m.

Ravikumar (ba, pgde),

k/hindu national college,
Pussellawa.
Ravichalu001@gmail.com
 cs;slf;fk;………
 mwpKfk;.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; gutYk;.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;j Kf;fpa kd;du;fs;.
 Kjyhk; tpkyju;k #upad;
 nrduj; kd;dd;
 ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;
 = tPu ghuf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpq;fd;
 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;
 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;
 ,uh[hjp ,uh[ rpq;f kd;dd;
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[ rpq;f kd;dd;
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thf fl;likg;G.
 ePjp nraw;ghLfs;.
 nghUshjhu mikg;G.
 r%f mikg;G
 mwpKfk;
 ,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhj;j ,Wjp muR vDk; ngUikf;Fupa muR
fz;b ,uhr;rpakhFk;.
 mE}ujGuj;jpw;F mLj;jjhf mjpf fhyk; jiy efuhkhf ,Ue;j ngUikAk;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cz;L.
 ,t; ,uhr;rpak; nrq;flfy> kiyehl;L ,uhr;rpak;> fz;b ,uhr;rpak;> =
tu;j;jdGu> gQ;r kiyehL Nghd;w gy;NtW ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gl;l
,ur;rpakhFk;.
 ,jd; jiyefuk; fz;bahFk;.
 Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaq;fs; tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd; ehl;bd; Rje;jpuk; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;jplNk fhzg;gl;lJ.
 gy cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L rthy;fis Kwpabj;J fp.gp 1815 tiu fz;b
,uhr;rpak; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
 vdpDk; cs;ehl;L murpay; Fog;g epiyfs; ntspehl;L rf;jpfspd; gilnaLg;G
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; 1815k; Mz;L jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;J
gpupj;jhdpaUf;F mbikahdJ.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;
gutYk;
 Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gpd; xU gyk; nghUe;jpa ghJfhg;ghd
,uhr;rpakhf fz;b ,uhr;rpak; tpsq;fpaJ.
 ,J kiy> fhL> ePu; Nghd;w muz;fshy; #og;gl;l ,uhr;rpakhFk;.
 kfhtyp fq;if %yk; ghJfhg;G ngWk; mNjNtis gyd> cd;d];fpupa>
gyf;fLt Nghd;w rpf;fyhd ghijfs; fz;b ,ur;rpaj;jpDs; Eiotjw;fhf
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ,t;thwhd ,uhr;rpak; 6k; guhf;fpukghF fhyj;jpy; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F
fPo;g;gl;l gpuhe;jpa murhf nraw;gl;lJ.
 fz;bia Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpupj;J Rje;jpu murhf;fpatd; “Nrd
rk;kj tpf;fpukghF” (Kjy; kd;dd;) Mthd;.
 Nrd rk;kj tpf;fpukghFtpw;F gpd; fz;bapd; kd;ddhdtd; “[atPu gz;lhu”
(fp.gp 1511 - 1551) Mthd;.
 “tp[aghF nfhs;isa” ,lk;ngw;w NghJ fz;bapd; kd;dhf ,Ue;J mjw;F
cjtp nra;jtd; [atPu gz;lhu Mthd;.
 [atPu gz;lhu kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtdJ kfd; “fuypaj;j gz;lhu” Ml;rp
gPlNkwpdhd;.
 fuypaj;j gz;lhutpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; rPjhthf;if kd;ddhd “1k; ,uh[rpq;fd;”
tPu Re;ju gz;lhutpd; cjtpAld; fz;bia ifg;gw;wpdhd;.
 ,jd; NghJ ghJfhg;G fUjp fuypaj;j gz;lhuTk; mtdJ Gjy;tp FRkhrd
NjtpAk; kUkfdhk akrpq;f gz;lhuTk; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ruzile;jdu;.
 fp.gp 1580 Mz;L fz;bia ifg;gw;wpa 1k; ,uh[rpq;fd; rPjhthf;ifapy; ,Ue;J
nfhz;L “tPuRe;ju gz;lhu”tpd; cjtpAld; fz;bia Ml;rp nra;jhd;.
 vdpDk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; tPuRe;ju gz;lhutpd; elj;ijapy; re;Njfk; mile;jjhy;
mtid nfhiy nra;jhd;. ,jd; NghJ tPu Re;ju gz;lhutpd; kfd; Nfhzg;G
gz;lhu ghJfhg;gpw;fhf Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ruzile;jhd;.
 1k; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpapy; fz;ba gpujhdpfspilNa mjpUg;jp fhzg;gl;ljhy;
mr;re;ju;g;gj;ij jkf;F rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; akrpq;f
gz;lhu jiyikapy; gilnahd;iw fz;bf;F mDg;gp fz;bia ifg;gw;wpdu;.
 fz;bia ifg;gw;wpa Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; akrpq;f gz;lhuit fz;bapd; kd;ddhf;fpdu;.
 rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; akrpq;f gz;lhu ,we;jJk; fz;b kf;fspd; MjuTld;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu vjpu;j;J Nfhzg;G gz;lhu “1k; tpky ju;k #upad;” vDk; ngaupy;
fz;bapd; kd;ddhdd;.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ruzile;jtu;fSk; mtu;fsJ
fj;Njhypf;f rka ngau;fSk;

 FRkhrd Njtp - Nlhdh fj;jupdh

 akrpq;f gz;lhu - nlhd; gpypg;
 Nfhzg;G gz;lhu - nlhd; [_thd;
 Kjyhk; tpky ju;k #upad;;
(fp.gp 1592 - 1604)
 akrpq;f gz;lhutpd; gpd; fz;bapd; kd;ddhdtd;.
 fz;bapy; Gjpa mur guk;giu xd;iw Muk;gpj;j kd;dd; Mthd;.

1k; tpjy ju;k

#upad;
 1k; tpky ju;k #upad; vjpu;nfhz;l rthy;fs;

 rl;l G+u;t Ml;rpAupik ,y;yhik.

 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jik.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij rPjhthf;if Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jik.
 tPo;r;rpAw;wpUe;j ngsj;j rkaj;ij kPsTk; vOr;rp nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jik.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;bapUe;jik.
 1k; tpky ju;k #upad; jdJ rl;l G+u;t jd;ikia
cWjpg; gLj;j Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;

 FRkhrd Njtpia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lik.

 fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ij iftpl;L ngsj;j rkaj;ij jOtpf; nfhz;lik.
 tpky ju;k #upad; vDk; ehkj;ij #l;bf; nfhz;lik.
 rPjhthf;ifapd; njy;fk; tpfhiuapy; ,Ue;j Gdpj je;jj;ij fz;bapy;
gpujp\;il nra;jik.
 1k; tpky ju;k #upad; fz;bia
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;f
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;

 fp.gp 1594y; je;JNu Nghupy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu gLNjhy;tpaila nra;jik.

 fp.gp 1602y; gyd Nghupy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu Njhy;tpaila nra;jik.
 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhf jho;ehl;by; Vw;gLk; fytuq;fSf;F cjtpaspj;jik.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu Juj;Jtjw;F xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpia ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.
 1k; tpky ju;k #upadpd; rka gzpfs;

 gu;khtpy; ,Ue;J ngsj;j FUkhu;fis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh tpohit

elj;jpaik.
 gioa tpfhiufis Gduikg;G nra;jik.
cjhuzk; - yq;fhjpyf tpfhiu> flyhnjdpa tpfhiu> upjp tpfhiu
 fz;bapy; jyjh khspifia mikj;jik.
jyjh khspif
 1k; tpky ju;k #upadpd; nghUshjhug; gzpfs;

 tptrhaj;ij tpUj;jpila nra;jik.

 gUj;jp gapu; nra;iff;F cjtp Gupe;jik.
 nfhj;kiyapYk; tyg;gidapYk; ,Uk;GUf;F ifj;njhopiy Kd;Ndw;w
eltbf;if vLj;jik.
 ntbkUe;jpw;F Njitahd cg;G cw;gj;jp ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;jpaik.

“1k; tpky ju;k #upad; fp.gp 1604k; Mz;L ,we;jhd;.”

 nrduj; kd;dd; (fp.gp 1604 - 1635)
 1k; tpky ju;k #upad; ,wf;Fk; NghJ mtdJ gps;isfs; ,sk;
guhaj;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jjhy; mtdJ xd;W tpl;l rNfhjudhd nrduj; kd;dd;
Ml;rp gplNkwpdhd;.

 nrduj; kd;dd; vjpu; nfhz;l rthy;fs;

 Ml;rpAupikia cWjp gLj;j Ntz;bapUe;jik.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; fz;b ,ur;rpaj;jpw;F ,Ue;j mr;RWj;jiy jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jik.

 nrduj; kd;dd; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;

 FRkhrd Njtpia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lik.
 Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; rkhjhdkhf nraw;gl;lik.
 FRkhrd Njtpf;F 1k; tpky ju;k #upad; %yk; ,U kfd;khu;fSk; nrduj;
kd;dd; %yk; xU kfDk; ,Ue;jdu;.
 gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpAupik njhlu;ghf mjpfhu Nghl;b te;J tplf;$lhJ vdf;
fUjpa nrduj; kd;dd; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij %d;whf gpupj;J %tUf;Fk;
toq;fpdhd;.
 mjd;gb>
 Cth gpuNjrk; - Fkhurpq;f ,sturd;
 khj;jis gpuNjrk; - tpN[aghy ,sturd;
 fz;b gpuNjrk; - ,uh[rpq;f ,sturd;
 ,tu;fSs; gyk; tha;e;jtdhf fhzg;gl;l ,isatdhd “kfh M];jhd
Fkhud;” nrduj; kd;ddpd; gpd; “2k; ,uh[rpq;fd;” vDk; ngaupy; fz;bapd;
kd;ddhdhd;.
2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1635 - 1687)

 fp.gp 1635k; Mz;L nrduj;

kd;dd; ,we;j gpd; fz;bapd;
kd;ddhd Kb #bf;
nfhz;lhd;.
 ,k;kd;dd; jdJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ vjpu; Nehf;fpa rthy;fs;

 fz;b kPjhd Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; jhf;Fjiy vjpu; nfhs;sy;.

 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J ntspNaw;wy;.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpa gpuGf;fsplk; ,Ue;J Vw;g;gl;l vjpu;g;Gf;fis fl;Lg;gLjj;jy;.
 xy;yhe;jupd; Mf;fpukpg;gpy; ,Ue;J kiyafj;ij ghJfhj;jy;.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; njhlu;ghf 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs;

 fp.gp 1630k; Mz;L ue;njdpnty Aj;jk;> fp.gp 1638k; Mz;L fd;ndhWt Aj;jk;
Mfpatw;wpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu gLNjhy;tpaila nra;jik.
 Nghu;j;Jf;Naiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J mfw;Wtjw;F xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpia ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lik.
 xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpAld; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J mfw;wpaik. (fp.gp
1658k; Mz;L)
 xy;yhe;ju; njhlu;ghf 2k; ,uh[rpq;fd; Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs;

 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;lJk;

mt;tplj;jpy; xy;yhe;ju; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiy epWj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
 vdpDk; fp.gp 1670 - 1675k; Mz;LfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUf;F
vjpuhf gy jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fs; trkpUe;j gy gpuNjrq;fis
kd;dd; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;.
 ,jd; %yk; fw;gpl;b> rpyhgk;> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G Nghd;w JiwKfq;fs;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cupj;jhfpapUe;jJ.
 ,t;thW fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rp guk;gYf;F gy;NtW tifapYk; gq;fspj;j 2k;
,uh[rpq;fd; fp.gp 1687k; Mz;L ,we;jhd;.
 2k; tpky ju;k #upad;
(fp.gp 1687 - 1706)

 2k; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtdJ kfdhd 2k; tpky ju;k #upad; fz;b
,ur;rpaj;jpd; kd;ddhf Kb #bf; nfhz;lhd;.
 ,td; jdJ je;ijiag; Nghy jpwik tha;e;j kd;ddhf ,y;yhtpbDk; jdJ
je;ijahy; tpuptile;j ,uhr;rpaj;ij ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s xy;yhe;jUld;
rkhjhdkhf nraw;gl;lhd;.
 ,tDila Ml;rpf;; fhyj;jpy;>
 gu;khtpy; ,Ue;J Gj;j gpf;Fkhu;fs; tutiof;fg;gl;L cgrk;gjh rlq;F
elhj;jg;gl;lJ. (xy;yhe;juhy; fg;gy; cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ)
 jyjh khspif tp];jupf;fg;gl;lJ.

 fp.gp 1707k; Mz;L fhykhdhd;.

 = tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpq;fd;
(fp.gp 1707 - 1739)

 ,uz;lhk; tpky ju;k #upadpd; kudj;jpd; gpd; mtdJ kfdhd = tPuguhf;fpuk

eNue;jpu rpq;fd; Ml;rp gPlNkwpdhd;.
 ,td; xU gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsdhf ,Ue;jjhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; rpq;fs
gpujhdpfs; jq;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij NkYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
 ,k;kd;dd; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,sturpia (ehaf;f mur tk;rk;)
tutioj;J jpUkzk; nra;J nfhzlhd;.
 kd;dDf;F thupR ,y;yhjjhy; ehaf;f tk;r Kiwg;gb kd;dDf;F gpd; kd;ddpd;
kidtpapd; rNfhjud; Ml;rp gPlNkwpdhd;.
 ,jd;gb ,q;ifapy; ehaf;f mur guk;giuapdupd; Ml;rp Muk;gkhdJ.
= tPu guhf;fpuk
eNue;jpu rpq;fd;
 ehaf;f mur tk;r Ml;rp
(fp.gp 1739 - 1815)

 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;j ehaf;f tk;r kd;du;fs;.

 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1739 - 1747)

 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1747 - 1781)
 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1781 - 1798)
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1798 - 1815)
 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1739 - 1747)

 = tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpu rpq;fd; thupR ,d;wp fp.gp 1739k; Mz;L ,wf;fNt
njd;dpe;jpa ehaf;f mur tk;r Kiwg;gb kfhuhzpapd; rNfhjudhd = tp[a
,uh[rpq;fd; Ml;rp gPlNkwpdhd;.
 ,tNd ehaf;f mur tk;rj;jpd; KjyhtJ kd;dd; Mthd;.
 ,tDila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; mur rig gpujhdpfSf;F ,Ue;j mjpfhu gyNk
mtd; vjpu; nfhz;l kpf Kf;fpakhd rthyhFk;.
 vdpDk; ,k;kd;dd; “ntyptpl;l = ruzq;fu gpf;F”tpd; MNyhrid gb
nraw;gl;lhd;.
 njd;dpe;jpa ,sturpia jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l ,td; thupR ,d;wp fp.gp 1747k;
Mz;L kuzkile;jhd;.
 fPu;jj
; p =
,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp
1747 - 1781)

 = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;

mtdJ kidtpapd; rNfhjudhd “fPu;j;jp
= ,uh[rpq;fd;” fz;bapd; kd;ddhdhd;.
 ,td; kd;ddhFk; NghJ gjpdhNw
tajhdgbahy; mtDila je;ijahd
“eNudg;g ehf;fd;” Ml;rp tplaq;fspy;
jiyapl;ljhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gzpfs;

 fp.gp 1753k; Mz;L rPak; ehl;bypUe;J “cghyp kfhNjuu;” jiyikapy;

ngsj;j gpf;Ffis tutioj;J cgrk;gjh tpohit elhj;jpaik.
 “rPak; epf;fha” gpupT Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; jho; ehl;bYk; fhzg;gl;l tpfhiufis Gdu; epu;khdk;
nra;jik.
 “ntyptpl;l = ruzq;fu gpf;F”tpw;F “rq;f uh[h” vDk; gjtpia toq;fp
ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;j cjtpaik.

 1782y; kuzkhdhd;.
,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd;
(fp.gp 1781 - 1798)

 fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fDf;F gpd; mtdJ

rNfhjud; ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; vDk;
ngaupy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
kd;ddhdhd;.
 ,tDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij
(fp.gp 1796k; Mz;L) gpupj;jhdpau;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
 ,k;kd;dd; fp.gp 1798k; Mz;L thuprpd;wp
,we;jhd;.
= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1798 - 1815)
 ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; mg;NghJ gpujk gpujhdpahf ,Ue;j
gpypkj;jyht jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp fz;Zrhkpia “= tpf;fpuk
,uh[rpq;fd;” vDk; ngaupy; fz;bapd; kd;ddhf;fpdhd;.
 vdpDk; kd;dd; gpypkj;jyhitia Gwf;fdpj;J ele;jjhy; kd;dDf;Fk;
gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa cwT NkYk; rPu;nfl njhlq;fpaJ.
 fp.gp 1803k; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ kd;dd; kf;fspd;
MjuTld; mg;gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;jhd;.
 gpw;fhyj;jpy; kd;ddpd; rpy nraw;ghLfshy; tpuf;jpaile;j kf;fs; kd;did
ntWf;f Muk;gpj;jdu;.
 ,r;re;ju;g;gj;ij gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpau; fp.gp 1815k; Mz;L fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ij ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
 gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;l kd;dd; ,e;jpahtpd; NtY}upy; rpiw
itf;fg;gl;lhd;.
 gpupj;jhdpau; fz;ba gpujhdpfSld; nra;J nfhz;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf fz;b
,uhr;rpak; gpupj;jhdpau; trkhdJ.
= tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; ifJ nra;ag;gly;
fz;ba cld;gbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thf
fl;likg;G
kd;dd;

gpujk gpujhdp 2k; gpujk gpujhdp

mur rig

gpujhdpfs;

jp]hitfs;

jiyik nrayhsu;

gpuNjr nrayhsu;
 murdpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

 ehl;bd; mikjpia NgZjy;.

 ghJfhg;G toq;fy;.
 rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd Kd;ida eltbf;iffis gpd;gw;Wjy;.
 ehl;bd; cau; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Fw;wthspfSf;F kuz jz;lid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; kd;dDf;F kl;LNk
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ehl;bd; midj;J murpay; eltbf;iffisAk; Kd;ndLj;jy;.
 nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;jy;.
 rfy epu;thf gzpfSf;Fk; jiyikahf nraw;gly;.

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; rfy epyq;fSk; kd;dDf;F nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jjhy;

kd;dd; “G+gjp” vDk; rpwg;G ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lhd;.
 gpujhdpfs;

gpujk gpujhdp 2k; gpujhd gpujhdp

(gy;Nyfk;gh) (clfk;gh)

 kfh Nfhuis  ehd;F Nfhuis

 Cth  %d;W Nfhwis
 khj;jis  Cth gpuNjrk;
 tyg;gid  cLEtu
 Etu fhtpa  al;bEtu
 nty;y];]  nfhj;kiy
 gpujhdpfspd; fl;lisfisAk; nra;jpfisAk; gpuhe;jpa
mjpfhupfSf;F nfhz;L nry;Yk; mjpfhup “fL Gs;Ns” vd
miof;fg;gl;lhu;;.

nts;sp G+z; ,lg;gl;l> Kid tise;j gpuk;G xd;W ,g;gjtpapd;

milahskhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
 khsppiff;F (k`hthry) nghWg;ghd
mjpfhupfs;

 kd;ddpd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,aq;fpadu;.

 mur khspifapd; fk;gPuj;ij Ngzpf; nfhz;L mur khspifr; nraw;ghLfis
elj;jpr; nry;Yjy; ,t;tjpfhupfspd; nghWg;ghFk;.

 khspiff;F cl;gl;l nghWg;Gf;fSk; mtu;fsJ gjtpg; ngau;fSk;

 ahidfSf;F nghWg;ghdtu; - f[ehaf;f epyNk
 Gdpj je;j jhJtpw;F nghWg;ghdtu; - jpatld epyNk
 MilazpfSf;F nghWg;ghdtu; - rYtld epyNk
 czT toq;fSf;F nghWg;ghdtu; - gj;tld epyNk
 Fjpiuyha Kfhe;jpuk;
 ftpauq;fpw;F nghWg;ghd Kfhe;jpuk;
 fsQ;rpa nghWg;ghsu;
 gpuhe;jpa epu;thfk;
fz;b ,ur;rpak; (21 gpupTfs;)

ul;ilfs; - 9 jp]hitfs; - 12

 cLEtu  ehd;F Nfhwis

 al;bEtu  %d;W Nfhwis
 nfhj;ky  Cth
 Jk;gid  rg;ufKt
 `up];gj;Jt  khj;jis
 Gyj;fk  tyg;gid
 cl Gyj;fk
 ul;ilfs; jp]hitfs;

ul;Nl uhy / ul;Nl

jp]hitkhu;fs;
k`hj;kah

ypaduhy Nfhwis - Nfhwis

cz;ba uhy gw;W

rpW mjpfhupfs; Kfhe;jpuq;fs; (Fy

mbg;gilapy;

tpjhidfs; (fpuhkk;)
 tup (gj;Nj) t#ypg;G

 kbNf gj;j - Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd tup

 FUNt gj;j - ahid gpbj;jYf;fhd tup
 gln`y gj;j - tidjYf;fhd tup
 uP ngj;j - ryitf;fhd tup
 n`e;j gj;j - nerTf;fhd tup
 tpfhiufs; Njthyaq;fspd; epu;thfk;

 tpfhiufspd; epu;thfk; “k`hehaf;f> mDehaf;f” vd;Nghupd; fPo;

nraw;gl;lJ.
 jyjh khspifapd; epu;thfk; jpatld epyNkaplk; ,Ue;jJ.
 tpfhiufs;> Njthyaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw gupghypj;jy;>
 G+i[fs;> ngu`uhf;fis elj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpw;F fpuhkj; jiytu;fs;
,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; fPo; jkJ Nritfis toq;fpdu;.
 ePjp nraw;ghLfs;

 ,q;F cau; ePjp mjpfhuk; kd;ddplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

 Xt;nthU cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; mtutu; cj;jpNahfj;jpw;F Vw;g ePjp mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; kd;ddhy; kl;LNk rpy tof;Ffs; tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mt;thwhd tof;Ffshf>
 Kf;fpa jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;

 tpfhiufs;> gpf;Fkhu;fs; rk;ge;jkhd tof;Ffs;

 ,uh[ JNuhfj;Jld; njhlu;ghd tof;Fffs;

 fpsu;r;rpfs;> Fog;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;

 #o;r;rp njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l
jz;lidfs;

 fd;dj;jpy; miwjy;.
 tpyq;fpLjy;.
 Koe;jhoplr; nra;jy;.
 Kbia fj;jupj;jy;.
 njd;id kl;ilahy; mbj;jy;.
 Ju;ehw;wj;jpd; kj;jpapy; itj;jy;.
 firahy; mbj;jy;.
 fPo; Fyj;jtuhf;Fjy;.
 ehL flj;Jjy;.
 ePupy; %o;fbj;Jf; nfhy;Yjy;.
 ahiday; kpjpf;fr; nra;jy;.
 nghUshjhu mikg;G
 tptrhag; nghUshjhukhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Efu;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l RaNjit G+u;j;jp nghUshjhu Kiw.
 new;gapu;nra;if epyk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lbUe;jJ.
 gbfl;L Kiwapy; new;gapu; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 ngUthupahd epyg;gFjpapy; Nridg; gapu;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzk; - Fuf;fd;> Nrhsk;> jpid> rhik> fpoq;F tiffs;
 tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fspy; gyhf;fha;> <ug;gyhf;fha;> kpsF> rhjpf;fha;> fuhk;G> ghf;F>
kuf;fwp> gotif vd;gd nra;if gz;zg;gl;ld.
 gy ifj;njhopy;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk; - ,Uk;G cNyhfk;> kuk;> muf;F
 tptrhaj; NjitfSf;fhfTk; ghy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; kpUf tsu;g;G ,lk;
ngw;wJ.
gbf;fl;L Kiwapyhd
new;gapu; nra;if
 kpsF

,Q;rp

kQ;rs;

tPl;Lj;
Njhl;lg;
gapu;nra;if
rhjpf;fha;

fuhk;G
 fz;b ,ur;rpaj;jpd; r%f mikg;G

 gy;NtW epy mDgtpg;G Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzk; -
 fghlfk; - mur khspiff;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit.
 epe;jfk; - gpujhdpfspd; Nritf;fhf toq;fg;gl;lit.
 Njthyfk; - Njthyaq;fSf;F jhdkspf;fg;gl;lit.

 tpfhufk; - tpfhiufSf;F jhdkspf;fgl;lit.

 guNtdpfk; - fpuhkj;jtu;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahf mDgtpj;jit.

 fpuhkpa r%f Kiwahf fhzg;gl;lJ.

 fpuhkq;fs; RaNjit G+u;j;jp mile;jpUe;jik.
 r%fk; Fyj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ.
 jpUkzq;fs; me;je;j Fyj;jtu;fspilNa fhzg;gl;lJ.
 FLk;gk; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd myfhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
 gy;NtW jpUkz Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk; - jPf jpUkzk;> gpd;d jpUkzk;> xNu tPl;by; rhg;gpLjy;
 ciog;ig gupkhw;Wk; nfhs;Sk; (mj;jk; Kiw) Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ew;gz;Gfis nfhz;l r%fkhf fhzg;gl;lik.
 fpuhkpa tho;f;ifapd; gpupf;f Kbahj mk;rkhf tpfhiufs; fhzg;gl;ld.
ed;wp