன்டந, சுற்றுச்சூமல் நற்றும்
ப஥஫ிப௃ட஫ ஥டைப௃ட஫க஭ின் சூம஬ில் பதாமில்நுட்஧ம்.
6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a
team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate aboutwell-
defined engineering activities.
திட்ை மந஬ாண்டந: ப஧ா஫ினினல் மந஬ாண்டநக் பகாள்டககட஭ த஦ித்த஦ினாகப்
஧னன்஧டுத்தவும் குழு உறுப்஧ி஦ர் அல்஬து திட்ைங்கட஭ ஥ிர்யகிக்க நற்றும் ஥ன்கு
யடபனறுக்கப்஧ட்ை ப஧ா஫ினினல் பசனல்஧ாடுகள் ஧ற்஫ி தி஫ம்஧ை
பதாைர்புபகாள்யதற்கா஦ தட஬யர்.
7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.
யாழ்஥ாள் ப௃ழுயதும் கற்஫ல்: த஦ிப்஧ட்ை மதடயகட஭ ஧குப்஧ாய்வு பசய்து,
புதுப்஧ிப்஧தில் ஈடு஧டும் தி஫ன் பதாமில்நுட்஧ நாற்஫ங்க஭ின் சூமல்.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
DO'S AND DON'TS IN THE LAB
DO'S:-
1. Proper uniform has to be maintained while entering in to the Lab.

(Wearing shoes, shirts should be tucked in, girls should put up their
hair).
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting
Pliers, Wirestripper, Screw driver and Line tester)
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all
aspects.
4. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
5. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary
movement is restricted.
6. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the
equipment in the Lab Store Room.
7. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits
by the LabInstructor.
8. The reading / results must be shown to the staff In-Charge for
verification.
9. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position; all the
connectionsare removed before leaving the room.
10. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.
DON'Ts:-
1. Don't come late to the Lab.
2. Don't enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Don't make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don't switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Don't leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.
COURSE NAME DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE 4040460
SUBJECT TITLE ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL
SUBJECT - CO 213 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL
COURSE OUTCOME
BLOOM'S
CO STATEMENT TAXONOMY
LEVEL
Realization of logic gates
CO214.1 UNDERSTAND
Implement combinational logic circuits using digital

Ics
CO214.2 APPLY
Obtain application knowledge of Op-amp,Ic 555 and

regulators
CO214.3
UNDERSTAND
Op-amp,Ic 555
Design of PCB circuits

CO214.4
PCB
APPLY
4040460 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Related
Ex. NO. Name Of the Experiment CO’s Related PO’s
PSO's
Realization of basic gates using NAND & NOR

1 214.1 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
gates.
Realization of logic circuit for De-Morgans
2 214.1 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
Theorems
Test the performance of Half Adder and Full
3 214.2 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
Adder.
Test the performance of Half Subtractor and
4 214.2 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
Full Subtractor.
5 Test the performance of Decoder/Encoder. PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2

214.2
Test the performance of RS, D, T & JK flip-
6 214.2 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
flops.
Test the performance of Parity generator and

7 214.2 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
checker using parity checker/ generator IC’s.
Test the performance of Multiplexer/De-
8 214.2 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
multiplexer using IC 4051.
Test the performance of Inverting Amplifier
9 and Non inverting amplifier using Op-amp IC 214.3 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
741.
Test the performance of Summing Amplifier,
10 214.3 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
Difference Amplifier.
Test the performance of Zero Crossing
11 Detector and Voltage Comparator using Op- 214.3 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
amp IC 741.
Test the performance of Integrator and
12 214.3 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
Differentiator using Op-amp IC 741.
Test the performance of Astable multivibrator

13 214.3 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
using IC 555.
Test the performance of IC Voltage Regulator
14 214.3 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
Power Supplies using IC 7805, IC 7912.
Design the PCB of 4- bit ripple counter using
15 214.4 PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2
FF using Software tool Multisim/OrCAD
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Ex. Name Of the
NO. Experiments Outcome
Experiment
Students are able test the performance of various logic gates
by universal logic gates like NAND, NOR gates.
Realization of basic
1 gates using NAND & NAND, NOR ம஧ான்஫ உ஬க஭ாயின யானில்கள் ப௄஬ம்
NOR gates. நாணயர்கள் ஧ல்மயறு ஬ாஜிக் மகட்க஭ின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦
மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Students are able to construct and verify the De-Morgan’s
Realization of logic theorems.
2 circuit for De-Morgans நாணயர்கள் டி-மநார்க஦ின் மகாட்஧ாடுகட஭ உபேயாக்கி
Theorems
சரி஧ார்க்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Students are able to construct and test the performance of
Test the performance half added and full adder circuits.
3 of Half Adder and Full ஧ாதி மசர்க்கப்஧ட்ை நற்றும் ப௃ழு ஆைர் சுற்றுக஭ின்
Adder.
பசனல்தி஫ட஦ நாணயர்கள் உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க
ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Students are able to Construct and test the performance of
Test the performance Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor circuits.
4 of Half Subtractor and நாணயர்கள் அடப கமிப்஧ான் நற்றும் ப௃ழு கமிப்஧ி
Full Subtractor
சுற்றுக஭ின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦ உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம் .
Test the performance decoder & Encoder circuits
5 of Decoder/Encoder. கு஫ியி஬க்கி நற்றும் கு஫ினாக்கி சுற்றுக஭ின்
பசனல்தி஫ட஦ நாணயர்க஭ின் உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க
ப௃டிப௅ம்

Test the performance flip flops circuits
6 of RS, D, T & JK flip- ஃ஧ி஭ிப் ஃப்஭ாப் சர்க்பெட்க஭ின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦ நாணயர்கள்
flops.
உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Test the performance
of Parity generator
parity bit generator and checker circuits
7 and checker using நாணயர்கள் ஧ாரிட்டி ஧ிட் பஜ஦மபட்ைர் நற்றும் பசக்கர்
parity checker/ சர்க்பெட்க஭ின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦ உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க
generator IC’s. ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Test the performance Students are able to Construct and test the performance of
of Multiplexer/De- multiplexer and de-multiplexer circuits.
8 multiplexer using IC நல்டி஧ிப஭க்சர் நற்றும் டி-நல்டி஧ிப஭க்சர் சர்க்பெட்க஭ின்
4051. பசனல்தி஫ட஦ நாணயர்கள் உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க
of Inverting Amplifier
inverting and non inverting circuits by IC 741.
9 and Non inverting நாணயர்கள் IC 741 ப௄஬ம் தட஬கீ ழ் நற்றும் தட஬கீ மாக
amplifier using Op- நா஫ாத சுற்றுக஭ின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦ உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க
amp IC 741. ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Summing Amplifier, Difference Amplifier using IC 741.
10 of Summing Amplifier, IC 741 ஐப் ஧னன்஧டுத்தி, சுபேக்கப் ப஧பேக்கி, மயறு஧ாடு
Difference Amplifier. ப஧பேக்கினின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦ நாணயர்கள் உபேயாக்கி
மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Test the performance Zero Crossing Detector and Voltage Comparator using Op-
of Zero Crossing amp IC 741
11 Detector and Voltage Op-amp IC 741 ஐப் ஧னன்஧டுத்தி ஜீமபா கிபாசிங் டிபைக்ைர்
Comparator using Op-
நற்றும் மயால்மைஜ் கம்ம஧மபட்ைரின் பசனல்தி஫ட஦
amp IC 741.
நாணயர்கள் உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Test the performance Integrator and Differentiator using Op-amp IC 741.
of Integrator and நாணயர்கள் Op-amp IC 741 ஐப் ஧னன்஧டுத்தி
12 Differentiator using
ஒபேங்கிடணப்஧ா஭ர் நற்றும் மயறு஧டுத்தினின்
Op-amp IC 741.
பசனல்தி஫ட஦ உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
Test the performance Astable multivibrator using IC 555.
of Astable நாணயர்கள் IC 555 ஐப் ஧னன்஧டுத்தி Astable multivibrator இன்
13 multivibrator using IC
பசனல்தி஫ட஦க் கட்ைடநத்து மசாதிக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
555
Test the performance Students are able to Construct and test the performance of
of IC Voltage IC Voltage Regulator Power Supplies circuits.
14 Regulator Power ஐசி நின்஦ழுத்த சீ பாக்கி ஧யர் சப்ட஭ஸ் சர்க்பெட்க஭ின்
Supplies using IC
7805, IC 7912. பசனல்தி஫ட஦ நாணயர்கள் உபேயாக்கி மசாதிக்க
Students are able to Design the PCB of 4- bit ripple counter
Design the PCB of 4-
using FF using Software tool
bit ripple counter
15 using FF using பநன்ப஧ாபேள் கபேயிடனப் ஧னன்஧டுத்தி FF ஐப்
Software tool ஧னன்஧டுத்தி 4-஧ிட் சிற்஫ட஬ கவுண்ைரின் PCBடன
Multisim/OrCAD நாணயர்கள் யடியடநக்க ப௃டிப௅ம்.
DETAILLED ALLOCATION OF MARKS
For Board Examinations
S.no Name of the Activity Mark Allocation
1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 25
2 CONNECTION 30
3 EXECUTION & HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT 20
4 OUTPUT / RESULT 15
5 VIVA – VOCE 10
Total 100
**Note: Board Examination conducted for 100 marks, its should be
converted into 75 marks for External Marks
For Internal Marks:

The Internal Assessment mark for a total of 25 marks which
are to be distributed asfollows:
Si.No Details Marks
Procedure / Observation And
1 Tabulation Other Practical Related 10
Works
2 Record Writing 10
3 Attendance 5
Total 25
Subject Attendance -5 Mark

Based on attendance percentage
From To mark
75% 80% 1 Mark
81% 85% 2 Marks
86% 90% 3 Marks
91% 95% 4 Marks
96% 100% 5 Marks
INDEX
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Ex. Page Staff
Name Of the Experiment Mark
NO. No Signature
10
Ex. Page Staff
Name Of the Experiment Mark
NO. No Signature
11
12
13
14
15
OBSERVATION NOTE COMPLETED ON

TOTAL /
AVERAGE MARK
:
OBSERVATION MARK:
STAFF SIGNATURE
DIPLOMA IN
1030 - ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
&
1040 – ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CENTRALIZED QUESTION BANK
4040460 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

PRACTICAL
DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
DIPLOMA EXAMINATIONS
Course: Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

& Electronics and Communication Engineering
Subject: Analog and Digital Electronics Practical QP Code: 4040460
Time : 3 Hours Max Marks: 100
1. Realize the Basic Logic Gates with only NAND gates using ICs and
verify the truth-tables of them.
2. Realize the Basic Logic Gates with only NOR gates using ICs and
verify the truth-tables of them.
3. Realize the logic circuit for De-Morgan’s theorem and verify its truth-
table.
4. Construct and test the performance of Half Adder and Full Adder.
5. Construct and test the performance of Half Subtractor and Full
Subtractor.
6. Construct and test the performance of Decoder.
7. Construct and test the performance of Encoder.
8. Construct and test the performance of a Multiplexer using IC 4051.
9. Construct and test the performance of a De-Multiplexer using IC 4051.
10. Construct and test the performance of inverting amplifier
and non-inverting amplifier.
11. Construct and test performance of Summing amplifier and Difference
amplifier.
12. Construct and test the performance of Zero Crossing
Detector and Voltage Comparator using OP amp IC 741.
13. Construct and test the performance of Integrator and
Differentiator using Op-amp IC 741.
14. Construct and test the performance of Astable Multivibrator using IC
555.
15. Construct and test the performance of IC Voltage Regulator
Power Supplies using IC 7805, IC 7912.
16. Design and fabricate a PCB for 4 bit binary ripple counter by using
Multisim
/Or CAD simulation Tool.
Realization of Basic Gates Using NAND Gate:
NOT Gate:
AND Gate :
OR gate :
1
EX.NO: REALIZATION OF BASIC GATES USING
DATE: NAND & NOR GATE
AIM:
To realize and test the logic gates of NOT, OR, AND, and NOR by using
NAND & NOR universal gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Description Range Quantity

1. Digital IC Trainer - 1
2. IC 7400 - 1
3. IC 7402 - 1
4. Connecting Lead - As Req.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram by using IC

trainer kit
2. Switch ON the IC trainer kit.
3. Apply the different combinations of input, as per the truth table.
4. Note its corresponding output level.
5. Repeat the above procedure for all gates.
6. Switch OFF the IC trainer kit.
7. Disconnect the components.
NAND Realization:
2
NOR Gate:
Realization of Basic Gates Using NOR Gate:
NOT Gate:
3
Realization of NOR gate:
AND Gate:
4
NAND Gate:
OR Gate:
5
Truth Tables
NOT GATE AND GATE

INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT
A Y A B Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
1 0
1 1
OR GATE NAND GATE
INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y A B Y
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1
NOR GATE
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
RESULT:
6
De-Morgan’s First Theorem Circuit:
7
EX.NO:
DE-MORGANS THEOREM
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and verify the truth table of De-Morgan’s Theorems.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 7404 - 1
3. IC 7408 - 1
4. IC 7432 - 1
THEORY
De-Morgan’s First Theorem:
According to De Morgan’s First Theorem, the resultant of two (or

more) variables AND’ed and inverted (NOT) as a whole is equivalent to the
OR of the complements of individual variables. Thus, AND + NOT (NAND)
operation on variables is equivalent to the sum (OR) of the individual
complement of each variable. In Boolean expression, it is stated as follow:
De-Morgan’s Second Theorem
According to De Morgan’s Second Theorem, the resultant of two (or

more) variables OR’ed and inverted (NOT) as a whole is equivalent to the
AND of the complements of individual variables. Thus, OR + NOT (NOR)
operation on variables is equivalent to AND of the individual complement
of each variable. In Boolean expression, it is stated as follow:
8
De-Morgan’s Second Theorem Circuit:
9
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram by using IC trainer kit
4. Note its corresponding output’s.
De-Morgan’s First Theorem
De-Morgan’s Second Theorem
RESULT:
10
Half Adder Circuit:
Half Adder Truth Table:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B SUM CARRY
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
11
EX.NO:
HALF ADDER AND FULL ADDER
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Half Adder and Full Adder
by using ICs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 7486 - 1
3. IC 7408 - 1
THEORY
PROCEDURE:

trainer kit
12
Full Adder Circuit:
13
Full Adder Truth Table
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B C SUM CARRY
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
RESULT:
14
Half Subtractor Circuit:
Half Subtractor Truth Table:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Difference Barrow
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
15
EX.NO:
HALF SUBTRACTOR & FULL SUBTRACTOR
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Half Subtractor and Full
Subtractor by using ICs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 7486 - 1
3. IC 7404 - 1
4. IC 7408 - 1
5. IC 7432 - 1
THEORY
PROCEDURE:

trainer kit
16
Full Subtractor Circuit:
17
Full Subtractor Truth Table:
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B C Difference Barrow
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
RESULT:
18
2 to 4 DECODER CIRCUIT:
Decoder Truth Table:

INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
19
EX.NO:
DECODER AND ENCODER
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Decoder and Encoder
circuits by using ICs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 7486 - 1
3. IC 7404 - 1
4. IC 7408 - 1
5. IC 7432 - 1
THEORY
In decoder, the number of output lines is more than the number of
input lines among the output lines, any one of the output lines is selected at
a time in accordance with the address applied to the input lines. An encoder
converts an active input signal into a coded output signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the logic diagram.

2. Switch ON the IC trainer board.
3. Apply the input combinations as per the truth table.
4. Note its corresponding output levels.
20
4 TO 2 ENCODER CIRCUIT:
Encoder Truth Table:
Input to be Output
Enabled Y1 Y0
0
1
2
3
21
RESULT:
22
RS Flip-Flop
Input Output
R S Qn
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
JK Flip-Flop
Input Output
R S Qn
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
D Flip-Flop
Input Output
D Qn
23
EX.NO:
FLIP FLOPS
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of RS, JK, D, T Flip Flops.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 7400 - 1
3. IC 7404 - 1
4. IC 7473 - 1
THEORY
Flip flop is a sequence logic circuit, whose output depends not only
on the present input, but also the previous outputs, four types of output
conditions exist in flip flops they are set, reset, no change and toggle. These
conditions are derived from both their previous and present output. The RS
flip flops is constructed from NAND gates.
IC 7473is a 14 pin DIP dual flip flops IC. By using this IC we can
able to construct JK FF, D FF and T FF. One more NOT gate (ICC 7404) is
using for constructing DFF. All these flip-flops are triggered at the positive
edge of CLK input.
PROCEDURE:

24
T Flip Flop
Input Output
D Qn
Truth Tables:
25
Pin diagram
RESULT:
26
9bit Even Parity Generator:
9bit Even Parity Generator Truth Table:

INPUTS
No.of OUTPUT
X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0 1’s
ODD EVEN
27
EX.NO:
PARITY GENERATOR AND CHECKER
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Parity Checker and
Generator by using Parity Checker/Generator ICs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 74180 - 1
THEORY
A Parity Generator is a combinational logic circuit that generates the
parity bit in the transmitter. On the other hand, a circuit that checks the
parity in the receiver is called Parity Checker. A combined circuit or
device of parity generators and parity checkers are commonly used in
digital systems to detect the single bit errors in the transmitted data.
The sum of the data bits and parity bits can be even or odd. In even
parity, the added parity bit will make the total number of 1s an even
number, whereas in odd parity, the added parity bit will make the total
number of 1s an odd number.
PROCEDURE:
6. Disconnect the components
28
Parity Checker Circuit:
Parity Checker:
INPUTS
OUTPUT
X8 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0 YODD YEVEN
29
PIN DIAGRAM OF 74180
RESULT:
30
Multiplexer Circuit:
Multiplexer Truth Table:
ADDRESS INPUT OUTPUT

A2 A1 A0 Z
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
31
EX.NO:
MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Multiplexer and De-
Multiplexer circuits by using IC 4051.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 4051 - 1
THEORY
IC 4051 is a 1 of 8 Multiplexer / 1 to 8 De-Multiplexer. In the De-
multiplexer operation among the 8 output line, any one output is selected
according to the address applied to its address input line. the input is
transferred to that output lone in multiplexer operation among the 8 inputs
lines any one input is transferred to its output, depends upon the address
applied to its address inputlines.
PROCEDURE:

3. Apply the combinations of inputs one by one as per mentioned in
the truth table
4. Note its corresponding output reading.
5. Switch OFF the IC trainer board.
32
De-Multiplexer circuit:
De-Multiplexer Truth Table:
Input Address line Output

D A2 A1 A0 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
33
RESULT:
34
Circuit diagram for Inverting Amplifier:
DC Input Signal
(All resistance are equal)
Circuit Diagram for Non Inverting Amplifier:

DC input signal:

35
EX.NO: INVERTING AMPLIFIER AND
DATE: NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Inverting amplifier and
non-inverting amplifier using Op-amp 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Regulated Power Supply /DC 1
2 Function generator 0-30 MHz 1
3 IC 741 - 1
4 Resistor 10 KΩ 3
5 Voltmeter 30V / MC 1
6 CRO 30MHz 1
6 Connecting Lead - As Req.
THEORY
Inverting Amplifier:
It inverts the input signal and also amplifies that signals.
The output voltage is Vo=-(Rf/Ri)*Vi volts
Non Inverting Amplifier:
It does not inverts the input signal just amplifies the input signals.
The output voltage is Vo=(1+Rf/Ri)*Vi volts
36
Pin Diagram:
Tabulation
Inverting Amplifier Non - Inverting Amplifier

SI.No Input Output Input Output
Voltage(V) Voltage(V) Voltage(V) Voltage(V)
1
37
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the applied input power supply.
3. Vary the input voltage, step by step and note its output voltage.
4. Switch OFF the RPS.
RESULT:
38
Circuit diagram for Summing amplifier:
Tabulation for Summing amplifier:
Input Voltages Output Voltage

S.No
V1 (volts) V2 (volts) Vo=-(V1+V2)
39
EX.NO: SUMMING AMPLIFIER AND DIFFERENCE
DATE: AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of summing amplifier and
difference amplifier using Op-amp 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 IC 741 - 1
5 Voltmeter 30V / MC 1
THEORY
Summing Amplifier:
The summing amplifier is same as the inverting amplifier except that

it has several input terminals. The feedback forces a virtual ground to exist
at the inverting input terminal of the amplifier, thus the current equation
mode at the inverting terminals.
The out voltage is equal to the negative weighed sum of input voltage
The output voltage is Vo=-(V1+V2) volts
Difference Amplifier:
The input is given on both the inverting and non inverting terminals
of the op-amp for difference amplifier. All the resistance should same.
Output voltage Vo= V1-V2 volts
40
Circuit diagram for Difference Amplifier:
Difference Amplifier:
Input Voltages Output Voltage

S.No
V1 (volts) V2 (volts) Vo=(V1-V2)
41
PROCEDURE:

Pin Diagram IC741
RESULT:
42
Zero Crossing Detector Circuit:
(All Resistance are Equal)
Voltage Comparator Circuit:
(All Resistance are Equal)
Tabulation for Voltage Comparator:
Input Voltage Output Voltage

Si.No V1 (volts) V2 (volts) (volts)
43
EX.NO: ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR AND VOLTAGE
DATE: COMPARATOR
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Zero Crossing detector and
Voltage Comparator by using IC741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 741 - 1
3. Resistor 10KΩ 4
4. LED - 1
5. Digital Multimeter - 1
6. Function Generator 30 MHz 1
7. Diode IN4007 1
Regulated Power
8. 0-30V 1
Supply (Dual)
PROCEDURE:
trainer kit
3. Apply the different combinations of input voltage.
RESULT:
44
Circuit diagram for Integrator
Model Graph for Integrator
Tabulation for Integrator
Amplitude Time T1 Time T2 T=T1+T2 Frequency

Signal
(Volts) (m-sec) (m-sec) (m-sec) Hz
Input
Voltage
Output
Voltage
45
EX.NO: INTEGRATOR & DIFFERENTIATOR
DATE: USING IC 741
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Integrator and
Differentiator using Op-amp 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 IC 741 - 1
4 Capacitor 0.01µF 1
6 CRO 30 MHz 1
THEORY
46
Circuit diagram for Differentiator
Model Graph for Differentiator
Tabulation for Differentiator
Amplitude Time T1 Time T2 T=T1+T2 Frequency

Signal
(Volts) (m-sec) (m-sec) (m-sec) Hz
Input
Voltage
Output
Voltage
47
Differentiator
PROCEDURE:

3. Vary the input voltage,
6. Draw the curve by using Input Voltage & Output Voltage.
Pin Diagram IC741
RESULT:
48
Astable Multivibrator Circuit:
Model Wave Form for Astable Multivibrator
49
EX.NO:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of Astable Multivibrator using
IC 555.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. IC 555 - 1
3. Resistor 4KΩ, 6.8KΩ 2
4. Capacitor 0.01 µF 2
5. CRO 20MHz 1
THEORY
IC 555 is a trainer IC, it can generate stable time delays or it can use
as a free running oscillator. Astable multivibrator is a free running
multivibrator .its contains no stable .it produces continuous square or
rectangular signals with required frequency of this multivibrator depends
upon the external connected components of RA, RB and C.
The ON period of Astable multivibrator TON=0.69( RA+RB)C sec .

The OFF period of Astable multivibrator TOFF=0.69 RB C sec
Total time period T=TON +TOFF =0.69(RA+2RB)C sec.
In this multivibrator a low value capacitor with a value of 0.01uFd is

connected at terminal 5 for reducing supply voltage ripple. A resistor Ra is
connected in between terminal 7 and 6, and a capacitor C is connected at
terminal 6. The terminal 6 and 2 are short circuited.
50
Tabulation for Astable Multivibrator
RA= RB= C=
TON TOFF T=TON +TOFF Practical Theoretical
Output
Frequency Frequency
Voltage(V) (m sec) (m sec) (m sec)
(Hz) (Hz)
The ON period of Astable multivibrator TON=0.69( RA+RB)C m Sec .

The OFF period of Astable multivibrator TOFF=0.69 RB C m Sec
Total time period TON +TOFF =0.69(RA+2RB)C m Sec.
Frequency F= 1/T Hz
Theoretical Calculations:
51
PROCEDURE:

2. Switch ON the IC power supply and CRO.
3. Trace the output signal waveform.
4. Calculate the frequency of the output signal. (Change the value of RA or C
and trace the output signal waveform as required)
5. Switch OFF the RPS and CRO.
PIN DIAGRAM
RESULT:
52
Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator IC7805
Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator IC7912
53
EX.NO:
IC VOLTAGE REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
DATE:
AIM:
To construct and test the performance of IC Voltage regulated Power
supplies using IC 7805 and IC 7912.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Regulated Power Supply 0-30 V 1
2. IC 7805, 7912 - Each 1
3. Capacitor 100 µF, 10 µF Each 1
4. Voltmeter (DC) 0-30 V / MC 1
THEORY
A voltage regulator is an integrated circuit (IC) that provides a
constant fixed output voltage regardless of a change in the load or input
voltage. It can do this many ways depending on the topology of the circuit
within, but for the purpose of keeping this project basic, we will mainly
focus on the linear regulator. A linear voltage regulator works by
automatically adjusting the resistance via a feedback loop, accounting for
changes in both load and input, all while keeping the output voltage
constant.
An example of IC based voltage regulator available in market is the

popular 7805 IC which regulates the output voltage at 5 volts. Now lets
come to the basic definition of an IC voltage regulator. It is an integrated
circuit whose basic purpose is to regulate the unregulated input voltage
(definitely over a predefined range) and provide with a constant, regulated
output voltage.
7912 belongs to the family of Voltage regulators. The name “79”

indicates negative and the term “12” indicates the voltage. So “7912” means
that this IC will regulate a negative 12V for your projects. You can also
check on 78 series for positive voltage regulators.
54
Tabulation
Positive Voltage Regulator Negative Voltage Regulator

( IC 7805 ) ( IC 7912 )
Input Voltage Output Voltage Input Voltage Output Voltage
Positive Regulator Negative Regulator
55
PROCEDURE:

6. Draw the curve by using Input Voltage (x- axis) & Output Voltage (y-
axis)
RESULT:
56
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER
Simulation Diagram
Tabulation For 4 Bit Ripple Counter

OUTPUTS’
CLOCK
X4 X3 X2 X1
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
16 0 0 0 0
Model Waveform:
57
EX.NO:
4 BIT RIPPLE COUNTER USING FLIP-FLOPS
DATE:
AIM:
To design and simulate the PCB of 4-bit ripple counter using FF using
Multisim software tools.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Personnel Computer.
2. Multisim Software Tools.
PROCEDURE:
1. Open MULTISIM Software.

2. Click=>file=>New=>Design1
3. Click saves as in Desk Top rename the Design1 to your circuit name.
4. Go to Component tool bar and select the components.
5. Draw the schematic of all above mentioned circuits with the given
values.
6. Set the input waveform with desired voltage and frequency.
7. Click simulate button or press F5 key=>RUN
8. Double click the CRO.
9. Measure the input and output voltage and frequencies.
10. Take printout of the design and input& output waveforms.
RESULT:
58
RESULTS
Ex. No. Name Of the Experiment
Realization of basic gates using NAND & NOR gates.
1 Thus the basic logic gates are realized by universal logic gates like NOR and
NAND and its truth tables were verified.
Realization of logic circuit for De-Morgan’s Theorems
2
Thus the De- Morgan’s theorems were realized and its truth table also verified.
Test the performance of Half Adder and Full Adder.
3 Thus the half adder and full adder circuits were constructed and their
performances were tested.
Test the performance of Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor.
4 Thus the half subtractor and full subtractor circuits were constructed and their
Test the performance of Decoder/Encoder.
5 Thus the Decoder and Encoder circuits were constructed and their
Test the performance of RS, D, T & JK flip-flops.
6 Thus the various types of flip flops circuits were constructed and their
performances were tested
Test the performance of Parity generator and checker using parity
checker/ generator IC’s.
7
Thus the Parity generator and checker circuits were constructed and their
performances were tested by using parity checker/ generator IC.
Test the performance of Multiplexer/De-multiplexer using IC 4051.
8 Thus the Multiplexer and De-multiplexer circuits were constructed and their
Test the performance of Inverting Amplifier and Non inverting amplifier
using Op-amp IC 741.
9
Thus the Inverting and Non Inverting amplifier circuits were constructed and
their performances were tested by op-amp IC741.
Test the performance of Summing Amplifier, Difference Amplifier.
10 Thus the Summing and Difference amplifier circuits were constructed and their
performances were tested by op-amp IC741.
Test the performance of Zero Crossing Detector and Voltage Comparator
using Op-amp IC 741.
11
Thus the Zero Crossing Detector and Voltage Comparator circuits were
constructed and their performances were tested by op-amp IC741.
Test the performance of Integrator and Differentiator using Op-amp IC
741.
12
Thus the Integrator and Differentiator circuits were constructed and their
performances were tested by op-amp IC741
Test the performance of Astable multivibrator using IC 555.
13 Thus the astable multivibrator circuits was constructed and its performances
were tested by timer IC555.
Test the performance of IC Voltage Regulator Power Supplies using IC
7805, IC 7912.
14
Thus the IC Voltage Regulator Power Supplies circuits were constructed and
their performances were tested by regulator IC 7805,7912.
15 Design the PCB of 4- bit ripple counter using FF using Software tool
Multisim/OrCAD
Thus the PCB of 4- bit ripple counter using FF using Software tool was designed
and its outputs was verified.

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315- SANKARA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

(Approved by DOTE, Govt. of Tamilnadu and AICTE, New Delhi)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

PRACTICAL OBSERVATION NOTE BOOK

4040460 – ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL

Mr.S.VIMAL RAJ Mrs.M.ANURADHA

NAME OF THE STUDENT :

This manual covers the latest syllabus N- scheme prescribed by Directorate of

I say, my sincere thank to My God, Sankara Polytechnic Managements, Principal,

VISION AND MISSION OF INSTITUTION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

 To enlighten the knowledge of the students about contemporary technologies in

 To enhance the skills of students and staff based on industry needs.

 To impart ethical activities for being amity with society

1. Proper uniform has to be maintained while entering in to the Lab.

SUBJECT - CO 213 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL

Realization of logic gates

Implement combinational logic circuits using digital

Obtain application knowledge of Op-amp,Ic 555 and

Design of PCB circuits

Realization of basic gates using NAND & NOR

5 Test the performance of Decoder/Encoder. PO 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 PSO 1, 2

Test the performance of Parity generator and

Test the performance of Astable multivibrator

Students are able to Construct and test the performance of

For Internal Marks:

Subject Attendance -5 Mark

OBSERVATION NOTE COMPLETED ON

1030 - ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

1040 – ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CENTRALIZED QUESTION BANK

4040460 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Course: Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Subject: Analog and Digital Electronics Practical QP Code: 4040460

Time : 3 Hours Max Marks: 100

S.No Description Range Quantity

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram by using IC

Realization of Basic Gates Using NOR Gate:

NOT GATE AND GATE

S.No Description Range Quantity

According to De Morgan’s First Theorem, the resultant of two (or

De-Morgan’s Second Theorem

According to De Morgan’s Second Theorem, the resultant of two (or

De-Morgan’s Second Theorem

Half Adder Truth Table:

S.No Description Range Quantity

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram by using IC

Half Subtractor Truth Table:

S.No Description Range Quantity

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram by using IC

Decoder Truth Table:

S.No Description Range Quantity

1. Make the connection as per the logic diagram.

Encoder Truth Table:

S.No Description Range Quantity

1. Make the connection as per the logic diagram.

9bit Even Parity Generator Truth Table:

S.No Description Range Quantity