ANSWER KEY

1. (b) Agenda 21
2. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
3. (b) A and B
4. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The
revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and
shape its destiny.
5. The correct answer is- Germany, Italy, Japan.
6. The correct answer is- The Reformation Movement.
7. Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement and mode of repayment together
comprise terms of credit.
8. Tax on imports is an important barrier on foreign trade.
9. Tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.
10. Three sources are:
1. Precipitation — from rainfall.
2. Surface water — in rivers, lakes, etc.
3. Groundwater — water stored in underground aquifers which gets recharged by
rainfall.
11. The restrictions set by the Government to regulate foreign trade are called trade barriers.
Tax on imports is an example of a trade barrier.
12. Geographical conditions:
Ragi grows well in dry regions.
It grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.
Nutritional value: Ragi is rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage.

13. Answer:
1. Unequal access to resources.
2. Inequitable consumption of resources.
3. Differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well being.
4. Over-population.
14.
Pressure groups are organizations that attempt to influence government policies. They could
do so by forming an organization and undertaking activities to promote their interest or their
viewpoint. These organizations are formed when people with common occupation, interest,
aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.
15.
(i) ‘Coming together’ federations—This agreement induces independent states coming
together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining
identity they can increase their security.
Examples are: USA, Switzerland and Australia. All the constituent states have equal power
and are strong vis-a-vis the federal government.
(ii) ‘Holding together’ federations — In this agreement, a large country decides to divide its
power between the constituent States and the national government. The Central Governments
tend to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states. Often different constituent units of the
federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers, for example, India
granted special powers to Jammu & Kashmir.
16.
Features of federalism:
1. There are two or more levels of government.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each level has
its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and
administration.
3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally
governed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed.
Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and powers of the different
levels of government. The highest court acts as the umpire if any dispute arises
between different levels of governments.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are specified to ensure its
financial autonomy.
7. Federal system has dual objectives. To safeguard and promote unity of the
country, and to accommodate regional diversity.
17.
India is well linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size and diversities because of
efficient means of transport and communication. They are rightly called the lifelines or
arteries of a nation because:
1. Economic development of a country depends on the well developed and
efficient means of transport and communication.
2. They are indispensable for movement of people, goods and services from one
place to another.
3. They have contributed to socio-economic progress in many ways by connecting
far flung areas of the country.
4. They have enriched all aspects of our lives — social, cultural, individual and
economic.
5. They promote trade, tourism and business thus adding value to the economy.
6. Transport and communication have made possible international trade which is
essential for every economy as no country is self-sufficient in all resources.
7. They link areas of production with consumption, i.e. agricultural farms are
linked to the markets and industries.
8. They help in the balanced regional development of a country.
9. They play a very important role at the time of natural calamities, i.e., for
providing relief measures.
10. Deficient areas can obtain resources from the regions of surplus, thereby
making the interdependence among the regions possible.
11. They have added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the
comforts of life.

18.
Globalization has benefited India in the following ways:
1. People with education, skill and wealth have benefited from globalization.
● Greater competition among producers (both local and foreign) has been
advantageous to consumers, particularly the well-off section. Rich people enjoy
improved quality at lower prices for several products and enjoy a higher
standard of living.
 ● MNCs have increased their investments in India over the past 20 years in
industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food
and services such as banking.
● New jobs have been created in all these industries and services.
● Top Indian companies have benefited from the increased competition. They
have invested in newer technology and production methods.
● Some Indian companies have gained from successful collaborations with
foreign companies. Globalization has enabled some companies to emerge as
multinationals.
19.Answer:
Institutional reforms:
Steps taken by the government to bring about improvements in agriculture are termed as
‘Institutional Reforms’.
Some steps are:
1. Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings to make them economically
viable.
2. The green revolution based on the use of package technology and the White
Revolution to increase milk production are important strategies which were
initiated to improve agriculture.
3. Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari system.
4. Provision of crop insurance to protect the farmers against losses caused by
natural calamities, i.e. drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
5. Establishment of ‘Grameen Banks’, Cooperative Societies and Banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
6. Kisan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are
some other schemes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers.
7. Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were
introduced on the Radio and TV.
8. Announcement of minimum support price, remunerative and procurement
prices for crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and
middlemen and removing the elements of uncertainty.
20.
The British Government passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878 because the Company was
worried that their criticism in Indian media might be used by their critics in England to attack
their trade monopoly in India.
After the Revolt of 1877, the criticism against the government grew in the Indian media. The
Vernacular newspapers reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. So
it became necessary for the administrators in India to suppress the local newspapers. It
provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the
Vernacular Press.
The government had the power to warn, seize and confiscate the printing machinery of the
newspaper if it was judged as seditious. The most discriminating aspect was that it put severe
restrictions on the Indian language newspapers while the English ones were spared from its
purview.