Abdhitvarn’ 4 MODULE 3 3.1 SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS What is foundation settlement? Inevitably. soils deform under the load of foundation structures, The total vertical displacement that occur at foundation level is termed as settlement. The cause of foundation settlement is the reduction of volume air void ratio in the soil Causes of settlement The causes of foundation settlement are rarcly due to the design (or under-design) of the structure itself. More commonly. damage is caused as changes occur within the foundation soils that surround and support the structure Foundation settlement may be caused by some or a combination of the following reasons 1. of the foundation and the unde! 2. of the underlying soils, which is much larger than the clastic compression. The inelastic compression can be predicted by the theory of consolidation. 3. . Repeated lowering and rising of water level in loose granular soil tends to compact the soil and cause settlement of the ground surface. Lowering of water level in fine grained soils cause consolidation settlement, The major settlements in the city of Maxico has been due to ground water lowering, and due to this. the city has been called as the “sinking city of Maxico’ 4. due to pile driving, blasting and oscillating machineries may cause settlement in deposits of granular soils. 5. of expansive clays. 6. _ such as surface erosion, slow creep or landslide, 1. such as adjacent excavation, mining subsidence, underground erosion, ete on settlement ‘Types of foundal © Dillerential foundation settlement+ Uniform foundation settlement Differential foundation settlement fe s of a building is termed + Settlement thet occurs at differing rates between different portions ofab differential settlement. stems a F s. or structural + Differential settlement occurs if there is difference in soils. loads, or structural sy , a rhe hildine surctureico between parts of a building. in this case. different parts of the building structure could settle by substantially different amounts. + Consequently, the frame of the building may become distorted, floors may slope. walls and glass may crack, and doors and windows may not work properly Uniform foundation settlement * when foundation settlement occurs at nea yy the same rate throughout all portions of a building. itis called uniform settlement + Ifall parts of a building rest on the same kind of soil, then uniform settlement the most probable type to take place. + Similarly. when loads on the building and the design of i structural system are uniform throughout, the anticipated settlement would be uniform type Commonly. uniform settlement has small detrimental influence on the building safety Building Original Level Sy f TP Sos Sm Final Level SauComponents of total settlement of foundations Immediate settlement «Iti also called short term settlement. «immediate settlement take place mostly in coarse grained soils oF high permeability and in unsaturated fine-grained soils of low permeability Lastly, it occurs over short period of time which about 7 days. So, it ends during construction time. Primary settlement/ Consolidation Settlement + Italso termed as primary consolidation «Take place over long period of time that ranges from 1 10 5 years or more «Primary settlement frequently occurs in saturated inorganie fine grain soil. + Expulsion of water fi ves of saturated fine grain soil is the cause of primary settlement. Secondary settlement © Secondary settlement is the consolidation of soil under constant effective stress. «Frequently. it occurs in organie fine grain soil «Ie-continues over the life span of foundation structure similar to ereep in concrete ‘Total Settlement ‘Total foundation settlement can be divided into three different components, namely Immediate or elastic settlement, consolidation settlement and secondary or creeP settlement as given below Here, S = Total Settlement Immediate /Elastic Settlement Consolidation Settlement $s = Secondary SettlementEstimation of immediate settlement * Immediate settlement of cohesive soils Schleicher’s Method ~ In this method the settlement at the comer of the rectangularly loaded area at the surface of a semi-infinite medium of a homogeneous and isotropic soil mass is given si = Immediate settlement q= Load on foundation B= Smaller dimension of the loaded area # = Poisson's Ratio ( = 0.5 for saturated clay) 1, = Influence coefficient E= Modulus of elasticity To the settlement atthe center the principle of superposition is used. For a rectangular area. the settlement at the center is equal to four times the settlement at the comer. ‘The Value of the influence factor Is for a saturated clay layer of semi-infinite extent can be obtained from Table | Table 1 Values of Influence Factors (Is) The shape of Flexible Rigid Loaded Area Centre Corner Average ireular 1.00 0.64 0.85 0.80 Rectangular (UB) 1.0 (square) Lz 0.56 0.95 0.901S 1.36 0.68 1.20 1.09 2.0 1.53, 0.77 131 1.22 5.0 2.10 1.05 1.83 1.68 10.0 2.52 1.26 2.25 2.02 100.0 3.38 1.69 2.96 2.70 \ Rigidity Correction — The rigidity correction is done by multiplying the flexible settlement obtained from the equation above by a factor, 0.8 called the Rigidity Factor. Alternatively we can write: SeIGID = WS spy, i: ———- 2) Alternatively the value of (1-4°)/E can be determined from plate load test © Immediate settlement cohesionless soils * Elastic and primary comp: ion effects occur more or less together in cohessionless soil because its permeability values are high © SPT value is used for fining inuaediate settlement, ‘g-a0" | H — loge cs eo Where Cs=thickness of layer compressed, o'= effective overburden pressure @ the centre of the layer before any excavation or application of load, Aa" = vertical stress increment @ centre of layer. Cs=Compressibility constant. csa1 ste oo c= Static cone resistance, (400 N as per Meyerhof) N = No of blowsAllowable settlement f e structure and it usually The allowable settlement is defined as the acceptable amount of settlement of the stru' includes a factor of safety. Maximum and differential settlements as per Indian standard Title 28. Maximam end rental Settlements (1S + 1964—1978) | - Send add ly Pasi ay : | I ‘Ager (as Dif Angular Ma =| Dif | ; ct | shite | Batroe | Sinem | Selene | Dison (oy buted | | | Found | | | | is sinm|OWBL | 1800 sone | 003 | 18 ed c | sure | | ace | Sm | Ooms L 6s | 5mm | dons. | tHe snes | | | (ty Rot | ' | | Foundations | | \ | set | sam | om, | atten | cus, ) an Sraces | j | wee | an | mn | sorae | coe, | age eres | Determination of Bearing Capacity from field tests Field Tests are performed in the field. You have understood the advantages of field tests over laboratory tests for obtaining the desired property of soil. The biggest advantages are that there is no need to extract soil sample and the conditions during testing are identical to the actual situation me Load Test | ff) ‘Sand Bags Patorm for acing Dial Gauge + Testing Plate Fay rsp et yp fo Plate Load test assemblyProcedure 1. Itis a field test for the determination of bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of ground in field at the foundation level. OO 2. The test involves preparing a test pit up to the desired foundation level. 3. A rigid steel plate, round or square in shape. 300 mm to 750 mm in size, 25 mm thick acts as model footing. 4. Dial gauges, at least 2, of required accuracy (0.002 mm) are placed on plate on-plate at comers to measure the vertical deflection, 6. Loading is provided either as gravity loading or as reaction loading. For smaller loads gravity loading is acceptable where sand bags apply the load. In reaction loading, a reaction truss or beam is anchored to the ground. A hydraulic jack applies the reaction load. 7. At every applied load, the plate settles gradually. The dial gauge readings are recorded after the settlement reduces to least count of gau 0,002 mm) & average settlement of 2 or more gauges is recorded. 8. Load Vs settlement graph is plotted as shown, L sad (P) is plotted on the horizontal scale and settlement () is plotted on the vertical scale. 9. Red curve indicates the general shear failure & the blue one indicates the local or punching shear failure. 10. The maximum load at which the shear failure occurs gives the ultimate bearing capacity of soil The advantages of Plate Load Test are 1. It provides the allowable bearing pressure at the location considering both shear failure and settlement. 2. Being a field test, there is no requirement of extracting soil samples. 3. The loading techniques and other arrangements for field testing are identical to the actual conditions in the field 4. Itis a fast method of estimating ABP and P — behaviour of ground ‘The disadvantages of Plate Load Test are 1. The test results ret the behaviour of soil below the plate (for a distance of ~2Bp). not thatof actual footing which is generally very large. ae 2. It is essentially a short duration test. Hence, it does not reflect the long settlement of clayey soil. : i i ial in such soils. 3. Size effect is pronounced in granular soil. Correction for size effect is essential in st i ting for 4. Itis a cumbersome procedure to carry equipment, apply huge load and carry out testing several days in the tough field environment 3.2 FOUNDATION DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURE Foundation Design Principles.- the main objectives of foundation design are to ensure that the Structural loads are transmitted to the subsoil(s) safely economically and without any ‘inaeceptable movement during the construction period and throughout the anticipated life of the building or structure. Basie Design Procedure. ~ this can be considered as a series of steps or stages 1. Assessment of site conditions in the contest of the site and soil investigation report. 2. Calculation of anticipated structural loading 3. Choosing the foundation type taking into consideration a. Soil conditions; b. Type of structure; €. Structural loading(s): . Economic factors: & Time factors relative to the proposed contract period: £ Construction problems. y and anyLusige of ship foley a) Phin cengile c.f Ge dul dees rte ernie! ky allowable Leauig fee eidh B»& a. lad fo Qa - allavabls Sot presen . Thich ness ab be lg of Llu foes Z 1c» fea wesrve Beil, run Ehichre® - F069 B) Retnfenced concrete footing Fooleg eyeog hans rein feed tn The “hansverse corlaeh pseu ou lhe broth ou weak be.6 au ateweloo ciel th oh Lhe fockiis a: %, 8 IK [ | mao |/ pat, poching val af shee | [roster if F ed J ice sank “3 7 to pt om A a Fon Cerin burg the 8m flor gah fa 9 Sy. —_ desinid . foes A fe he nur p.m- Fe (B-b)” be (8-2 Je actual Soil patsyerrt b. thickness of oll O- ewadlth of jee Leg chagmed Bhar, F = te o). a] a — or yeMeN Bz = 8 oe aan * SECO = 990 + SurD = “ise ba waxy soja, WS1z0 wWony ~wezy = p S001 «© + Kode Gar atone * 900 +P "9970 58 saH09 jue HAY gogt se toy Me sory =” ‘ndop reB90 oun ety 7 wong warooe = 22. a ‘ounssad amy au sneronc = TE oy nd femy UE = Ae 9 Ct a er ee 29 Oe oY 6h ba way che pe i waggle lose ' ¥ hove esac ges \engey ener Gayl Ben emp Sasones 2M sf Spoof seeues ponatasssumbs © ior “tye abun ay yea ty hb -—__+ n woes Ju 09s 40, ys asp F use Dua woe TH hart SNOUVONHOU KOTTYHS 40 woIsaa "WoUBSI}UBY aut sags unony au suoys eye-a Jay wn [sy yoe p- ways = NTE” Tame * a wre een toy wot ni od 4 wna mneioog = E = (6) smssod yos waco = aE ( (98 remy wy = OE soy uo = EE = a src b9 moss won mes ube 0 8 antsud jos sygmuay 2ur L4t 099 fo poo v Buxtuma 2PINOD NaN praia 0 Steg “Exe Mey Sane SUTMNYN JAtLMusaTH fr 212409 apy w 7» of ao ba og 9 ‘dap tam 50 204249 uy EID 62 sane 0394 spon) Aceon 9 ¥ 1 mes 28g * 7 eonepuny adenoe cag ways yo BONE “g EO EO BES 057 = FC pur goU g x g 205.957 ~ Fy aay (apeo) ©0507 = Ay sos asso () osorse vaoa rose oom scorer rages | naw wisscogiee | eae | ne et 10s bo wourwe | hmm = (69) uonoway apestans 30 woEUPCS “THE NEL, ‘OKRRARION NOLIVANAOS ONY SOINVHIDBN HOS7 a SOL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS From Eq, 24.12, the dingonol shear From Bg. 24.23, 8 « AML From Bg, 2424, ‘Aca pes pe metre ran Bg.Deocgn gf apundl forlicg eb, Oo dua ff the focleg A» G/y, Alain” conencle peor = dua na Binukur. Lo per conte shu fooled w)Rernforcecl cencut footy ae ee rato. ) al max ir, = eR (6-b)* x mon -clitgenal Shear, ~ = foe £o* Coraye/ FeBl(p-4) -4] 9 5 — wee SY ye mbinte! fool. Denga of combined folug The clog x korea nee, focteg ensils of ABelecling Legh aad ounclih Y Ce Gere such Biel ia Labor S Cig Le ORG tel kha fasellanl of Lhe éelumn Loach rsaele ~ LL Jo - acho pressurefuclongular semtund | fooling yg ey (E:ikeicr) a HL, | TEC t Sagun Lisboa a, G uteri) ————— bixbr }- ch «—— D Determeie Lhe fale telarin bere ef boas G -Q,#@ D find lhe bese tose of the fooling A: oy, Jo + allovubl Bot pacsur 2 hee z Fo of Ga eolarr D Low Lee fin of achon of pedellarl of eel : srsascintel” front bia tnleuor column. X = O.%2 (ae rs abot Ar, “Q.T+Qa42 20 Ay XK + Gam P Wis raken ag -@ because 4 ‘Is ihe Yesultant » of By & Be K. of the foobuag v i Uh of enkeusr column) D Delumin fie loll hs Arwomys coltulat e Prajetion’s Peay Sr ne 2024 buy (» sD) Sinel Lhe width oY Ma foo lag BALLFT \ \ MOH) dy Ley pola! Gogh and piellh Lhd ae Step & preceded may de abil meee clu Le douncleig Lf hu Atlee! priser -o gees &s feo- G@fho Ao ~ aclu! aur. Daw SF aval Bea Hig ass, Kovsiclerieg Lhe Pisin ye DOclr mia th 99 ab be fru of Ge coleoin And lhe men pm et Lie pout of pe heen. D fncl fy Pichu of Lie foobiig fe max Br Wha the Lo0e cole ha L Wha th fee column Lonel, A wacgual, ealh Me out fol earsgn a , , t olan cain 909 hows onel ane Lherte £3 yrereh Cen , : oo Anilebiin bey cel < olan, 2 ee soc “ 6 Ciapepe sles pees MS fierweg hing iy CELE Fa in —_ _ hing ag : a SF lida rom ‘ (porabelo ) = — At BM. ching ton ~ “7 Cubse perabels) ee Cubic p Dungn preadus conse of Ue fellewrig shes. ) Delamr fa Cola! celumg Lead? GQ -@itaz 2») Fall le fase auc of bu foo lng A=8/q, 2 %a-clhewalle doit feta a) adevats th bis ff pclein gy siusllant of Le cotenrin — Laeols. awhile laking mend abl Ay, LZ -Qyte “a L+Qes - aq Ze = AaXife4) Delermin We dotance x! gf Le cudnt te kin euler fate 7 the enlevier cela . X= HED fy 4 projection C+ ang) ore: [4 Lape zeidal fooling 15 Aegasie! of Yu 2H Eby whew / danglh ¥ apeperel fooled i t=4y 3 aeclangular fools Aa proviclset ft 243 > sombinedt jfeclag dannat be provided In beth 2 (ase, a dhrap fool Xs suit) 5) Delamine Ou eviclits 8, snd Be Laem Me fellow “a9 alaliens : aud, 2>@ _ Ra - 24 {2 -1) L B, = 24 -B2 L O) tas #s the eben! Dates bla gravel B79 cbaigram along the Length f tle pootiag t) find be Cinch J Be porting for Lb rir be Blap fooling.s — a df dhap Peli ts peg ti ty beleding foo. LSE - 7 ; wt wlolrnce fren aesullant ko Aetbe ) Wha ge b> { te celts balye of enters column “es hag lh f la fects a) whe te eae Efe Me bac calumny 1s obo kare Unt Che cenibirad Obey becomes enbrusivel, long 2 tara. . mo a qauueepisunseieisatlyoctucee( fo a A ba pe er cle! fools oo th be Suppo a hese Squat) columns Ff wstema 30 6 Basle tesp Colums at Gm apart The Lagger alumna seco kw tb the dmaller goookN . Des? a go thal ul dees "el carves Bulale dbase of the fooky exlinel “x nel Lhe feces o Cie colarms Safe Feary ce raely 9 wok = gOo KV Im © Pre socekn) Pe > 3000 KW , . Soln ed - » flal column loool, G = Sever Seow + $uee Kd > dnw of hte ples = @ = SooKN = EM - 4c nue > XH 2 Gite | 300cx G4 S28 3 * Seoe he = 2m | 68-4 Habe a preyections Cs omg) 2 uv 2 OF 4 5 4122 40 + 265m > hoz 63MBa- QA [24 ~] pares | ~ TL o3 2 0994 m elm Bs = 2A -By 2 grace 6994 -4 889M a é¢ 2 Sn PL G8m, Ba:lm B4a= Sm Q2. Design 4 rape zerele Ler f Bige 70x30em , La the Je yet columns tow 2 BéenM Spacing bu” Be ca), 5 SECIS Ohi Fedling nok ko Blend) anse Hina bm UA be ox byl cohnmm 2 0S from vi L 6 of hawey ctlimy Qi 1360n6 Sela. lela! column leads 1G = 13604 1090 = 2390 KW > rea f Me Jorlg A B= 2396 15.9 3592 Ga Fe ad me = 1030¥6 gL D370 = @S9m [% = cbistava bj AOedGut Lead a 2 enter Lut of eabertey Celt ma. Mess Reser CO969 ~ keererey column te heavier elon)= - Xs %a bis pseje eke Cf ang) aa +e8 here, 30am [ Be preyed or) 5m] > Le asrGres Gam > Bie [3 et paset_ 4) a ‘ ea fou sss © Gm By > Lim , Bie S Q@a- Design & rectangles combined fooling fea Eee | coloms shown in Fg Case = loo wallet] \ a Bee Ke ee PH Gi -qooirw =e am » gts wy C4 1t bm F -- ‘ rs M Sel ? clos Fatal column — leads G = Gee + qoe = 1500 KW a V ! Asea df Lhe Ing. bingy AG «1500 215m~ é y Jn Tee abst bla aestdlont Load @ avel unbe yg aoberiaar @ssune Y column , % - Ar tr oe eat cow) qs 1500 A i 5 4 Jota! bag th f jee yla i tbs prcjedens) x2 i dth NX cwA bapezerdel pocliig 01 te be grtdacd fe Beypont Awe Sona Lelumnds K Soom. anol oon grils pep Celamrs art Gra spent The tagger welama anes seeckn mt Gir amalla goo 1 Denga 4 aiilall page of foctig go Hat jf does nek gnlnel beyond Lhe fees df the sols dofe Carng cepettly of del = tle pl @ Sn k——_ 6 —__ qh ha wl B +— Le im 7 064. Saxx0 Po | ,_ yf | vb bp coe Pr 30ee = SOC 4 Foes = KocokWw Dbl colamna Coacls a G@ . geo 2 gom™ aun of Lhe forkeg A = = ee he % = Gat. . 700K Eh Dh a geo / * x 1 E 101s BHF Bs = 6904 Aral _ 09% 2h sh9~ce) \ Ba. 1m L = G4 tombineel fectig ge fae Ga Posygar x reclangelar 7 ctu shown An LY [asp =e pol oa] Qi > Cookn wm a= Fee kpo! 0: nin afta - Ly 24x04 m | Sp on Teblol hoooh A - Geoy YOO= (500 kw [ale) tun A @ = Igoe 2 asm Ya “yee Bo 2 BrBoo cord distance bus pusnrllavt ancl the feel a; H = Gare | QeoxS _ 9p, a Teco Led Aenyth Lz web) - oO? ie “ ; a CH +) 209423) 63m il A js ae Ae. 49% 2hm zs g40 as Pemga a shop foley foo fhe Loe eelumjs ghown a fag asp. socallm Teahe lie eceralrieity aff folemn-$ ab ew mee Gr lee kent a Sas teee ka cle 1. | — : [ fo heen bo j fraeP po vel “7 no heFeeliig Seibpeolee! ha moma ~ Leconte Leal 4 Soe ip auyporting anually factle ” ant ancl cohih ant symmetrically peal ewilh peypesh be Me eclun will be dubgele! Go eaniferm dsl ppeets « eakiga 4 offen Kave to paasl pol only ental dou ful abs moment aboul aa on hoth ans. +k maybe preducd ky Ar eit! veeenl Laat lasted tree eceuilricnlly from Jaen the enladl Lo hve ff Lu ferkiay p pesabaned casyrinecall curl, Me golumn eY Me manual ta ba fact Mase is tga! bo hic preted Y the druel fooul andl ccc nbs tly wa bh the babein coal Be get pecond, le ded primmu of etatiel . Darsiig Ly design hoe otesticl cases eves ill arise 2 Vfsallenl force girthe Fi ple oof thy bat and, ¢ " gu tduek “ a call, git ae Plleal joret evithig LM yf le ok = { | | |/ y a) Plan | 7 L YR ax 4 b) ebundion AY | oC) chieet shes p 7 bending ahus/ oe “) D\Reswllant beat Paadion felis daly cele! Le monint wcteallacil yyace OMG gid ee the bee ve vertical fone ley oH folg He Aon : ” R ~Sesullont Z mental Fs Wp - Ve we have ee. Mo (ie? ths eg n Kbps 4 frocl owt ©) from 4 Avelv) G96? the werbeo! Soael'V" au whe§ al predesey anyorne der! pacmre ala detd shes fy? > f%& Any broel nels alont, Ab prod. & 4 Shear anol A memul cm) e D> sarbincel gfeot oY Vand 79.f Wain Load, Acting at Wales €20, Irene Ts = Lrte / Woon @ Dd drevnlue el Aray 4 Iain that Cuntes Anna pit ator! pruserte , Jone = ~ (7 > mira dol pasa, Garwat ft Ct- fe) Pasellant sles on a yecbhon dabgectid Be chuel bad?! pal & memul “Hr. -L2thk fi gis mare. ececileiey fin five de cau ta Che fax: $ SP? Reswllat rer cede La riddle go Ce bart - ura Jones ¢ 4b. ) ne parcsunt bo boat 4 ancl forliag an Uns + peruOe ranma f if Levslelne x if mab! ed wl Leck. covers Khe 0b Loma sfallors Lobes wl a 7 all Lhe aun bernalf Ly sukar anol appl cvedls sencl cole nans SA Ths oi ie Bre e f forreler he morte opprephle chet , ) be wie Boil pause a1 Low 2) Me Loading dn Kemep Dd dproal oti cuenlel carer 2% Char gut afl # by fee BUed D ovber ba dort terlbins conprul, sbabs stock au thi, le cause Lifeuntial wellinunk « A bermil Lipo of feafl. Kocvclalstiry ayrlal pla ape 7 In thas bype Hf (fordabic | | | a mak of canifaam Maachuy 4 preritleel. Thoin J —- Se pe 09 wen bulebl ohn Lu Lobun bali ax slilal hf |e a and Space of ? A” GO @ ey), Txx€ ” Jabs Th Prosi. cental (Pee sseute dheald bE hes Lhe Lhe allcakl seit presse D Divnile Lhe blab jule dlrjas (Faves) 44 %! andy disebins, Lach tuo 12 anumedl Ge al 4 dnclpenelent Lean aubpeld b the pertecl page aad the aoluma heel» 4) Dawo Lhe heat pout aaef teding amreoneate olagran fer wock olup 5) Pelezmine fhe ne chfeid cele faces As spatial below 3 Average lool on the bhp, Gwe tl deeanwerdl lool 4 apuiad fw) =f CQ rths + Jays Br e) f dy Me hp 4118, G — cetun devel By - avelth of slip Jaw = coverage el Ccenlre®) prowseet on the asp Gs begh y lta ‘ dup The meclfad average del prc Ag garen “y fav + Fav (Gor Fev. BR oh column Coal medication Gowler G) x gun by pe Gav a —— ; i air ay MM Lhe colann loach we mullplad by %' for bot dlup CFG, P42, F63 eke ) : 0) 7h Leneling menunt ancl ghear fos hagas Bie braun fe Lhe roclifcd Lek, beculs avot he prwcbfied average der! pousers (faut)i fuck v edual Abups Divsin tha 4 minh 1 eplhets fones ausuyeed as An at ce lumns ©ating Foundation which the weight of the fom ation in foundation for a building can be defined as a fo: ¢ whieh ineludes water building is approsimately e of the soil removed the site of the buildin; T(a) shows @ horizontal 1(b) shows an (c) shows a structure built othe weight of AWith reference wo Fig 1 this prneipe of otation may be expined. Fi depth dy below the ground st > dw and Fig. 1¢ ht of the building is equal | J vertical pressure in ground surface with water ble at a excavation made in the ground to a depth D where, D in the excavation and completely filling it, the weie! ved from the excavation, then its clear that the (018 ‘as in Fig, Ha) before exeavation. the soil and water r the soil below depth D in Fig. 1(¢) is the same Jdder the following 00 {yPeS While dealing with Moating foundations. it is important that we & of soils. hh that shear failure of soil will not occur under lar are so large that they tion soils are of such stren But the setlements. differential settle a floatit Type 1: The foun the building i constitute the failus mens in partic foundation is used to reduce of the sirueture, In sich settlements to an socepiable vale. se founshtion soil fs so fow that rupture of the soil would occur if Type 2: The shear sirength of the building were t0 be Founded at ground level + depth. in the absence of a strong reduces the shear stresses (0 a1 Ai a seasonat roundation. Thi gan only: be built on a Hest layer the building acceptable vale