However, the Philippine government has been focused on these concerns and

problems in rice production, which is a significant contributor to GDP. According to

Valenzona et al. (2020), the local government organized a farmers’ association to

discuss farming concerns and demands, particularly farming techniques.

Red et al. (2021) considered a Farmer Field School program that would affect

farmers’ knowledge and farming practices while increasing farmers’ profitability. An

extension agent is also included in the equation.

According to Maryani et al. (2017), agricultural extension agents established certain

ways to boost rice production.

And today, there are numerous agricultural technologies and farming techniques that

farmers must implement in order to improve their well-being and production activity

(Awotide et al., 2016).

According to Fahad et al. (2019), various factors have a negative impact on farming

production activities, such as farmer limits regarding technology and knowledge,

socioeconomic concerns, water and soil problems, insect, disease, and weather

problems, among others. On the other hand, approximately 42.47% of rice farmers

reported high output levels. This has an impact on their agricultural production.

1
 Chowdhury et al. (2020) demonstrated that farmers who had strong harvests had

implemented technologies that would increase their output.

As a result, rice farmers must adopt new technology that can help them boost farming

efficiency and productivity (Rozaki et al., 2020).

Indeed, Casinillo (2022) proposed that rural farmers be assisted with agricultural

inputs and equipment so that they can readily advance their level of productivity.

2
Agriculture & Rural Development, 22(4), 149-156.

https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.22_4/

Casinillo and Seriño. M. N. (2022). Econometric evidence on happiness

And its determinants among rice farmers in Leyte, Philippines.

Independent

Journal of Management & Production, 13(5), 1026-1044.

https://doi.org/10.14807/jmp.v13i5.1597

Chowdhury, N. R., Das, A., Mukherjee, M., Swain, S., Joardar, M., De, A.,
Mridha, D.,

3
 & Roychowdhury, T. (2020). Monsoonal paddy cultivatíon with phase-
wise

Arsenic distribution in exposed and control sites of West

Bengal, alongside its assimilation in rice grain. Journal of Hazardous

Materials, p.

400. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123206

Agriculture & Rural Development, 22(4), 149-156.

https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.22_4/

Casinillo and Seriño. M. N. (2022). Econometric evidence on happiness

And its determinants among rice farmers in Leyte, Philippines.

Independent

Journal of Management & Production, 13(5), 1026-1044.

4
 https://doi.org/10.14807/jmp.v13i5.1597

Chowdhury, N. R., Das, A., Mukherjee, M., Swain, S., Joardar, M., De, A.,
Mridha, D.,

& Roychowdhury, T. (2020). Monsoonal paddy cultivatíon with phase-

wise

Arsenic distribution in exposed and control sites of West

Bengal, alongside its assimilation in rice grain. Journal of Hazardous

Materials, p.

400. https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123206

Fahad, S., Adnan, M., Noor, M., Arif, M., Alam, M., Khan, I. A., Ullah, H., Wahid,
F.,

Mian, I. A., Jamal, Y., Basir, A., Hassan, S. Saud, S., Amanullah, Riaz, M., Wu,

C., Khan, M. A., & Wang, D. (2019). Major constraints for global rice production.

In Advances in Rice Research for Abiotic Stress Tolerance (pp. 1-22). Wood
head

Publishing. https://doi org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814332. 2.00001-0

5
Hurricane Research Division, 2015: Subject: E25) Which countries have had the most

Tropical cyclones hits? Frequently Askcd Questions, NOAA AOML.

[Available

Online at http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E25.html.]

Israel, D., 2012: Typhoons, floods, and droughts: Regional occur rence and value of
damages

To rice farming in the Philippines. PIDS Policy Notes, No. 2012-15, Philippine
Institute

For Development Studies, 6 pp. [Available online at

http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/pn/pidspn1215.pdf.]

Garcia, H. (N.D.). The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security.

Dialnet.unirioja.es.

Retrieved May 15, 2023, from

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4229903.pdf

Maryani, A., Haryanto, Y., & Anwarudin, O. (2017). The strategy of agricultural

Extension to improve participation of the farmers in special effort in increasing

Rice production. International Journal of Sciences : Basic and Applied

Research

(IJSBAR), 36(4), 163-174. https://core.ac.uk/outputs/249336120

6
Masutomi, Y., T. lizumi, K. Takahashi, and M. Yokozawa, 2012: Estimation of the
damage

Area due to tropical cyclones using fragility curves for paddy rice in Japan.

Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 014020, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014020.

Pelegrino, E. N. (2020, November 26). The Importance of Rice to Filipinos’ Lives.

National

Nutrition Council. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from

https://nnc.gov.ph/regional-offices/mindanao/region-ix-zamboanga-
peninsula/4387-the-importance-of-rice-to-filipinos-lives

Pests and Diseases – IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (N.D.). Pests and diseases – IRRI
Rice

Knowledge Bank. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/pests-and-
diseases

Red, F. S., Amestoso, N. T., & Casinillo, L. F. (2021). Effect of Farmer Field School

(FFS) on the knowledge, attitude, practices, and profitability of rice farmers.

Philippine Social Science Journal, 4(4), 145-154. https//doi.org/10.52006/

7
 Main.v4i4.420

Rozaki, Z., Salassa, D. I., & Nugroho, R. B. (2020). Farmers responses to organic rice

Farming in Indonesia: Findings from central Java and South Sulawesi. Open

Agriculture, 5(1), 703-710. https:// doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0070

Ruales, J. H., Seriño, M. N. V., Ratilla, T. C., Cuizon, J. G., & Enerlan, W. C. (2020).

Investment appraisal of selected Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices

among

Small-scale coconut farmers in Leyte, Philippines. Scientific Papers Series

Management, Economc Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development,

2013),

499-506. http:// managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.20_3/Art53.pdf

Samoy-Pascual, K., Yadav, S., Evangelista, G., Burac, M. A., Rafael, M., Cabangon,
R.,

Tokida, T., Mizoguchi, M., & Regalado, M. J. (2022). Determinants in the

adoption

Of alternate wetting and drying technique for rice production in a gravity surface

Irrigation system in the Philippines. Water, 14(1), 5.

https://ldoi org/10 3390/w14010005

8
Stuecker, M.F., Tigchelaar, M., & Kantar, M. B. (2018). Climate variability impacts
on

Production in the Philippines. PloS One, 13(8), e0201426.

https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201426

Valenzona, R. M. P., Amestoso, N. T., & Casinillo, L. F. (2020). Assessing the

success of

Farmers associations: The case of Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. Journal of

Agriculture and Technology Management (JATM), 23(1), 14-25.

http://jatm.ctu.edu.ph/index.php/jatm/article/view/338

9
“Factors affecting the Rice Production of Farmers in

Barangay Tin-awan Mac-Arthur, Leyte:

A Phenomenological Study”

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Presented to

Mr. Romulo D. Reas

Abuyog Community College Senior High School

Faculty members

In Partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Practical Research 1

Presented by:

CABUYOC , DARREL L.

10
TABAYAG , MA.FE Q.

ANTIDO , PHILIPSON D.

CANALES , AJ

JUNE 2023

ACCEPTANCE SHEET

A research proposal entitled “Factors Affecting the Rice Production of Farmers in

Barangay Tin-awan Mac-Arthur, Leyte: A Phenomenological Study” was prepared
and submitted by grade 11 humanities and social science students. This is approved
for partial fulfillment of Practical Research 1 requirements.

ROMULO D. REAS

Practical Research 1 Teacher

11
Date

APPROVAL SHEET

ABUYOG COMMUNITY COLLE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ABUYOG,LEYTE

RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT

12
 Name of students: CABUYOC , DARREL L.

TABAYAG , MA.FE Q.

ANTIDO , PHILIPSON D.

CANALES , AJ Y.

Track and Strand: Academic: Academic –Humanities and Social Science

(HUMSS)

Title of the study: Factors affecting the Rice Production of Farmer

Barangay Tin-awan Mac-Arthur, Leyte:

A Phenomenological Study

Approved:

ROMULO D. REAS Research 1 Teacher Date: ______

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

13
Above all, we want to give Almighty God our sincere gratitude and praise for guiding
the researchers while they prepared this research proposal. The scientists won’t be
able to complete this properly without him.

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the outstanding teacher and
research facilitator Mr. Romulo Reas for helping them create a successful research
proposal and for being there, particularly to improve their grammar in this research
study.

The researchers want to thank their friends and family for their moral support, as well
as their parents for helping them financially and for being patient with them despite
their financial difficulties.

In that instance, several farmers rely on rice growing for income and staple

food. However, the majority of farmers are elderly, traditional farmers have low

educational attainment, and their living conditions are below the country’s poverty

line. As a result, their degree of rice production activity is influenced by these aid

programs, one of which is an agricultural extension agent who will handle the

farmers’ problems and other worries. Extension agents work as educators, mediators,

organizers, facilitators, solution providers, and enablers for farmers (Casinillo &

Seriño 2022).

Indeed, according to Aguda et al. (2022), the province of Leyte, Philippines,

aims to create a sustainable, resilient, and high-earning agricultural sector while also

ensuring the availability of food on individual family tables.

Additionally, small-scale farmers in Leyte require assistance related to input

supply limits, climatic circumstances, financial considerations, pests and illnesses,

and agricultural equipment, among other factors (Ruales et al., 2020; Red et al., 2021)

14
 Similarly, Casinillo (2020, 2022) shown that low rice output prices have a

negative impact on rice production in the country.

Stuecker et al. (2018), revealed that rice production is affected by soil

moisture, seasonal pests and diseases, and even temperature stress due to the

country’s climate unpredictability.

Alam et al. (2011) found that rice productivity is affected by the demographic

and socioeconomic profile of farmers, as well as their restrictions.

Furthermore, Atera et al. (2018) claimed that rice production and marketing

are difficult, particularly in terms of supply chain management.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aguda, M. I. D., Amestoso, N. T., & Casinillo, L. (2022). Service quality and farmer-

beneficiaries’ satisfaction on the Plant-Now-Pay-Later Program of Baybay City

agriculture office. Review of Socioeconomic Research and Development Studies,

6(1), 1-18.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6542683

Alam, M., Siwar, C., Talib, B., & Toriman, M. (2011). The relationships between the

socioeconomic profile of farmers and paddy productivity in North-West Selangor,

Malaysia.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2941534

Atera, E. A., Onyancha, F. N., & Majiwa, E. B. (2018). Challenges and opportunities.

15
Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(3), 64-70.

https//doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2017.0881

Awotide, B. A, Karimov, A. A., & Diagne, A. (2016). Agricultural technology

adoption, commercialization and smallholder rice farmers welfare in rural

Nigeria. Agricultural and Food Economics,4(1), 1-24.

https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1186/s40100-016-0047-8

Casinillo, L.F.(2020). Econometric modeling on satisfaction in rice farming under

Philippine Rice Tariffication Law. Journal of Research and Multidisciplinary, 3(2),

326-336.https://doi.org/10.5281/jrm.v3i238

Casinillo, L. (2022a). Modeling profitability in rice farming under Philippine Rice

Tariffication Law: An econometric approach. Scientific Papers. Series “Management,

Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development”,22(3),123 130.

https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/index.php/scientific-papers/2931

Casinillo, L.F.(2022b). Econometric analysis on rice farmers’ income as influenced

by extension agent’s role. Scientific Papers: Management, Economic Engineering in

Agriculture & Rural Development, 22(4), 149-156.

https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.22_4/

Casinillo and Seriño. M. N. (2022). Econometric evidence on happiness and its

determinants among rice farmers in Leyte, Philippines. Independent Journal of

Management & Production, 13(5), 1026-1044.

https://doi.org/10.14807/jmp.v13i5.1597

16
Chowdhury, N. R., Das, A., Mukherjee, M., Swain, S., Joardar, M., De, A., Mridha,

D., & Roychowdhury, T. (2020). Monsoonal paddy cultivatíon with phase-wise

arsenic distribution in exposed and control sites of West Bengal, alongside its

assimilation in rice grain. Journal of Hazardous Materials, p. 400.

https//doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123206

Fahad, S., Adnan, M., Noor, M., Arif, M., Alam, M., Khan, I. A., Ullah, H., Wahid,

F., Mian, I. A., Jamal, Y., Basir, A., Hassan, S. Saud, S., Amanullah, Riaz, M., Wu,

C., Khan, M. A., & Wang, D. (2019). Major constraints for global rice production. In

Advances in Rice Research for Abiotic Stress Tolerance (pp. 1-22). Wood head

Publishing.

https://doi org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814332. 2.00001-0

Hurricane Research Division, 2015: Subject: E25) Which countries have had the most

tropical cyclones hits? Frequently Askcd Questions, NOAA AOML.

http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E25.html.

Israel, D., 2012: Typhoons, floods, and droughts: Regional occur rence and value of

damages to rice farming in the Philippines. PIDS Policy Notes, No. 2012-15,

Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 6 pp.

http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/pn/pidspn1215.pdf.

Garcia, H. (N.D.). The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security.

Dialnet.unirioja.es. Retrieved May 15, 2023

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4229903.pdf

17
Maryani, A., Haryanto, Y., & Anwarudin, O. (2017). The strategy of agricultural

Extension to improve participation of the farmers in special effort in increasing Rice

production. International Journal of Sciences : Basic and Applied Research

(IJSBAR), 36(4), 163-174.

https://core.ac.uk/outputs/249336120

Masutomi, Y., T. lizumi, K. Takahashi, and M. Yokozawa, 2012: Estimation of the

damage area due to tropical cyclones using fragility curves for paddy rice in

Japan.Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 014020, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014020.

Pelegrino, E. N. (2020, November 26). The Importance of Rice to Filipinos’ Lives.

National Nutrition Council. Retrieved May 30, 2023

https://nnc.gov.ph/regional-offices/mindanao/region-ix-zamboanga-

peninsula/4387-the-importance-of-rice-to-filipinos-lives

Pests and Diseases – IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (N.D.). Pests and diseases – IRRI

Rice Knowledge Bank. Retrieved May 30, 2023,

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/pests-and-

diseases

Red, F. S., Amestoso, N. T., & Casinillo, L. F. (2021). Effect of Farmer Field School

(FFS) on the knowledge, attitude, practices, and profitability of rice farmers.

Philippine Social Science Journal, 4(4), 145-154.

https//doi.org/10.52006/main.v4i4.420

Rozaki, Z., Salassa, D. I., & Nugroho, R. B. (2020). Farmers responses to organic rice

farming in Indonesia: Findings from central Java and South Sulawesi. Open

Agriculture, 5(1), 703-710. https:// doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0070

18
Ruales, J. H., Seriño, M. N. V., Ratilla, T. C., Cuizon, J. G., & Enerlan, W. C. (2020).

Investment appraisal of selected Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices among

small-scale coconut farmers in Leyte, Philippines. Scientific Papers Series

Management, Economc Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 2013),

499-506.

http:// managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.20_3/Art53.pdf

Samoy-Pascual, K., Yadav, S., Evangelista, G., Burac, M. A., Rafael, M., Cabangon,

R.,Tokida, T., Mizoguchi, M., & Regalado, M. J. (2022). Determinants in the

adoption of alternate wetting and drying technique for rice production in a gravity

surface irrigation system in the Philippines. Water, 14(1), 5.

https://ldoi org/10 3390/w14010005

Stuecker, M.F., Tigchelaar, M., & Kantar, M. B. (2018). Climate variability impacts

on production in the Philippines. PloS One, 13(8), e0201426.

https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201426

Valenzona, R. M. P., Amestoso, N. T., & Casinillo, L. F. (2020). Assessing the

success of farmers associations: The case of Baybay City, Leyte, Philippines. Journal

of Agriculture and Technology Management (JATM), 23(1), 14-25.

http://jatm.ctu.edu.ph/index.php/jatm/article/view/338

19
 APPENDIX A

CONSENT LETTER

LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

June 5, 2023

GERLADIN A. COLARTE
Brgy. Captain
Brgy. Tin-awan, Mac-Arthur, Leyte

20
Dear Ma’am,

Greetings of peace!

The undersigned will be conducting a research on “Factors Affecting the

Rice Production of Farmers” in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical

Research 1.

In connection with this may we have the honor to ask permission from your

good office to administer our study among involve Farmers in your barangay.

Your favorable response will be highly most appreciated God bless and Thank

you.

Approved by :

GERALDIN A. COLARTE

Brgy. Captain

Respectfully yours,

The Researchers

Noted by:

ROMULO D. REAS

Researcher’s Teacher

21
 APPENDIX A

CONSENT LETTER

LETTER TO THE PARTICIPANT

June 5 , 2023

PARTICIPANTS

Brgy. Tin-awan Mac-Arthur Leyte

Dear Participants,

22
Greetings!

We, the undersigned, humbly request your participation in our study, “The

factors affecting the Rice Production of Farmers.” In order to partially fulfill the

requirements for Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research).

We are hoping that you can assist us by honestly and completely responding to

the questions. You may be sure that we will keep all of your responses private.

We sincerely appreciate your cooperation.

Respectfully yours,

The Researchers

Noted by:

ROMULO D. REAS

Researcher’s Teacher

APPENDIX B

INTERVIEW

Research Interview Form for the Farmer Worker

RESEARCH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Question for the Farm Workers

Please answer the questions thruthfully and freely. Your response will be kept

confidential. You may withdraw from the study at any time for any reasons. However,

once data is complied for analysis. The responses cannot be removed from the data.

(Optional) Name: Gender:

23
 Age: Social status:

Year’s of experience in rice farming:

Questions:

Q1. What is the everyday lives of being a farmer?

Ano it adlaw- adlaw na kinabuhi hit usa na mag- uuma?

Q2. How important is rice production in your daily lives as a farmer?

Ano ka importante it paghahagna ha usa ka parag- uma?

Q3. What are the major challenges you encounter as farmers in the process of rice

production? How these challenges affects the number of yields to produce?

Ano it mga kakurian na naagian hit usa na parag- uma ha paghahagna?

Paunanhun ini nakaapekto ha kadamo han ani na humay?

Q4. What is the major factors that affect the rice production of farmers ?

Ano na mga rason an dako an epekto ha pagtatanom hin humay?

Q5. What do you think would happen to your farm and family if these factors affect

the rice production continue to destroy your crops?

Para ha usa na mag-uruma, anu it mahihinabo kun padayun na makaapekto ini na

mga rason ha proseso han pagtatanom hin humay?

24
25