**Digestive System of Frog:**

1. **Sentence:** The digestive system of a frog consists of the alimentary canal, digestive
glands, and the processes of digestion and absorption.
- **MCQ:** What are the main components of the frog's digestive system?
- A) Alimentary canal and excretory glands
- B) Alimentary canal, digestive glands, and the processes of digestion and absorption
- C) Digestive glands and circulatory system
- D) Alimentary canal and respiratory glands

2. **Sentence:** The alimentary canal of a frog is a long, coiled structure that opens anteriorly
at the mouth and posteriorly at the cloacal aperture.
- **MCQ:** Where does the frog's alimentary canal open?
- A) Anteriorly at the mouth and posteriorly at the cloacal aperture
- B) Anteriorly at the nostrils and posteriorly at the anus
- C) Anteriorly at the glottis and posteriorly at the cloaca
- D) Anteriorly at the esophagus and posteriorly at the rectum

3. **Sentence:** It includes the buccopharyngeal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,

rectum, and anus.
- **MCQ:** Which parts are included in the frog's alimentary canal?
- A) Buccopharyngeal cavity, trachea, stomach, small intestine, colon, and anus
- B) Buccopharyngeal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, and anus
- C) Mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, rectum, and cloaca
- D) Mouth, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

**Buccopharyngeal Cavity:**
4. **Sentence:** The alimentary canal begins with an opening called the mouth.
- **MCQ:** What is the initial opening of the frog's alimentary canal called?
- A) Esophagus
 - B) Glottis
- C) Mouth
- D) Cloaca

5. **Sentence:** The mouth is situated between the upper and lower jaws and leads into a wide,
broad cavity known as the buccal cavity.
- **MCQ:** Where does the mouth lead in the frog's alimentary canal?
- A) Pharynx
- B) Buccal cavity
- C) Esophagus
- D) Stomach

6. **Sentence:** Posteriorly, it narrows into the pharynx.

- **MCQ:** What does the buccal cavity narrow into posteriorly?
- A) Esophagus
- B) Glottis
- C) Pharynx
- D) Stomach

**Structures Present on the Upper Jaw:**

7. **Sentence:** The upper jaw of a frog is fixed and immovable.
- **MCQ:** How is the upper jaw of a frog described?
- A) Movable and flexible
- B) Fixed and immovable
- C) Flexible and immovable
- D) Fixed and movable

8. **Sentence:** Maxillary Teeth: Situated on either side of the upper jaw, these teeth are
sharply pointed and not fixed in sockets.
 - **MCQ:** How are the maxillary teeth of a frog described?
- A) Blunt and fixed in sockets
- B) Sharply pointed and not fixed in sockets
- C) Blunt and not fixed in sockets
- D) Sharply pointed and fixed in sockets

9. **Sentence:** They are directly attached to the maxilla.

- **MCQ:** Where are the maxillary teeth directly attached?
- A) Mandible
- B) Vomer bone
- C) Maxilla
- D) Premaxilla

10. **Sentence:** The pointed tips of the maxillary teeth are called premaxillary teeth, which
help in closing the mouth.
- **MCQ:** What are the pointed tips of the maxillary teeth called?
- A) Canine teeth
- B) Vomerine teeth
- C) Premaxillary teeth
- D) Incisors

11. **Sentence:** Vomerine Teeth: These are two small patches of teeth pointing backwards,
located on either side of the midline of the roof of the buccal cavity.
- **MCQ:** Where are the vomerine teeth located?
- A) On the lower jaw
- B) On either side of the midline of the roof of the buccal cavity
- C) Near the premaxillary teeth
- D) On the mandible
12. **Sentence:** They are borne on the vomer bone.
- **MCQ:** On which bone are the vomerine teeth borne?
- A) Maxilla
- B) Premaxilla
- C) Vomer
- D) Mandible

13. **Sentence:** Fossae: There are three pits located at the tip of the upper jaw, near the
premaxillary teeth.
- **MCQ:** Where are the fossae located?
- A) At the tip of the lower jaw
- B) At the base of the vomer bone
- C) At the tip of the upper jaw, near the premaxillary teeth
- D) At the sides of the buccal cavity

14. **Sentence:** The middle one is larger and called the median suborbital fossa, while the
other two are smaller and termed lateral suborbital fossae.
- **MCQ:** What is the larger fossa called?
- A) Lateral suborbital fossa
- B) Median suborbital fossa
- C) Premaxillary fossa
- D) Maxillary fossa

15. **Sentence:** These fossae help in closing the mouth during respiration.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of the fossae in the frog's upper jaw?
- A) Assisting in swallowing food
- B) Helping in closing the mouth during respiration
- C) Assisting in chewing food
- D) Providing structural support
16. **Sentence:** Internal Nares: These are two internal openings located outside the vomerine
teeth patches.
- **MCQ:** Where are the internal nares located?
- A) Inside the vomerine teeth patches
- B) Outside the vomerine teeth patches
- C) Near the premaxillary teeth
- D) At the base of the lower jaw

17. **Sentence:** They communicate with the external nostrils and aid in respiration.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of the internal nares?
- A) Aiding in digestion
- B) Communicating with the external nostrils and aiding in respiration
- C) Assisting in food conduction
- D) Helping in closing the mouth

18. **Sentence:** Eyeball Bulges: Oval areas on the roof of the upper jaw that form sockets for
the eyes and assist in swallowing food.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of the eyeball bulges?
- A) Forming sockets for the eyes and assisting in swallowing food
- B) Aiding in respiration
- C) Helping in closing the mouth
- D) Assisting in digestion

19. **Sentence:** Eustachian Tubes: Spindle-shaped openings on either side, near the jaw
angles, called Eustachian tubes.
- **MCQ:** Where are the Eustachian tubes located in a frog?
- A) Near the midline of the buccal cavity
- B) Near the jaw angles
 - C) At the tip of the lower jaw
- D) On the roof of the buccal cavity

20. **Sentence:** They connect the pharyngeal cavity and middle ear, opening into the internal
ear.
- **MCQ:** What do the Eustachian tubes connect?
- A) The buccal cavity and external ear
- B) The pharyngeal cavity and middle ear
- C) The pharynx and external ear
- D) The buccal cavity and internal ear

**Lower Jaw:**
21. **Sentence:** The lower jaw of a frog is movable and operates in a vertical plane.
- **MCQ:** How does the lower jaw of a frog operate?
- A) In a horizontal plane
- B) In a vertical plane
- C) In a circular motion
- D) In a diagonal plane

22. **Sentence:** It lacks teeth and consists of the following structures.

- **MCQ:** What does the lower jaw of a frog lack?
- A) Tongue
- B) Teeth
- C) Glottis
- D) Vocal sacs

23. **Sentence:** Tongue: A large, thick, fleshy organ attached at the front tip of the lower jaw
and free at the rear.
- **MCQ:** How is the frog's tongue attached to the lower jaw?
 - A) Attached at the rear tip and free at the front
- B) Attached at the front tip and free at the rear
- C) Attached at both ends
- D) Free at both ends

24. **Sentence:** The upper surface of the tongue bears taste buds in the form of small papillae
and mucous glands.
- **MCQ:** What is found on the upper surface of the frog's tongue?
- A) Teeth and salivary glands
- B) Taste buds in the form of small papillae and mucous glands
- C) Vocal sacs and mucous glands
- D) Taste buds and digestive glands

25. **Sentence:** Secretions from these glands keep the tongue moist.
- **MCQ:** What is the purpose of the secretions from the mucous glands on the frog's
tongue?
- A) To aid in digestion
- B) To assist in swallowing
- C) To keep the tongue moist
- D) To produce enzymes

26. **Sentence:** Neither taste buds nor mucous glands produce digestive enzymes.
- **MCQ:** What do neither taste buds nor mucous glands on the frog's tongue produce?
- A) Mucus
- B) Digestive enzymes
- C) Saliva
- D) Hormones
27. **Sentence:** Protrusible Tongue: The tongue can be protruded rapidly due to muscular
action, assisted by the sudden flow of lymph from sublingual lymphatic sacs located in the
tongue.
- **MCQ:** What enables the frog's tongue to be protruded rapidly?
- A) Sudden flow of blood from sublingual sacs
- B) Muscular action and the sudden flow of lymph from sublingual lymphatic sacs
- C) Movement of the glottis
- D) Movement of the jaw

28. **Sentence:** Glottis: A longitudinal median slit-like aperture in the pharynx behind the
tongue that guards the entrance to the lungs.
- **MCQ:** What is the glottis in a frog?
- A) A muscular structure in the stomach
- B) A longitudinal median slit-like aperture in the pharynx behind the tongue
- C) An opening in the lower jaw
- D) A tube connecting the mouth and esophagus

29. **Sentence:** It leads to the laryngotracheal chamber, opening during breathing and closing
during swallowing of food.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of the glottis in a frog?
- A) To aid in digestion
- B) To lead to the laryngotracheal chamber, opening during breathing and closing during
swallowing of food
- C) To assist in sound production
- D) To help in respiration only

30. **Sentence:** Vocal Sacs (in male frogs): Located on either side of the tongue angle of the
lower jaw, these pores act as resonators during croaking.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of the vocal sacs in male frogs?
- A) To assist in digestion
 - B) To aid in respiration
- C) To act as resonators during croaking
- D) To help in food conduction

31. **Sentence:** Gullet: A horizontal opening just above the glottis through which food enters
the esophagus leading to the stomach.
- **MCQ:** What is the gullet in a frog?
- A) A vertical opening in the lower jaw
- B) A horizontal opening just above the glottis through which food enters the esophagus
- C) A circular muscle in the stomach
- D) A tube connecting the mouth and rectum

32. **Sentence:** Prelingual Elevations: Three small elevations at the front end of the lower jaw
that fit into the fossae of the upper jaw, aiding in mouth closure.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of prelingual elevations in a frog?
- A) To aid in respiration
- B) To fit into the fossae of the upper jaw, aiding in mouth closure
- C) To assist in food conduction
- D) To help in sound production

**Oesophagus:**
33. **Sentence:** The pharynx leads into the oesophagus.
- **MCQ:** Where does the pharynx lead in a frog?
- A) Into the stomach
- B) Into the glottis
- C) Into the oesophagus
- D) Into the cloaca

34. **Sentence:** Due to the short or absent neck region, it is very short but has a wide opening.
 - **MCQ:** How is the frog's oesophagus described?
- A) Very short with a narrow opening
- B) Very short with a wide opening
- C) Very long with a narrow opening
- D) Very long with a wide opening

35. **Sentence:** Histologically, the oesophagus is composed of four layers: serosa, muscularis,
submucosa, and mucosa.
- **MCQ:** How many layers compose the frog's oesophagus histologically?
- A) Two layers
- B) Three layers
- C) Four layers
- D) Five layers

36. **Sentence:** The muscularis consists of outer longitudinal muscles and inner circular
muscles.
- **MCQ:** What are the components of the muscularis layer in the frog's oesophagus?
- A) Outer circular muscles and inner longitudinal muscles
- B) Outer longitudinal muscles and inner circular muscles
- C) Outer smooth muscles and inner striated muscles
- D) Outer striated muscles and inner smooth muscles

37. **Sentence:** Below these muscles lies the submucosa, and innermost is the mucosa, which
forms numerous mucosal folds.
- **MCQ:** What lies below the muscularis layer in the frog's oesophagus?
- A) Serosa
- B) Mucosa
- C) Submucosa
- D) Adventitia
38. **Sentence:** Goblet cells in the mucosa produce mucus, aiding in food conduction.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of goblet cells in the mucosa of the frog's oesophagus?
- A) To secrete digestive enzymes
- B) To produce mucus, aiding in food conduction
- C) To absorb nutrients
- D) To secrete hormones

39. **Sentence:** It opens posteriorly into the stomach without a distinct demarcation line.
- **MCQ:** Where does the frog's oesophagus open posteriorly?
- A) Into the small intestine
- B) Into the rectum
- C) Into the stomach
- D) Into the cloaca

**Stomach:**
40. **Sentence:** The stomach is a long, sac-like structure situated on the left side of the body
cavity, attached to the dorsal body wall by a mesentery called mesogastrium.
- **MCQ:** What is the mesentery attaching the frog's stomach to the dorsal body wall
called?
- A) Mesoduodenum
- B) Mesorectum
- C) Mesogastrium
- D) Mesocolon

41. **Sentence:** It is covered by the liver and measures approximately 5 to 7 cm in length.

- **MCQ:** How long is the frog's stomach?
- A) 3 to 4 cm
- B) 5 to 7 cm
 - C) 8 to 10 cm
- D) 11 to 12 cm

42. **Sentence:** The stomach has two parts: the anterior expanded cardiac region and the
posterior narrow pyloric region.
- **MCQ:** What are the two parts of the frog's stomach?
- A) Anterior fundic region and posterior pyloric region
- B) Anterior pyloric region and posterior cardiac region
- C) Anterior cardiac region and posterior pyloric region
- D) Anterior fundic region and posterior cardiac region

43. **Sentence:** Suspended by the gastric mesentery in the body cavity, its histological
structure resembles that of the oesophagus.
- **MCQ:** What suspends the frog's stomach in the body cavity?
- A) Hepatic mesentery
- B) Gastric mesentery
- C) Intestinal mesentery
- D) Pancreatic mesentery

44. **Sentence:** Muscular folds converge in the pyloric region to form a ring-like pyloric
constriction.
- **MCQ:** What do the muscular folds in the pyloric region of the frog's stomach form?
- A) Cardiac sphincter
- B) Pyloric valve
- C) Gastric rugae
- D) Pyloric constriction

45. **Sentence:** Gastric glands in the submucosal region include cardiac glands in the cardiac
region and pyloric and fundic glands in the pyloric region.
- **MCQ:** What glands are found in the submucosal region of the frog's stomach?
 - A) Pancreatic and hepatic glands
- B) Salivary and pyloric glands
- C) Cardiac, pyloric, and fundic glands
- D) Intestinal and gastric glands

46. **Sentence:** Cardiac and pyloric glands secrete mucus, while oxyntic cells of fundic
glands secrete HCl and chief cells secrete pepsinogen

.
- **MCQ:** What do the oxyntic cells of fundic glands in the frog's stomach secrete?
- A) Mucus
- B) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- C) Pepsinogen
- D) Bile

47. **Sentence:** Pepsinogen activates into pepsin in the presence of HCl.

- **MCQ:** What enzyme activates pepsinogen into pepsin in the frog's stomach?
- A) Bile
- B) Amylase
- C) Trypsin
- D) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

48. **Sentence:** The highly constricted pyloric end opens into the small intestine through a
circular sphincter muscle called the pyloric valve.
- **MCQ:** What is the name of the circular sphincter muscle at the pyloric end of the frog's
stomach?
- A) Cardiac sphincter
- B) Esophageal sphincter
- C) Pyloric valve
 - D) Anal sphincter

49. **Sentence:** The stomach serves for both food storage and digestion.
- **MCQ:** What are the functions of the frog's stomach?
- A) Food storage and absorption
- B) Digestion and nutrient absorption
- C) Food storage and digestion
- D) Nutrient absorption and digestion

**Small Intestine:**
50. **Sentence:** The small intestine is situated in a loop supported by mesentery, consisting of
duodenum and ileum.
- **MCQ:** What are the two parts of the frog's small intestine?
- A) Duodenum and jejunum
- B) Jejunum and ileum
- C) Duodenum and ileum
- D) Jejunum and colon

51. **Sentence:** The duodenum, the first part, is a narrow U-shaped tube of 3-5 cm in length,
lying parallel to the stomach and separated by the pyloric constriction.
- **MCQ:** How long is the frog's duodenum?
- A) 1-2 cm
- B) 3-5 cm
- C) 6-8 cm
- D) 9-11 cm

52. **Sentence:** It receives bile and pancreatic juice through the hepatopancreatic duct from
the liver and pancreas, respectively.
- **MCQ:** What does the frog's duodenum receive through the hepatopancreatic duct?
 - A) Bile and pancreatic juice
- B) Saliva and mucus
- C) Blood and lymph
- D) Nutrients and enzymes

53. **Sentence:** Histologically similar to the oesophagus and stomach, the duodenal mucosa is
thick and forms transverse folds.
- **MCQ:** How is the duodenal mucosa of the frog described?
- A) Thin and smooth
- B) Thick and forms transverse folds
- C) Thin and forms longitudinal folds
- D) Thick and smooth

54. **Sentence:** It contains irregular-shaped villi for absorption, with fewer goblet cells
compared to the intestinal glands present on the mucosal layer.
- **MCQ:** What is present in the duodenal mucosa of the frog for absorption?
- A) Circular folds
- B) Longitudinal folds
- C) Irregular-shaped villi
- D) Smooth surface

55. **Sentence:** The ileum follows the duodenum, being a longer part of the alimentary canal
measuring about 20-25 cm in length.
- **MCQ:** How long is the frog's ileum?
- A) 5-10 cm
- B) 10-15 cm
- C) 15-20 cm
- D) 20-25 cm
56. **Sentence:** It coils and bends posteriorly, connected by a mesenteric net.
- **MCQ:** What connects the frog's ileum?
- A) Gastric mesentery
- B) Mesenteric net
- C) Pancreatic mesentery
- D) Hepatic mesentery

57. **Sentence:** Histologically similar to the duodenum, the ileum has a muscularis mucosa
consisting of a single layer of muscle fibers and forms mucosal folds.
- **MCQ:** How is the histology of the frog's ileum described?
- A) Similar to the duodenum, with a muscularis mucosa consisting of a single layer of
muscle fibers and forming mucosal folds
- B) Different from the duodenum, with multiple layers of muscle fibers and no folds
- C) Similar to the stomach, with thick muscular layers and smooth surface
- D) Different from the stomach, with thin muscular layers and irregular surface

58. **Sentence:** Its mucosa is lined with columnar epithelial cells containing goblet and
absorptive cells.
- **MCQ:** What types of cells are found in the mucosa of the frog's ileum?
- A) Squamous epithelial cells and goblet cells
- B) Columnar epithelial cells containing goblet and absorptive cells
- C) Cuboidal epithelial cells and absorptive cells
- D) Columnar epithelial cells containing goblet and chief cells

59. **Sentence:** Goblet cells secrete mucus, while absorptive cells absorb nutrients.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of goblet cells and absorptive cells in the frog's ileum?
- A) Goblet cells secrete mucus, while absorptive cells absorb nutrients
- B) Goblet cells absorb nutrients, while absorptive cells secrete mucus
- C) Both goblet cells and absorptive cells secrete mucus
 - D) Both goblet cells and absorptive cells absorb nutrients

**Rectum:**
60. **Sentence:** The rectum is a large, flask-shaped structure about 4 cm long, opening into
the cloaca through the anus, which is guarded by an anal sphincter.
- **MCQ:** How long is the frog's rectum?
- A) 2 cm
- B) 4 cm
- C) 6 cm
- D) 8 cm

61. **Sentence:** Histologically similar to the rest of the alimentary canal, the rectum has a less
developed muscularis and longitudinal folds in the mucosa, with numerous goblet cells.
- **MCQ:** How is the muscularis of the frog's rectum described?
- A) More developed than the rest of the alimentary canal
- B) Less developed than the rest of the alimentary canal
- C) Similar to the stomach
- D) More developed than the oesophagus

62. **Sentence:** It receives the opening of the urinary bladder.

- **MCQ:** What does the frog's rectum receive?
- A) Opening of the bile duct
- B) Opening of the pancreatic duct
- C) Opening of the urinary bladder
- D) Opening of the pyloric valve

**Cloaca:**
63. **Sentence:** The cloaca is a small, sac-like structure receiving openings of the anus and
urogenital aperture.
 - **MCQ:** What does the frog's cloaca receive?
- A) Openings of the oesophagus and stomach
- B) Openings of the anus and urogenital aperture
- C) Openings of the rectum and urinary bladder
- D) Openings of the small intestine and large intestine

64. **Sentence:** It opens towards the exterior through the vent or cloacal opening situated at
the posterior end of the body.
- **MCQ:** Where does the frog's cloaca open?
- A) Into the stomach
- B) Into the small intestine
- C) Towards the exterior through the vent or cloacal opening
- D) Into the oesophagus

65. **Sentence:** The alimentary canal of a frog is a long, coiled structure that opens anteriorly
at the mouth and posteriorly at the cloacal aperture.
- **MCQ:** How does the alimentary canal of a frog open?
- A) Anteriorly at the cloacal aperture and posteriorly at the mouth
- B) Anteriorly at the mouth and posteriorly at the cloacal aperture
- C) Anteriorly at the stomach and posteriorly at the anus
- D) Anteriorly at the esophagus and posteriorly at the cloaca
**Liver:**
1. **Sentence:** The liver is the largest gland and organ in the frog's body.
- **MCQ:** What is the largest gland and organ in the frog's body?
- A) Pancreas
- B) Liver
- C) Gallbladder
- D) Stomach
2. **Sentence:** It is reddish-brown and multi-lobed, consisting of two main lobes: the right
lobe and the left lobe.
- **MCQ:** What color is the liver in frogs?
- A) Green
- B) Reddish-brown
- C) Yellow
- D) Blue

3. **Sentence:** These lobes are connected by a narrow bridge of liver tissue.

- **MCQ:** How are the right and left lobes of the frog's liver connected?
- A) Blood vessels
- B) Narrow bridge of liver tissue
- C) Hepatic ducts
- D) Bile duct

4. **Sentence:** The left lobe is larger and further subdivided into two lobes, making a total of
three lobes: right, left, and middle.
- **MCQ:** How many lobes does the frog's liver have in total?
- A) Two
- B) Three
- C) Four
- D) Five

5. **Sentence:** Between the right end of the left lobe of the liver, there is a thin, sac-like
structure called the gallbladder, which stores bile secreted by liver cells.
- **MCQ:** What is the function of the gallbladder in frogs?
- A) Produces bile
- B) Stores bile
- C) Filters blood
 - D) Secretes enzymes

6. **Sentence:** The duct of the gallbladder is known as the cystic duct.

- **MCQ:** What is the duct of the gallbladder called?
- A) Hepatic duct
- B) Cystic duct
- C) Bile duct
- D) Pancreatic duct

7. **Sentence:** Bile, transferred to the gallbladder through hepatic ducts, is carried to the
alimentary canal via the bile duct.
- **MCQ:** Through which duct is bile transferred to the alimentary canal?
- A) Hepatic duct
- B) Cystic duct
- C) Bile duct
- D) Pancreatic duct

8. **Sentence:** Before opening into the duodenum, the bile duct merges with the pancreatic
duct from the pancreas to form the hepatopancreatic duct.
- **MCQ:** What duct is formed by the merging of the bile duct and pancreatic duct?
- A) Hepatopancreatic duct
- B) Hepatic duct
- C) Cystic duct
- D) Duodenal duct

9. **Sentence:** Histologically, the liver is composed of numerous lobules or tubules separated

by connective tissues, bile capillaries, hepatic ducts, and blood capillaries.
- **MCQ:** What separates the lobules or tubules in the frog's liver histologically?
- A) Pancreatic ducts
 - B) Connective tissues, bile capillaries, hepatic ducts, and blood capillaries
- C) Only connective tissues
- D) Only blood capillaries

10. **Sentence:** Each lobule consists of polyhedral, cuboidal hepatic cells with large nuclei,
arranged in columns between bile capillaries that unite to form larger hepatic ducts.
- **MCQ:** What type of cells are found in each lobule of the frog's liver?
- A) Squamous cells
- B) Cuboidal hepatic cells
- C) Columnar cells
- D) Transitional cells

11. **Sentence:** Ultimately, these hepatic ducts open into the cystic duct.
- **MCQ:** Where do the hepatic ducts ultimately open?
- A) Pancreatic duct
- B) Bile duct
- C) Cystic duct
- D) Duodenum

12. **Sentence:** The hepatic ducts from different lobes and the cystic duct unite to form the
bile duct.
- **MCQ:** What is formed by the uniting of hepatic ducts from different lobes and the cystic
duct?
- A) Hepatopancreatic duct
- B) Pancreatic duct
- C) Bile duct
- D) Duodenal duct

13. **Sentence:** The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the hepatic
portal vein.
 - **MCQ:** From which two sources does the liver receive blood?
- A) Hepatic artery and pancreatic artery
- B) Hepatic portal vein and renal vein
- C) Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
- D) Hepatic vein and renal artery

14. **Sentence:** The hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood from the heart.
- **MCQ:** What does the hepatic artery supply to the liver?
- A) Deoxygenated blood from the heart
- B) Oxygenated blood from the heart
- C) Blood rich in digestive products
- D) Blood from the kidneys

15. **Sentence:** The hepatic portal vein brings blood rich in digestive products from the
alimentary canal.
- **MCQ:** What does the hepatic portal vein bring to the liver?
- A) Oxygenated blood from the heart
- B) Blood rich in digestive products from the alimentary canal
- C) Blood from the kidneys
- D) Deoxygenated blood from the heart

16. **Sentence:** Blood leaves the liver via the hepatic vein towards the heart.
- **MCQ:** Which vein carries blood away from the liver towards the heart?
- A) Hepatic portal vein
- B) Renal vein
- C) Hepatic vein
- D) Pancreatic vein
17. **Sentence:** Functions of the liver include secretion of bile for digestion in the small
intestine, aiding in the emulsification of fats.
- **MCQ:** Which function does the liver perform in relation to bile?
- A) Produces enzymes
- B) Secretes bile for digestion in the small intestine
- C) Filters blood
- D) Produces hormones

18. **Sentence:** It stores excess sugar as glycogen, regulating blood sugar levels.
- **MCQ:** How does the liver regulate blood sugar levels?
- A) By secreting bile
- B) By storing excess sugar as glycogen
- C) By producing insulin
- D) By filtering blood

19. **Sentence:** It maintains protein concentration.

- **MCQ:** What does the liver help maintain in terms of nutrients?
- A) Carbohydrate concentration
- B) Lipid concentration
- C) Protein concentration
- D) Vitamin concentration

20. **Sentence:** It stores copper, iron, and vitamin A.

- **MCQ:** Which of the following does the liver store?
- A) Calcium, potassium, and vitamin C
- B) Copper, iron, and vitamin A
- C) Sodium, magnesium, and vitamin D
- D) Phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin B12
21. **Sentence:** It helps in the production of fibrin and prothrombin.
- **MCQ:** What substances related to blood clotting does the liver produce?
- A) Hemoglobin and myoglobin
- B) Fibrin and prothrombin
- C) Collagen and elastin
- D) Keratin and melanin

22. **Sentence:** In embryos, it forms red blood cells, and in adults, it destroys old
erythrocytes.
- **MCQ:** What role does the liver play in red blood cells in frogs?
- A) Forms red blood cells in adults
- B) Destroys old erythrocytes in embryos
- C) Forms red blood cells in embryos and destroys old erythrocytes in adults
- D) Neither forms nor destroys red blood cells

23. **Sentence:** It detoxifies by eliminating harmful bacteria and foreign substances from the
blood.
- **MCQ:** How does the liver contribute to detoxification?
- A) By producing enzymes
- B) By eliminating harmful bacteria and foreign substances from the blood
- C) By storing glycogen
- D) By producing hormones

24. **Sentence:** Bile is a watery alkaline fluid that does not contain enzymes.
- **MCQ:** What is a characteristic of bile?
- A) It contains enzymes
- B) It is acidic
- C) It is a watery alkaline fluid that does not contain enzymes
- D) It is produced in the pancreas
25. **Sentence:** It includes bile salts (sodium taurocholate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium
glycolate), bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), cholesterol, and lecithin.
- **MCQ:** Which of the following are components of bile?
- A) Enzymes and proteins
- B) Bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and lecithin
- C) Glucose and glycogen
-

D) Amino acids and peptides

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**Pancreas:**
26. **Sentence:** The pancreas is the second largest gland in frogs.
- **MCQ:** Which gland is the second largest in frogs?
- A) Liver
- B) Pancreas
- C) Gallbladder
- D) Kidney

27. **Sentence:** It is cream-colored, flat, and irregular-lobed, situated in the U-shaped loop
between the stomach and duodenum.
- **MCQ:** Where is the pancreas located in frogs?
- A) Between the heart and lungs
- B) In the U-shaped loop between the stomach and duodenum
- C) Adjacent to the liver
- D) Near the rectum
28. **Sentence:** The pancreas is a mixed or heterocrine gland, having both exocrine and
endocrine functions.
- **MCQ:** What type of gland is the pancreas in frogs?
- A) Exocrine only
- B) Endocrine only
- C) Mixed or heterocrine
- D) Neither exocrine nor endocrine

29. **Sentence:** It consists of clusters of glandular cells called acini.

- **MCQ:** What are the clusters of glandular cells in the pancreas called?
- A) Lobules
- B) Tubules
- C) Acini
- D) Islets of Langerhans

30. **Sentence:** Each acinus (plural acini) has a duct that secretes pancreatic juice.
- **MCQ:** What does each acinus in the pancreas do?
- A) Stores bile
- B) Secretes insulin
- C) Secretes pancreatic juice
- D) Produces blood cells

31. **Sentence:** These ducts unite to form pancreatic ducts, which join with the bile duct from
the liver to form the hepatopancreatic duct.
- **MCQ:** What is formed by the joining of pancreatic ducts and the bile duct?
- A) Hepatic duct
- B) Cystic duct
- C) Hepatopancreatic duct
- D) Duodenal duct
32. **Sentence:** Between the acini on the surface of the pancreas are groups of endocrine cells
called the islets of Langerhans.
- **MCQ:** What are the groups of endocrine cells in the pancreas called?
- A) Acini
- B) Lobules
- C) Islets of Langerhans
- D) Tubules

33. **Sentence:** These cells secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the
bloodstream.
- **MCQ:** What hormones are secreted by the islets of Langerhans?
- A) Trypsin and lipase
- B) Amylase and pepsin
- C) Insulin and glucagon
- D) Bile salts and bile pigments

34. **Sentence:** Pancreatic juice contains three main enzymes: trypsin, amylase, and lipase.
- **MCQ:** Which enzymes are found in pancreatic juice?
- A) Pepsin, amylase, and lipase
- B) Trypsin, amylase, and lipase
- C) Insulin, glucagon, and bile salts
- D) Bilirubin, biliverdin, and lecithin

35. **Sentence:** These enzymes play crucial roles in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates,
and fats from ingested food.
- **MCQ:** What roles do trypsin, amylase, and lipase play in digestion?
- A) Digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
- B) Production of bile
 - C) Secretion of insulin and glucagon
- D) Absorption of vitamins

36. **Sentence:** The hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted by the islets of Langerhans, are
involved in carbohydrate metabolism and regulate the storage of glycogen in the liver and
muscles.
- **MCQ:** What is the role of insulin and glucagon in the frog's body?
- A) Digestion of proteins and fats
- B) Regulation of glycogen storage in the liver and muscles
- C) Absorption of nutrients
- D) Secretion of bile and pancreatic juice

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These MCQs cover the essential points from each sentence in the provided text.