kWkyu;r;rp

juk;
10

Mr.S.Jesinthan (B.A, PGDE)

 nghUs;- kPz;Lk; kyu;jy;/ kPs cjpj;jy;/
kWgpwg;G/ Gjpa gpwg;G
 tpsf;fk;- 14k;,15k;,16k; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
fpNuf;f-cNuhkg; gz;ghl;bidg; ngw;W
INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;,nghUshjhuk;,
r%fk;,gz;ghL,tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy;
Vw;gl;l vOr;rp kWkyu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
 Kjypy; Vw;gl;l ehL- ,j;jhyp
 gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba gzf;fhu tu;f;fk;
fhzg;gl;lik- nkbrp FLk;gk;
 Guhjd fpNuf;f-cNuhk ehfuPfj;jpd; kj;jpa
epiyakhf jpfo;e;jikahy; mtw;wpd; vr;rq;fs;
fhzg;gl;lik
 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgpspypUe;J vLj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl;l gok;ngUk; E}y;fs; fpilf;fg;
ngw;wik
 gy gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik-
nghyQ;Qh, ghJth
 cldbf; fhuzk;:-
1453y; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpauhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik
Vida fhuzq;fs;
 INuhg;gpa tu;j;jf tsu;r;rp
 gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; Njhw;wk;
 mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
 muru;fspd; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;
 rkaj;jiytu;fs; mwpTj;Jiw tsu;r;rpf;F
cjtpaik
 ,j;jhyp :- nghyQ;Qh, ghJth
 gpuhd;]; :- gup];
 ,q;fpyhe;J :- xf;]N ; ghl;, Nfk;gpupl;[;
 ];ghdpah :- rykdpf;fh
 Njrpa muR
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vy;iyfSf;Fs; tho;e;j
xNu nkhopiag; NgRfpd;w xNu fyhrhuj;ijf;
nfhz;l kf;fs; FOf;fs; murd; xUtdpd;
jiyikapd; fPo; If;fpag;gLj;jypd; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lNj Njrpa muR MFk;.
 INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ Njrpa
muR- ];ghdpah
 Vida Njrpa muRfs;- Nghu;j;Jf;fy;,
gpupj;jhdpah, gpuhd;],; N[u;kdp, ,j;jhyp
 jha;ehLfs; Mz;L ehLfhz; gazpfs; fz;Lgpbj;j gpuNjrk;
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; 1488 ghu;j;jNyhkpa]; la]; Gay;Kid
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; 1498 t];nfhlfhkh fs;spf;Nfhl;il
Nghu;j;Jf;fy; 1500 fg;uhy; gpNwrpy;
];ghdpah 1492 nfhyk;g]; fuPgpad; jPT (mnkupf;fh)
,j;jhyp 1498 mnkupf;Nfh nt];Grp mnkupf;fh
,j;jhyp 1497 N[hd;fNghl;, fdlh (Nfg;gpupl;ld; jPT)
nrg];jpad;fNghl;
,j;jhyp 1519 kfyd; gpypg;igd;]; jPT
];ghdpah 1513 gy;Nghth gdhkh
];ghdpah 1519 `u;dhd;Nlh nfhl;Nl]; nkf;rpf;Nfh
];ghdpah 1553 gpuhd;rp];Nfh gprhNuh NgU
gpuhd;]; 1535 n[f;tp]; fhl;bau; nrd;Nyhwd;]; ejp
gpuhd;]; 1573 n[hiyl;, jyhrNy kprprpg;gp MW
gpuhd;]; 1608 rk;g;Nsd; khu;f;tpNl Ftpngf;
gpupj;jhdpah 1609 n`d;wp `l;rd; `l;rd; MW, `l;rd; Flh
 1453y; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JUf;fpauhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik
 Gjpa tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
 Njrpa muru;fspd; mDruiz
 K];ypk;fsplk; ,Ue;j fPioj;Njr tu;j;jfj;ij
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
 ng];lu; N[hz; vDk; Nguurupd; fPo; gue;j
fpwp];jtg; NguuR cs;sJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;
mjidj; Njbr; nry;yy;
 INuhg;gpa ehLfs; fliy mz;kpj;Jf;
fhzg;gl;lik
 ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;F mZruiz
toq;fpa Njrpa muru;fs;

4k; n`d;wp Ngbdd;l;, ,rngy;yh 7k; n`d;wp

(Nghu;j;Jf;fy;) (];ghdpah) (,q;fpyhe;J)
 Gjpa gpuNjrq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik
 FbNaw;wthjk; Muk;gkhfpaik
 ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jik
 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpf;F toptFj;jJ
 INuhg;gpa ehfuPfk; gutyile;jik
 rkag;gpurhu eltbf;iffs;
gutyile;jik
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w Mz;L :- 1517
 Njhw;wk; ngw;w ehL :- N[u;kdp
 gutpa ehLfs; :- gpuhd;],;
nld;khu;f;, Nehu;Nt, RtPld;, Rtp];
 ,t; ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij :- khl;bd;Y}ju;
 njhlu;Gilatu;fs; :- khl;bd;Y}ju;,
N[hd; fy;tpd;, N[hd; `];;, cy;upr; Rtpq;yp,
,uh];k];, N[hd; itf;fspg;
 ,t; mikg;gpd; ru;tNjr kj;jpa epiyak;
mike;Js;s ,lk; :- n[dPth
 khl;bd;Y}ju;
 kjr;rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij
 tpl;ld;Ngu;f; gy;fiyf;fofg;
Nguhrpupau;
 xf];bd; rigiar; Nru;e;j FU
 iggpis N[u;kd; nkhopapy;
nkhopngau;j;jtu;
 ghg;guru; gj;jhk; ypNahtpd;
mwpTWj;jypd;gb rf;futu;j;jp 5k;
rhs;]; 1520y; Y}jiu fpwp];jt
kjj;jpypUe;J ePf;fpajhf mwptpj;jhu;
 rhf;]dp ,sturd; Y}jUf;F
mgakspj;jhd;
 kjr;rPu;jpUj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;;
 cldbf; fhuzk;:- 1517y; N[u;kdpapd;
tpw;wd;Ngu;f;fpy; ghg;guru; 10k; ypNahtpd;
gpujpepjp nul;ry; “ghtkd;dpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;”
tpw;gid nra;tij vjpu;j;J khl;bd;Y}ju; jdJ
Gfo;ngw;w 95 epahaq;fis tpw;wd;Ngu;f; Myaf;
fjtpy; xl;baik.
Vida fhuzq;fs;
fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigaplk; fhzg;gl;l
mjpfstpyhd mjpfhuq;fs;
fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; Coy;fs;
mwpQu;fspd; fz;ldq;fs;
kWkyu;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l rpe;jid tsu;r;rp
fhuzkhf jpUr;rigapd; jtWfis kf;fs;
fz;bj;jik
muru;fspd; MjuT- ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
8k;n`d;wp
 kjr;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;
INuhg;ghtpd; rka xUikg;ghL Fiye;J
Gjpa rkaf; nfhs;iffs; Njhd;wpaik
fpwp];jt jpUr;rig gpsTgl;lik
Gdpj cNuhkg; Nguurpd; nry;thf;F
Fd;wpaik
gpuhe;jpa rpw;wuru;fspd; gyk; mjpfupj;jik
kprdup ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
kf;fs; gy;NtW cupikfisg; ngw;wdu;
 nghUshjhuk;

murpay;
fiy

kWkyu;r;rp
Vw;gl;l
Jiwfs;

,yf;fpak;
tpQ;Qhdk;
 fiyj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

 cyfpaiy Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l fiyg;gilg;Gf;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wd
 fiyQu;fs; Rakhf nraw;g ; l;L jkJ gilg;Gf;fis
ntspf;nfhzu;e;jdu;
 nysfPf ,uridapd; nghUl;L ,aw;iff;F
Kjyplkspj;J rpj;jpuq;fs;, rpw;gq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;ld
 gspq;Ff;fw;fspy; rpw;gq;fs; tbtikf;fg;gl;ld
 cNuhk fl;llf;fiyf;F mika tl;ltbtpyhd
tpy;tisak;, cau;e;j J}z;, miutl;l rpfuk; vd;gd
fl;llf;fiyapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; INuhg;ghtpd; murpaypy;
Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

• Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

• midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; murid ikakhff;
nfhz;L tpsq;fpd
• kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
• gpuGf;fspd; mjpfhuq;fSk;, cupikfSk; eypTwj;
njhlq;fpd
• Njrpa muru;fs; epu;thf nraw;ghLfspy; kj;jpa
tFg;gpdupd; cjtpiag; ngw;wdu;
• murUf;F epue;jukhd ,uhZtg;gil ,Ue;jik
• ehL KOtJk; xNu rl;lKk; tupKiwAk;
mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l
nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;
 RaNjitg; nghUshjhuKiw khw;wkile;J
tu;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ
 tu;j;jfj;ij tpuptilar;nra;Ak; nghUl;L Njrpa
muRfs; mZruiz toq;fpd
 INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; tu;j;jff;nfhs;if kw;Wk;
tupf;nfhs;if vd;gd nraw;glj;njhlq;fpd
 fPioj;Njrq;fSlDk; mnkupf;fhTlDk; tu;j;jfj;
njhlu;Gfs; Vw;gl;ld
 gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jJ
 fhNrhiy KiwAk; tq;fp KiwAk; Muk;gkhfpd
 tu;j;jf efuq;fs; gy Njhd;wpd
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; ,yq;ifapd; murpaypy;
Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

 ,yq;ifapy; epytpa kd;duhl;rp Kiw KbTf;F

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ
 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 gpuNjr Ml;rpKiw khw;wkile;jJ
 gioa tof;fhw;Wr; rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kiwe;jd
 cNuhk lr;Rr;rl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
 INuhg;gpa rl;l mbg;gilfSf;F Vw;g rl;lj;njhFjpAk;
ePjpkd;wj;njhFjpAk; epWtg;gl;ld
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l
nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

 ,yq;iff;Fk; INuhg;ghTf;Fkpilapy; neUq;fpa tu;j;jfj;

njhlu;G Muk;gkhfpaJ
 RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhu Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wJ
 Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhu Kiw Njhd;wpaJ
 Gjpa tu;j;jfg;gapu;fs; gapuplg;gl;ld
 gzg;Gof;fk; mjpfupj;jJ
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jJ
 tu;j;jf efu;fs; Njhd;wpd
 kj;jpatFg;gpdu; Njhd;wpaik
 kWkyu;r;rpahy; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l
r%f gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs;

mwpTj;Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jJ
INuhg;gpa rpe;jidAk; ,yf;fpaKk; ,e;ehl;bw;F
fpilj;jJ
Nkw;fj;ija rpe;jidfs; ,e;ehl;by; Eioa topahf
mike;jJ
INuhg;gpa rkag;gpupTfs; Njhd;wpd
Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw gutpaJ
Gjpa njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fs; ngUfpd
kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
INuhg;gpa fl;llf;fiyak;rq;fs; gutpd
INuhg;gpa fyhrhuk; ,e;ehl;by; gutpaJ