PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
LESSON 1: HUMAN COMMUNICATION
- A transnational process in which people generate
meaning through the exchange of verbal and
non-verbal messages in a specific context
influenced by the individual and societal forces
and embedded in their culture. It is trans-
formative.
Communication is a Package of Signals
- Combination of verbal (7%), non-verbal (55%),
and para-verbal (38%).
Communication is a process of Adjustments.
- It only takes place only to the extent that the
communicators use the same system of signals
or language. By adjusting in an unfamiliar
language, we develop attraction and gain
benefits.
Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, and
Unrepeatable.
- It continuously sending messages, even though
an individual is not aware.
- There are no means either to uncommunicated
what was already communicated but can reduce
the effect.
- Cannot recapture the exact same situation or
relationship dynamics that defined the previous
act.
Communication is Ambiguous
- One never communicates his or her meaning
exactly and totally, but with some reasonable
accuracy—giving enough clear sense of what
one means. Human uses symbols that are
arbitrary.
LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION MODEL AND
PROCESS
-Societal forces significantly influence the
communication process, shaping individuals'
responses to each other and their environment,
influencing their identities, personality,
cognitive abilities, and overall communication
style, as per the Synergistic model.
- Context significantly influences communication,
encompassing the physical environment,
circumstances, and participation of participants
in the interaction.
LESSON 3. VERBAL, NON-VERBAL, & VISUAL
COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Written or oral communication that includes
pronunciation or accent.
- Speech came first and writing system come
along much later.
Pragmatic- how language is used in specific situation to
accomplish goals is emphasized.
Speech Act Theory- Suggest that when people
communicate, they do not just say things, they also do
things with their words, may be direct or not.
Conversational rules- Govern the way people
communicate, taking-turns.
Contextual rules- Principles that govern the use of
language according to the circumstances/ environment.
- Factors influencing verbal communication
include gender, age, geography, ethnicity, race,
education, and occupation, creating a distinct
dialect characterized by vocabulary, grammar,
and pronunciation.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Process of intentionally or not signaling meaning
through behavior other than words. It is spontaneous,
reinforces verbal messages and is more believable.
Kinetics- A system of studying non-verbal verbal
communication sent by the body.
Paralinguistic- vocal aspect of nonverbal
communication (rate, volume, pitch, and stress)
Chronemics- Study of the way people use time as a
message.
Proxemics- Studies how people use spatial cues to
communicate.
Personal 1-4ft
Social 4-12ft
Public 12-25ft or above
Intimate 0-18in
Haptic- study of communicative function of touch.
Artifactual communication- Communication via
objects made by a man (color, clothing, adornments)
VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual communication is communication through visual
aids (visible and tangible), described as the transfer of
ideas and information in forms that can be read or
looked upon.
- Visual artifacts, including signs, typography,
and graphic design, have cultural norms and
values varying among cultures. In today's digital
age, visual communication is crucial, with
globalization accelerating the influence of
dominant cultures on television, clothing, and
architecture.
LESSON 4: NEW MEDIA
- Plays an important role in the lives of college
students. It is a collection of mediated
communication technologies that are digital and
converging and tend to be interactive.
Before being transmitted, messages are mediated to
CMC (computer-mediated communication).
new media uses and purposes for people.
1) connecting with others.
2) searching for and exchanging information
3) entertainment, and
4) financial transactions.
- Most new media are “cues-filtered-out” forms
of communication, meaning, non-verbal cues are
filtered or removed. Interaction is also mostly
asynchronous.
The Social Network Theory- suggests that socially
connected individuals are more intelligently likely to
communicate using various media, as distinct
communication patterns form new social behavior
patterns.
COMMUNICATION MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES
E-mail Blog AI MMS
SNS VR Chat Cloud
SMS MMOG Apps Podcast
ISSUES CONCERNING NEW MEDIA
Pseudo- Cyberbullying Spoofing Identity theft
anonymity
Spam Hacking Phishing Fake News
LESSON 5: MEDIA LITERACY
- Builds an understanding of the role of media
in society as well as essential skills of inquiry
and self-expression necessary for citizens of a
democracy.
“a framework to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and
participate with messages in a variety of forms— from
print to video to the Internet.”
Access- is defined as how, when, where, and how often
people have access to the tools, technology, and digital
skills necessary to thrive.
Analyzing- media content is the process of asking
questions about a piece of media to identify authorship,
credibility, purpose, technique, context, and economics.
Evaluating- media content involves drawing one’s
meaning, judgment, and
conclusions about media messages based on the
information gathered during media access, thoughtful
analysis, and self-reflective interpretation.
Creation- is a form of expression. It encompasses
learning how to express ideas through media and
communication tools and using that power to create
media narratives beyond those that exist in mainstream
media.
LESSON 6: GLOBALIZATION AND
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
GLOBALIZATION
- The increasing interdependence of economies,
cultures, and populations, driven by cross border
trade, technology, investment, people, and
information. Key elements include international
borders, changes in institutions, and new
technologies.
Global communication in the Global Village is
facilitated by technologies that enable individuals to
connect instantly, transforming social media into
platforms for advertising, trade, and education.
The Words is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-
First Century
Thomas Friedman- a New York Times columnist,
highlights the process of globalization, arguing that
technologies like the internet have flattened the global
economic playing field.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Culture- is a learned system of thought and behavior,
typified by a large group of people, shaped by shared
beliefs, values, and practices, which can be expressed
through communication.
Intercultural Communication- involves the exchange
of ideas and perspectives between individuals from
diverse cultural backgrounds, fostering understanding
and understanding among different groups.
Cultural and Co-cultural Variations- can cause
communication challenges, confusion, and anxiety.
Ethnocentrism, the belief in one's own culture's
superiority, can lead to discrimination and a distorted
view of others.
IMPROVING INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Be mindful Accommodate properly
Overcome inter-group Practice communication
biases skills
Communicating in a Multicultural Society and
World by Robert Subekti
Globalization has led to an increase in multiculturalism,
prompting diversity education on college campuses.
However, communication remains a central issue in
disputes over globalization's effects and the importance
of diversity education in preparing individuals to
communicate across cultures. Culture significantly
influences communication, impacting the effectiveness
of the United States in global arenas, according to
researchers.
Cost Of Cultural Ignorance-
Cultural confusion can lead to missed opportunities and
increased tension. Recognizing and responding to
cultural differences can foster meaningful relationships.
Learning about these differences improves
communication skills, expands communication choices,
and enhances interactions with culturally different
individuals. In today's globalized world, effective
communication is crucial for becoming more
interculturally aware and competent.
Defining Intercultural Communication-
Intercultural communication involves various forms,
including interracial, interethnic, international, and
intercultural interactions with individuals of different
races, ethnicities, and subcultures.
Cultures and Co-Culture-
Intercultural communication involves various forms,
including interracial communication, accommodation,
and separation strategies. Co-cultures, or subcultures, are
composed of members of the same general culture who
differ from the parent culture in some way. Intercultural
communication can be passive, assertive, aggressive, or
confrontational. When interacting with co-cultures, it is
crucial to recognize and acknowledge differences.
Ethnocentrism, the tendency to see one's own culture as
superior, is a key characteristic of failed intercultural
communication efforts. Cultural relativism, on the other
hand, accepts other cultural groups as equal in value to
one's own. This approach helps individuals navigate the
challenges of intercultural communication and maintain
their cultural identity.
Exploring cultural differences
Four variables distinguish cultures: individualism
versus collectivism, high-context versus low-context
communication, high power distance versus low power
distance, and masculine versus feminine culture.
Individualistic cultures encourage initiative and
achievement, while collectivist cultures nurture group
influences. High-context communication relies on
indirectness, while low-context encourages directness.
Power distance measures acceptance of power
differences, and cultures differ in attitudes towards
gender roles.
- Acknowledging cultural differences in power
distance interactions can prevent
misunderstandings. By understanding another
culture, we can reduce misunderstandings and
reduce strangers' strangeness by not interpreting
their behavior based on our frames of reference.
- Technology and intercultural communication
blur national boundaries, altering community
definitions. While it allows for comparison and
sharing experiences, it also challenges
traditional beliefs in some cultures and religions,
as some argue technology complicates lives.
- To improve inter-cultural communication, it's
crucial to relate more effectively and challenge
stereotypes. To increase tolerance, avoid
formulating expectations based on one's own
culture, acknowledge diverse communication
styles, and recognize the impact of faulty
education on understanding. Eliminate personal
biases and prejudices and work towards a more
inclusive society.
VARIETY
Variety in linguistics refers to any variant of a language
that can be sufficiently delimited from another variant,
including dialect, register, and jargon. The grounds for
such differentiation may be social, historical, spatial, or a
combination of these.
BRITAIN AMERICA
England U.S.A
Scotland Canada
Wales Africa American
Ireland Vernacular English
The Caribbean
AFTICA ASIA, PACIFIC
West Africa India and South-East
South Africa Asia
East Africa Australia and New
Zealand
The Pacific Islands
region.
Speakers of English, influenced by British imperialism,
now constitute approximately 1.5 billion, accounting for
20% of the global population, with 360 million native
speakers.
 - English, a universal language, is a
straightforward language with minimal complex
grammatical elements and a simple alphabet,
gaining global status due to its use in
government, law courts, media, and foreign-
language teaching.
The Concentric Circles of English
- divide countries into Inner, outer, and expanding
circles based on English use, with the Inner
circle representing native English speakers, the
outer circle ESL speakers.
The localized varieties of English as they are used or
spoken in certain areas are termed World Englishers.
These varieties of English are influenced by local
languages or what is available in that language.
LESSON 7: COMMUNICATION ETHICS
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
- Moral standards governing right and wrong in
messages. Truthfulness is a fundamental
principle, but ethical communication involves
understanding and evaluating communication
components, considering potential benefits or
harms, and being aware of evolving
communication channels.
An Ethical Communicator
-Uses information properly.
-Does not falsify information.
-Respect rights of others.
-Considers the consequences of
communicating.
- Concerned about how absolute or relative his
or her standards will be.
LESSON 8: ORGANIZATION PATTERN
- Communication aims to provide information,
persuade, and argue. Informative messages
present an objective, truthful view, while
persuasion influences attitudes through source
credibility, emotional appeal, and social needs.
Argumentation aims to convince people of an
idea's superiority.
INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATION
- providing facts, statistics, or evidence about
objects, processes, events, and concepts. It
primarily focuses on transmitting knowledge to
the audience. Information can be organized
chronologically, spatially, or developmentally.
Topic sentences can mention related items and
discuss them in that order. Order of importance
can be arranged from least important to most
important, or by comparing and contrasting
information. There are various ways to inform
the audience.
Different ways of informing the audience or readers.
- Definitions provide clear and concise definitions
of concepts using synonyms, antonyms, and
examples. Descriptions create visual aids,
demonstrations provide verbal directions,
explanations share processes, and narration
narrates a series of events from a specific
perspective.
PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
Persuasive communication involves influencing the
audience's mind through words, aiming to make them
feel better by agreeing to a cause, rather than focusing on
facts and figures.
- Persuasive communication follows patterns such
as problem-solution, comparison-contrast,
negative method, and motivated sequence,
focusing on problem-solving, comparison-
contrast, and negative method to demonstrate
needs, results, and action.
AUGMENTATION COMMUNICATION
An argumentative approach is formal, academic, and
based on logic and reason. It involves claims of fact,
value, and policy, supported by evidence like scientific
studies and expert quotes. The writer must consider pros
and cons, pick a debatable topic, and research the
opposition's thoughts and points. Supported arguments
must be refuted.
LESSON 9: RESEARCH WRITING
RESEARCH PAPER
A research paper is an academic piece that investigates a
topic, analyzes, and interprets findings, and showcases a
student's knowledge. It can range from doctoral
dissertations to everyday term papers or writing prompts,
allowing students to use various writing patterns and
organization to elicit a thorough response.
DOING RESEARCH
The internet is a powerful source of information, but it's
important to use reputable official websites and avoid
wikis as they can be edited. Printed materials like books,
periodicals, and journals can also be useful. However,
it's crucial to document these sources, including author
names, titles, publisher, place of publication, year of
publication, volume and issue numbers, page numbers,
website, date of access, URL, key ideas, and arguments.
Additionally, surveys, interviews, and experiments can
provide additional information during the writing - Common knowledge to the general readers on
process. the other hand such as something readers will
RESEARCH OUTLINE already know, information found in general
An outline structure research papers, consisting of an references, and information found in at least
introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction 5 references. without being documented, need
presents the thesis statement, while the body includes not be cited.
logical, emotional, and ethical arguments, presenting
facts, examples, and expert opinions.
WRITING THE DRAFT AND REVISING THE
WORK
The first draft of a paper should be organized and written
with the audience in mind. The introduction sets the
tone, outlines the research, purpose, and thesis, and
flows clearly. The body paragraphs often start with a
topic sentence, supporting sentences help readers
understand the main idea, and a concluding sentence
links the paragraphs. The conclusion may answer
questions, connect with the reader's experience, or leave
a thought-provoking question. Revising the work
involves reviewing information presentation, checking
facts, citing sources, summarizing, or paraphrasing, and
adhering to professor-set formatting requirements.
POLISHING THE WORK
Editing is the process of improving language and usage
by making subtle changes, such as restating passages,
deleting materials, changing word choices, and checking
grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. It's
recommended to leave the work for a fresher mind and
read aloud to detect errors. Images can be used
judiciously to communicate ideas, but always caption
and cite sources.
LESSON 10: CITING SOURCES AND APA
FORMAT
- Plagiarism is the act of using another person's
ideas or work without acknowledgment, a legal
concern as most works is protected by copyright,
which grants creators rights over their work.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Word-for-word plagiarism involves copying without
citing the source. Paraphrases involve replacing
original words with synonyms, while mosaics combine
phrases. Sources use quoted material but cite only the
original source. Incomplete citation occurs when
information is paraphrased or summarized.
APA FORMAT
The APA (American Psychological Association) style
is a standard way to document scientific.
- writing and research or cite various sources.
It is done through in-text citation or
parenthetical.
- citation, wherein the citations are found in the
body of the wok, and reference citation which
is a list of references at the end of the work.