Q1)A fruit juice manufacturing company has ordered metal drums for packing and

despatching fruit juice to different places in the country. You have procured steel
drums and you need to coat the drum with a metal. Which metallic coating you
would recommend for the end use and why? Discuss the process with a neat
diagram. - Tin coating is done inside the drums for food storage since Tin will not
react with food stuff (acidic) and is a cathodic protective coating. (1 m) - Process of
tinning to be explained using a suitable diagram (4 m) explain this in an easy to
understand language with the help of an easy to understand example

For coating the steel drums used for packing and dispatching fruit juice, I would
recommend tin coating for the interior of the drums. Tin is an excellent choice for
food storage containers because it is resistant to corrosion and does not react with
acidic food substances, making it safe for storing fruit juice.

The process of tinning involves applying a layer of tin onto the surface of the steel
drum through a process called electroplating. Here's how it works:

1. Cleaning the Surface: Before the tin coating process begins, the surface of
the steel drum is thoroughly cleaned to remove any dirt, grease, or other
contaminants. This ensures good adhesion of the tin layer to the steel surface.
2. Preparation of Electrolyte Solution: An electrolyte solution is prepared,
typically containing dissolved tin salts. This solution acts as the source of tin
ions for the electroplating process.
3. Placing the Drum in the Electrolyte Solution: The cleaned steel drum is
immersed in the electrolyte solution. The drum acts as the cathode in the
electroplating process.
4. Passing Electric Current: A direct electric current is passed through the
electrolyte solution. This current causes tin ions from the solution to be
attracted to the surface of the steel drum, where they are deposited as a thin
layer of tin.
5. Formation of Tin Coating: As the electric current continues to flow, the tin
ions accumulate on the surface of the steel drum, gradually forming a uniform
layer of tin coating.
6. Rinsing and Drying: Once the desired thickness of tin coating is achieved, the
steel drum is removed from the electrolyte solution and thoroughly rinsed to
remove any excess electrolyte. Finally, the drum is dried to complete the
tinning process.
Q2)Thiourea, a compound containing sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, can act as a
cathodic inhibitor in the corrosion process. When introduced into an acidic environment
along with a metallic structure, thiourea can alter the corrosion process by acting as a
protective layer on the metal surface.

1. Inhibition in Acidic Environment: In an acidic environment, metals tend to undergo

anodic dissolution, where metal ions are released into the solution, leading to
corrosion. Thiourea acts as a cathodic inhibitor by forming a complex with metal ions,
preventing them from participating in cathodic reactions, thus inhibiting the overall
corrosion process.
For example, let's consider iron exposed to an acidic environment. In the absence of
thiourea, iron ions (Fe²⁺) are produced through anodic dissolution:
Fe(s) → Fe²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻
These iron ions can then react with acid and oxygen to form iron oxide (rust),
accelerating the corrosion process. However, when thiourea is present, it forms a
complex with iron ions:
Fe²⁺(aq) + 2SC(NH₂)₂ → [Fe(SC(NH₂)₂)₂]²⁺
This complex formation prevents the iron ions from reacting further and forming rust,
thus slowing down the corrosion of the metallic structure.
2. Inhibition in Neutral Environment: In a neutral environment, metals can still
undergo corrosion, albeit at a slower rate compared to acidic environments. Thiourea
can also act as a cathodic inhibitor in neutral environments, albeit through a slightly
different mechanism.
In a neutral environment, metal ions can react with water molecules to form
hydroxide ions:
Fe²⁺(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → Fe(OH)₂(s) + 2H⁺(aq)
Thiourea can interact with these hydroxide ions, forming a complex that inhibits
further reaction:
2SC(NH₂)₂ + 2OH⁻ → [SC(NH₂)₂]₂ + 2H₂O
This complex formation prevents the formation of metal hydroxides, thus reducing the
rate of corrosion in the neutral environment.

In summary, thiourea acts as a cathodic inhibitor by forming complexes with metal ions,
thereby hindering their participation in cathodic reactions and slowing down the corrosion
process in both acidic and neutral environments.

Intercalation:

 Intercalation refers to the process where lithium ions are inserted into the
crystal lattice of the electrode material during charging.
 When a lithium-ion battery is being charged, lithium ions are released from
the positive electrode (cathode) and travel through the electrolyte to the
negative electrode (anode).
  At the anode, the lithium ions are intercalated into the crystal structure of the
anode material (typically graphite or other carbon-based materials).
 This intercalation process is reversible, meaning the lithium ions can be
inserted and removed from the crystal lattice without causing significant
damage to the electrode material.

Deintercalation:

 Deintercalation, also known as extraction or de-insertion, is the opposite

process of intercalation.
 During discharge, lithium ions are extracted from the crystal lattice of the
anode material and move back to the cathode.
 As the battery discharges, energy is released as the lithium ions travel back
through the electrolyte to the cathode, where they are intercalated into the
cathode material (typically lithium cobalt oxide or similar materials).