Lecture-1 & 2

Power Systems Analysis

Lecture on
Equivalent Circuits of Power System

Presenter
Kazi Firoz Ahmed
Senior Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Lecture Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:

1) Justify the importance of equivalent circuit in case of its

performance and fault analysis.

2) Draw the single line diagram of a power system network

3) Simplify a power system network into impedance diagram

and reactance diagram

Equivalent Circuit of an AC Generator
Equivalent Circuit of an AC Generator

If 𝑅𝑎 ≪ 𝑋𝑠
 Transformer
The transformer is a device for transferring electrical energy from one circuit
to another circuit without a change in frequency

Features of a Transformer
1) Transfer electrical energy from one
circuit to another circuit by changing
voltage and current
2) Frequency cannot be changed
3) Energy transformation is
accomplished by electromagnetic
induction
4) Electrical circuits are magnetically
coupled no direct electric connection
5) Efficiency is high and maintenance is
simpler since there has no rotating
parts
 Components of Transformer
Main Components of a
Transformer
1) The magnetic core
2) Primary and secondary
windings
3) Insulation of windings
4) Lead and tapping for coils with
their supports, terminals and
terminal insulator
5) Tank, oil, cooling arrangement
etc.
 Application of Transformer

Application of Transformer
1) Stepping-up of voltage
2) Stepping-down of voltage
3) Electrical Isolation
4) Impedance matching
5) Link between AC and DC systems
6) Instrument extension
 Classification of Transformer
Transformer can be classified according to the following ways:
1. Based on number of phases
(a) Single-phase transformer
(b) Three phase transformer
2. Based on relative position (construction) of winding and core
(a) Core type transformer
(b) Shell type transformer
3. Based on number of winding per phase
(a) One winding per phase
(b) Two winding per phase
(c) Three winding per phase

4. Based on volt-ampere and voltage ratings

(a) Low voltage transformer [VHV < 1.1 kV]
(b) Medium voltage transformer [1.1 kV ≤VHV < 11 kV]
(c) High voltage transformer [VHV ≥ 11 kV]
Classification of Transformer
5. Based on service conditions
(a) Power transformer
(b) Distribution transformer
(c) Instrument Transformer
i. Current transformer
ii. Potential transformer

6. Based on method of cooling

(a) Air Natural
(b) Air Blast
(c) Oil Natural
(d) Oil Blast
(e) Forced Oil Cooling
(f) Oil and Water Cooled
(g) Forced Oil and Water Cooled
 Current Transformer (CT)
➢ Used with low-range ammeters to measure current in high-current ac circuit
➢ Step up the voltage thus Step down the current
➢ Has a primary coil with one or more turns of thick wire connected in series
with the line whose current is to be measured
➢ Has a secondary coil with a large number of turns of fine wire and connected
across the ammeter terminals
 Current Transformer (CT)
➢ If transformer ratio = (I1/I2) of 100:5, then it
steps up the voltage 20 times whereas it steps
down the current to (1/20)th of its actual
value.
➢ Since the ammeter resistance is very low, the
current transformer normally works short
circuited.
➢ The secondary of a current transformer should
never be left open under any circumstances.

If this not done, then due to the absence of counter amp-

turns of the secondary, the unopposed primary mmf will
set up an abnormally high flux in the core which will
produce excessive core loss with subsequent heating and a
high voltage across the secondary terminals.
 Potential Transformer
➢ Used with low-range voltmeter to measure high voltage in high-voltage
ac circuit
➢ Step down the voltage thus Step up the current

➢ For safety, the secondary

should be completely
insulated from the high-
voltage primary and should
be, in addition, grounded for
affording protection to the
operator.
 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

R1, X1, I1, V1, E1: primary side resistance, leakage reactance, current, voltage, and
counter (or self induced) emf, respectively
R2, X2, I2, V2, E2: secondary side resistance, leakage reactance, current, voltage,
and counter (or self induced) emf, respectively.

R0 (or Rc or Rm), X0 (or Xm): core loss resistance, mutual inductance, respectively.
I0, Iµ (or Ic) Iw: no-load current, magnetizing current, and working or core loss
current, respectively.
 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

If all secondary parameters are referred to the primary side then the equivalent
circuit becomes: R2’= R2/K2; X2’= X2/K2 ; E2’=E2/K=E1; V2’=V1/K.
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
 Transmission Line Parameters

1. Series resistance: Series resistance accounts for copper losses.

The resistance of a conductor at a specified temperature is

Resistance of a conductor depends of the following factors:

(a) Spiraling
(b) Temperature
(c) Frequency (due o skin effect)
(d) Current magnitude – magnetic conductor
 Transmission Line Parameters

2. Series inductance (or inductive reactance): Series inductive reactance

gives rise to series voltage drops along the line.

The inductance of a magnetic circuit that has a constant permeability µ can be

obtained by determining the following:
(a) Magnetic field intensity H from Ampere’s Law
(b) Magnetic flux density B (B=µH)
(c) Flux linkage λ
(d) Inductance from flux linkage per ampere (L=λ/I)
 Transmission Line Parameters

3. Shunt capacitance (or capacitive reactance): Shunt capacitive reactance

gives rise to line charging current.

The capacitance between conductors in a medium with constant permittivity ε

can obtained by determining the following:

(a) Electric field strength E, from Gauss’s Law

(b) Voltage between conductors
(c) Capacitance from charge per unit volt (C=q/V)
 Transmission Line Parameters

4. Shunt conductance (or admittance): Shunt conductance accounts for real

power line losses due to leakage currents between conductors or between
conductors and ground. Shunt conductance of overhead line is usually neglected
since this loss is very small compared to copper loss.

The capacitance between conductors in a medium with constant permittivity ε

can obtained by determining the following:

(a) Electric field strength E, from Gauss’s Law

(b) Voltage between conductors
(c) Capacitance from charge per unit volt (C=q/V)
 Representation of Transmission Line

Let,
R is series resistance per unit length (Ω/m) and per phase
G is shunt conductance per unit length (S/m) and per phase
L is series inductance per unit length (H/m) and per phase
C is shunt capacitance per unit length (F/m) and per phase
z = R + jωL is series impedance per unit length (Ω/m) and per phase
y = G + jωC is shunt admittance per unit length (S/m) and per phase
l is line length (m) and per phase
Z = zl is total impedance (Ω) and per phase
Y = yl is total impedance (S) and per phase
 Short Transmission Line
Short-Transmission Line (less than 80 km):
 Medium Transmission Line (pi-model)
Medium Transmission Line (from 80 to 250 km):
 Medium Transmission Line (T-model)
Medium Transmission Line (from 80 to 250 km):
 Long Transmission Line
Long Transmission Line (more than 250 km):
 The One Line or Single Line Diagram
In power engineering, a one-line or single-line diagram is a simplified
notation for representing a three-phase power system.

The purpose of
the one-line diagram is to supply in concise form the significant
information about the power system.

Why one line diagram?

1. Power systems are extremely complicated

2. Geographically spread system
3. Three phase (3φ) System
The One Line or Single Line Diagram

Why one line diagram?

1. Power systems are extremely complicated
2. Geographically spread system
3. Three phase (3φ) System

Characteristics?
1. Concise form of basic arrangement of PS
2. Not show the exact electrical connection
3. Expressed in block diagram
4. Diagram varies for different purposes
Symbols used in Single Line Diagram
 Impedance Diagram
A single-phase circuit diagram is drawn from the one-line diagram to calculate the
performance of a system under load conditions or upon the occurrence of a fault.

✓ The shunt admittance in an equivalent circuit of a transformer is

usually omitted, since the magnetizing current is usually
insignificant compared with the full-load current.

✓ Shunt conductance of overhead line is usually neglected since this

loss is very small compared to copper loss.

✓ In transmission line, transformer and synchronous machine the

resistance is very small as compared to the reactance, so resistance
is often omitted from the circuit when making fault calculation.
Impedance Diagram
Impedance Diagram
Simplified Impedance Diagram
 Reactance Diagram

✓ If a fault is occurred in the transmission line then loads are disconnected.

✓ If the impedance diagram is simplified by omitting all static loads, all
resistances, the magnetizing current of each transformer, all the capacitance
of the transmission line, the impedance diagram reduces to the reactance
diagram of as follows.

These simplification apply to

fault calculations only and
not to load-flow studies.
Example: Impedance Diagram
 Homeworks
Draw the (i) simplified impedance diagram, and (ii) reactance diagram for the
following figures.
Symbols used in Single Line Diagram
 References
[1] Willaim D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis, Fouth Edition,
McGraw-Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Inc.

[2] John J. Grainger, William D. Steevnson, Jr., Power System Analysis, McGraw-
Hill Series in Electrical and Conputer Engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc.

[3] J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sharma, Thomas J. Overbye, Power System

Analysis and Design, Fouth Edition.

[4] V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, Principles of Power System, Multicolor Illustrative

Edition, S. Chand and Company Limited

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