Question Answer

Explain the process of excretion Excretion is the elimination of nitrogenous waste from the

and name some excretory body. Excretory organs include the kidneys, skin, liver, and

organs. intestines.

The kidney is enclosed by the renal capsule, adipose

Describe the structure of the capsule, and renal fascia. The hilus renalis allows entry/exit

kidney and its three layers. of blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters.

What is the main function of the The ureter conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary

ureter, and how does it connect bladder. It arises from the hilum of the kidney, traversing the

to the urinary bladder? posterior abdominal cavity before opening into the bladder.

The urinary bladder is a thin-walled, muscular, and elastic

Elaborate on the components bag composed of transitional epithelium. It consists of the

and functions of the urinary body (for urine storage) and trigone (a triangular area formed

bladder. by openings).

The urethra is a muscular tube extending from the urinary

Discuss the role of the urethra bladder. The external sphincter in males is more powerful

and the function of the and can control urethral opening even if the internal

sphincters in males. sphincter is damaged.

What is the nephron, and The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney,

what is its primary measuring about 3 cm. Its primary function is the filtration of

function? blood.

Differentiate between the The nephron is divided into two parts: the Malpighian body and

Malpighian body and renal renal tubules. The Malpighian body consists of Bowman's

tubules. capsule and glomerulus.

Bowman's capsule is a small, double-walled cup-like structure

Describe the structure of lined with simple epithelium tissue. Podocytes, specialized

Bowman's capsule. epithelial cells, and podopores aid in blood filtration.

Explain the formation and The glomerulus is formed by a network of blood capillaries inside

components of the Bowman's capsule. Afferent renal arterioles enter, divide into

glomerulus. capillaries, and finally exit as efferent renal arterioles.

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Renal tubules are part of the nephron located behind

Bowman's capsule. They are long and convoluted,

What is the role of renal differentiated into four parts: proximal convoluted tubules,

tubules in the nephron? Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule, and conducting duct.

Describe the characteristics PCT, located in the cortex, aids in reabsorption during urine

and function of Proximal formation. It is convoluted and plays a crucial role in

Convoluted Tubules (PCT). maintaining the balance of substances in the urine.

Henle's loop, situated in the medulla, has a U-shaped structure

with ascending and descending limbs. Its main function is to

Explain the structure and maintain urine concentration and act as a counter-current

function of Henle's Loop. system.

Discuss the similarities Both PCT and DCT are convoluted tubules in the cortex,

between Proximal Convoluted playing a role in maintaining urine concentration. While PCT is

Tubules (PCT) and Distal involved in reabsorption, DCT contributes to maintaining the

Convoluted Tubule (DCT). concentration of urine to be excreted.

The conducting duct, located in the medulla, is formed by the

Elaborate on the structure and joining of many tubules. It gives rise to the duct of Bellini,

role of the Conducting Duct in which opens into the renal pelvis. Its function involves the

the nephron. final stages of urine concentration before excretion.

What are the mechanisms The mechanisms of urine formation include ultrafiltration,

involved in urine formation? selective reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

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Ultrafiltration is the first step taking place in the glomerulus of

Bowman's capsule. The afferent renal arteriole has a greater

Describe the process of diameter than the efferent arteriole, creating high pressure in

ultrafiltration in urine the glomerulus. This pressure filters blood, forming nephric

formation. filtrate.

Selective reabsorption occurs in the PCT and Henle's loop,

How does selective allowing the reabsorption of useful substances along with

reabsorption contribute to water from the nephric filtrate. This process helps maintain

maintaining the balance of the balance of substances in urine by retaining the essential

substances in urine? ones and excreting harmful substances.

Tubular secretion involves the active transport of substances

from the blood into the renal tubules. It complements the

Briefly discuss the role of processes of ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption by

tubular secretion in urine eliminating additional substances from the blood into the

formation. urine