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PSA_Lecture 5_Load Flow Analysis (3)
PSA_Lecture 5_Load Flow Analysis (3)
Lecture on
Load Flow Analysis
Presenter
Kazi Firoz Ahmed
Senior Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Lecture Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:
Equivalence of Sources
A constant emf and series impedance can be replaced by a constant current source and
shunt impedance if the shunt impedance is identical to the series impedance and if the
constant current equal to the value of the emf divided by its series impedance.
The diagonal admittances (Y11, Y22, Y33, and Y44) are called self-admittances at the nodes,
and each equals the sum of all the admittances terminating on the node identified by the
repeated subscripts.
The other admittances are the mutual admittances of the nodes, and each equals the
negative of the sum of all admittances connected directly between the nodes identified by
the double subscripts.
Circuit of Fig. 7.3 with current sources replacing the equivalent voltage
sources. Values shown are admittances in per unit.
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
Formulation of Admittance Matrix [Y]
For node 1 we can write the current equation
using KCL as:
The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and account for various
hypothetical situations.
For instance, what if a transmission line within the power system properly supplying
loads must be taken off line for maintenance. Can the remaining lines in the system
handle the required loads without exceeding their rated parameters?
Basic Steps of Load Flow Calculation
The equations used to update the estimates differ for different types of
busses.
At each node or bus two of the variables are specified as input and two
are unknowns
Voltage magnitude: │V│
Phase angle: δ
Net real power injected: P
Net reactive power injected: Q
Bus Type Classification
Load / PQ
Bus
✓ real and reactive power are specified, and for which the
bus voltage will be calculated.
✓ Power supplied > positive
✓ Power consumed > negative
✓ All busses having no generators are load busses.
Bus Type Classification
Generator / PV
Bus
The above two equations of real and reactive power constitute the polar form of the
power-flow equations; they provide calculated values for the net real power Pk and
reactive power Qk entering the network at typical bus k.
Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example 6.9 [Ref. 3, p. 307] Fig, 6.2 shows a single-line diagram of a five bus power
system. Input Data are given in Table 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. As shown in Table 6.1, bus 1,
to which a generator is connected, is the swing bus. Bus 3, to which a generator and a
load are connected, is a voltage cotrolled (or PV) bus. Buses 2, 4, and 5 are load
buses. Note that the loads at bus 2 and 3 are inductive since Q2= - QL2= - 2.8 and -
QL3= - 0.4 are negative. For each bus k, determine which of the variables Vk, δk, Pk,
and Qk are input data and which are unknowns. Also, compute the elements of the
second row of Ybus.
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Example of Load Flow Calculations
Gauss Seidel Method
The basic procedure of Gauss-Siedel iterative method is
1) Calculate the bus admittance matrix Ybus including the admittances of all
transmission lines, transformers, etc., between busses but exclude the admittances
of the loads or generators themselves.
2) Select a slack bus: one of the busses in the power system, whose voltage will
arbitrarily be assumed as 1.0∠0˚.
3) Select initial estimates for all bus voltages: usually, the voltage at every load bus
assumed as 1.0∠0˚ (flat start) lead to good convergence.
4) Write voltage equations for every other bus in the system. The generic form is:
Gauss Seidel Method
The basic procedure of Gauss-Siedel iterative method is
5) Calculate an updated estimate of the voltage at each load bus in succession using
(8.5) except for the slack bus.
6) Compare the differences between the old and new voltage estimates: if the differences
are less than some specified tolerance for all busses, stop. Otherwise, repeat step 5
Gauss Seidel Method
Acceleration Factor: the rate of convergence is increased by applying an
acceleration factor to the approx. solution obtained from each iteration. For kth
bus, the acceleration value of the voltage at the (i+1)th iteration is given by,
Gauss Seidel Method
7) Confirm that the resulting solution is reasonable: a valid solution typically has bus
voltages, whose phases range in less than 45˚ and the difference between nearby
buses less than about 10˚ and often very small.
At a bus where voltage magnitude rather than reactive power is specified [PV or
generator bus], the real and imaginary components of the voltage for each
iteration are found by first computing a value for the reactive power from Eq.
(8.5)
Example of Gauss Seidel Method
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