Project File Indian Rivers (2)

National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology
Project Report
On
Indian River System
Under the guidance
Of
Mr. Akhil Arora
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the ‘O’ level
Session 2021-2022
Submitted to :- Submitted by:-

NIELIT CHANDIGARH Rajveer Singh Reg. No. - 1353337
Abhishek Kumar Shrivastava Reg No - 1352555
Shruti Thakur Reg No. - 1354647
PROJECT REPORT ON INDIAN RIVER SYSTEM
INDEX
S.No. TOPICS PAGE
No.
1 Acknowledgement 3
2 Declaration 4
3 Guide Certificate 5
4 Centre certificate 6
5 Introduction To Project 7-20
6 Hardware & Software Requirements -21
7 About HTML 22-23
8 Snap Shots Of Project 24-26
9 Coding 27-73
10 Bibliography -74
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project could not have been possible without the
help & guidance of many people. We take this opportunity to express our sincere
thanks & deep gratitude to all those people who extended their whole hearted co-
operation and helped us in completing this project successfully.
In particular, we are grateful to Mr. Akhil Arora for providing us the opportunity to
undertake this project. We thank our guide who has been a source of inspiration &
knowledge for us throughout the completion of the project. His support for us was
invaluable during the period we were working under her on project.
Thanking You
Rajveer Singh Reg. No. - 1353337

Abhishek KumarReg No - 1352555
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare the work is being presented by us in this project, entitled “
INDIAN RIVER SYSTEM” in partial fulfillment of requirement for ‘O’LEVEL,
and submitted at “NIELIT Chandigarh” is an authentic piece of our own work
carried out under the supervision of Mr. Akhil Arora.
SUBMITTED BY:-
Rajveer Singh Reg. No. - 1353337
Abhishek Kumar Shrivastva Reg No - 1352555
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GUIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled “ INDIAN RIVER SYSTEM ” submitted
in fulfillment of the Diploma of ‘O’ LEVEL to the NIELIT Chandigarh, done by
the Rajveer Singh, Abhishek Kumar Srivastav, and Shruti Thakur under NIELIT
Registration number 1353337, 1352555 and, 1354647 is an authentic work carried
out by them at NIELIT Ropar under guidance. The matter embodied in this project
work has not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma to the best
of my knowledge and belief.
Signature of the Students Signature of the Guide
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CENTER CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “ INDIAN RIVER SYSTEM ” carried out
by Rajveer Singh Reg. No. – 1353337, Abhishek Kumar Shrivastava Reg No –
1352555 & Shruti Thakur Reg No. – 1354647, for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the ‘O’LEVEL is a bona-fide record the work done by the
candidates as certified by the candidate, under our organization. To the best of my
knowledge, this work has not been submitted forward of any other degree or
diploma.
Project Guide Director In-Charge
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INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
1. The Indus River
The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South

and East Asia. The 3,180 km (1,980 mi) river rises in Western Tibet, flows
northwest through the Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Jammu and Kashmir,
bends sharply to the left after the Nanga Parbat massif, and flows south-by-
southwest through Pakistan, before it empties into the Arabian Sea near the port
city of Karachi.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km. Its estimated annual
flow is around 243 km twice that of the Nile and three times that of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers combined, making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms
of average annual flow.Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and
its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which itself has five major
tributaries, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its principal
right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram and Gomal rivers.
Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan,
Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the ecosystems of temperate
forests, plains and arid countryside.
The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region
of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in a large delta in the
southern Sindh province of Pakistan. The river has historically been important to
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many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of a major urban
civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region
was mentioned in the Rigveda hymns as Sapta Sindhu and in the Avesta religious
texts as Saptha Hindu both terms meaning "ten rivers". Early historical kingdoms
that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra.
The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in the classical period,
when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore
the river.
2. The Ganga River
The Ganges or Ganga is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India
and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian
state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North
India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is the third
largest river on Earth by discharge.
The Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus.It is a lifeline to millions of Indians
who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs.It is worshipped as
the goddess Ganga in Hinduism.It has also been important historically, with many
former provincial or imperial capitals such as Pataliputra,Kannauj,Kara, Kashi,
Patna, Hajipur, Munger, Bhagalpur, Murshidabad, Baharampur, Kampilya, and
Kolkata located on its banks or the banks of tributaries and connected waterways.
The main stem of the Ganges begins at the town of Devprayag,at confluence of the
Alaknanda, which is the source stream in hydrology because of its greater length,
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and the Bhagirathi, which is considered the source stream in Hindu mythology.
The Ganges is threatened by severe pollution. This poses a danger not only to
humans but also to animals; the Ganges is home to approximately 140 species of
fish and 90 species of amphibians. The river also contains reptiles and mammals,
including critically endangered species such as the gharial and South Asian river
dolphin.The levels of fecal coliform bacteria from human waste in the river near
Varanasi are more than a hundred times the Indian government's official limit.
3. The Brahmaputra River
The Brahmaputra called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, Siang/Dihang River in

Arunachal Pradesh and Luit, Dilao in Assam, is a trans-boundary river which flows
through Tibet, India and Bangladesh.It is the 9th largest river in the world by
discharge, and the 15th longest.
With its origin in the Manasarovar Lake region, near the Mount Kailash, located on
the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet as the Yarlung
Tsangpo River. it flows along southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in
great gorges including the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon and into Arunachal
Pradesh.It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south
through Bangladesh as the Jamuna not to be mistaken with Yamuna of India. In the
vast Ganges Delta, it merges with the Padma, the popular name of the river Ganges
in Bangladesh, and finally, after merging with Padma, it becomes the Meghna and
from here, it flows as Meghna river before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
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About 3,848 km long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and
transportation in the region. The average depth of the river is 30 m and its
maximum depth is 135 m at Sadiya. The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in
the spring when the Himalayan snow melts. The average discharge of the river is
about 19,800 m/s and floods reach about 100,000 m/s. It is a classic example of a
braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion. It is also
one of the few rivers in the world that exhibits a tidal bore. It is navigable for most
of its length.
The river drains the Himalayan east of the Indo-Nepal border, south-central portion
of the Tibetan plateau above the Ganga basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the
Patkai-Bum hills, the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills, the Assam plains, and
the northern portion of Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet, is
characterized by high levels of rainfall. Kangchenjunga (8,586 m) is the only peak
above 8,000 m, hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin.
The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the
Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–86. This river is
often called the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river.
The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus. While most rivers on the Indian
subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name. Brahmaputra
means "son of Brahma" in Sanskrit.
4. Yamuna River
The Yamuna is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganga and the longest
tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of 6,387
metres on the southwestern slopes of Banderpooch peaks of the Lower Himalaya
in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376 kilometres and has a drainage
system of 366,223 square kilometers , 40.2% of the entire Ganga Basin. It merges
with the Ganga at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, which is a site of the Kumbh Mela,
a Hindu festival held every 12 years.
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It crosses several states: Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, passing by Uttarakhand and
later Delhi, and meeting its tributaries on the way, including Tons, Chambal, its
longest tributary which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and
Ken. From Uttarakhand, the river flows into the state of Himachal Pradesh. After
passing Paonta Sahib, Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh and after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river
Ganga at Sangam or Prayag in Allahbad (Uttar Pradesh). It helps create the highly
fertile alluvial Yamuna-Ganga Doab region between itself and the Ganga in the
Indo-Gangetic plain. Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna's waters, and
the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. It has an
annual flow of 97 billion cubic metres, and nearly 4 billion cubic meters are
consumed every year (of which irrigation constitutes 96%). Like the Ganga, the
Yamuna is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna.
In Hinduism she is the daughter of the Sun Deva, Surya, and the sister of Yama,
the Deva of Death, hence also known as Yami. According to popular legends,
bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.
At the Hathni Kund Barrage, its waters are diverted into two large canals: the
Western Yamuna Canal flowing towards Haryana and the Eastern Yamuna Canal
towards Uttar Pradesh The water of Yamuna is of "reasonably good quality"
through its length from Yamunotri in the Himalayas to Wazirabad barrage in
Delhi, about 375 kilometres below this, the discharge of wastewater through 15
drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the river severely
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polluted.
One official described the river as a "sewage drain" with biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l and high coliform content.There
are three main sources of pollution in the river: household and municipal disposal
sites, soil erosion resulting from deforestation occurring to make way for
agriculture, and resulting chemical wash-off from fertilizers, herbicides, and
pesticides and run-off from commercial activity and industrial sites. The Yamuna
from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage is called the Upper Yamuna.
5. Narmada River
The Narmada River, also called the Reva and previously also known as Narbada.
This river is located in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat state of India. It is also known
as "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" for its huge contribution to the state
of Madhya pradesh and Gujarat in many ways. Narmada rises from Amarkantak
Plateau in Anuppur district Madhya Pradesh.
It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west
(longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is
one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, bordered by the Satpura and
Vindhya ranges. As a rift valley river, the Narmada does not form a delta; Rift
valley rivers form estuaries. The other rivers which flow through rift valley include
Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi
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River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through
the states of Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km), and Maharashtra, (74 Km) (actually
along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km) and then the
border between Maharastra and Gujarat (74 km) and in Gujarat 161 km.
6. Tapi River
The Tapti River is a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada river
which flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea. The river has a
length of around 700km and flows through the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh. It flows through Surat, and is crossed by the Magdalla, ONGC
Bridge.
On 7 August 1968, before the construction of the Ukai Dam to bring its waters
under control and provide hydroelectric power, the Tapti River overflowed its
banks during heavy rains during the monsoon season. More than 1,000 people
drowned in the flood,and the city of Surat was submerged beneath 10 feet of water
for several days.After the floodwaters receded, at least 1,000 more people died in
Gujarat state during a cholera epidemic from the contamination of the drinking
water.
7. Godavari River
The Godavari is India's second longest river after the Ganga. Its source is in
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Triambakeshwar, Maharashtra.It flows east for 1,465 kilometres draining the states
of Maharashtra (48.6%), Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh
(10.9%) and Odisha (5.7%). The river ultimately empties into the Bay of Bengal
through an extensive network of tributaries.Measuring up to 312,812 km. it forms
one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganga and
Indus rivers having a larger drainage basin.In terms of length, catchment area and
discharge, the Godavari is the largest in peninsular India, and had been dubbed as
the Dakshina Ganga.
The river has been revered in Hindu scriptures for many millennia and continues to
harbour and nourish a rich cultural heritage. In the past few decades, the river has
been barricaded by several barrages and dams, keeping a head of water depth
which lowers evaporation. Its is nearly twice the Indian average population density
and has a substantial risk of flooding, which in lower parts would be exacerbated if
the global sea level were to rise.
8. Karishna River
The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in terms of water inflows and river
basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is
almost 1,288 kilometres long. The river is also called Krishnaveni. It is one of the
major sources of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra
Pradesh.
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9. Kaveri River
The Kaveri is an Indian river flowing through the states of Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. The Kaveri river rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range in the Western
Ghats, Kodagu district of the state of Karnataka, at an elevation of 1,341 m above
mean sea level and flows for about 800 km before its outfall into the Bay of
Bengal. It reaches sea in Poompuhar in mayiladuthurai district. It is the third
largest river – after Godavari and Krishna – in South India and the largest in the
State of Tamil Nadu, which, on its course, bisects the state into North and South.
The Kaveri is sacred river to the people of South India and is worshipped as the
Goddess Kaveriamma. The Kaveri is also one of the seven holy rivers of India.
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Kaveri river is useful for agriculture in Tamilnadu. The catchment area of the
Kaveri basin is estimated to be 81,155 square kilometers with many tributaries
including Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Lakshmana Tirtha, Noyyal and
Arkavati. The river basin covers three states and a Union Territory as follows:
Tamil Nadu, 43,868 square kilometers.K arnataka, 34,273 square kilometres .
Kerala, 2,866 square kilometers and Puducherry, 148 square kilometers .Rising in
Talakaveri in Kodagu, Karnataka, it flows southeast some 800 kilometres to enter
the Bay of Bengal. In Chamarajanagar district it forms the island of
Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that
descend about 100 metres.The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system
and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for
centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of
South India. Access to the river's waters has pitted Indian states against each other
for decades. It was profusely described in the Tamil Sangam literature and is held
in great reverence in Hinduism. Kaveri river delta is thickly populated delta. This
delta frequently affected by tropical cyclones formed in bay of Bengal.
10. Mahanadi River
The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central India. It drains an area of around
141,600 square kilometers and has a total course of 858 kilometres .Mahanadi is
also known for the Hirakud Dam. The river flows through the states of
Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
Minimum Hardware Requirements:-
 Processor : Pentium-3 or above

 RAM : 128 MB or above
 Hard Disk : 30 GB or above
Minimum Software Requirement:-
 SUBLIME
 Browser (Internet Explorer 5.0 or Higher or any other Browser)
 Operating system: Windows XP/Vista/07/08/10
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ABOUT HTML
Introduction
What is HTML?
 HTML is a language for describing web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
 HTML is a markup language.
 A markup language is a set of markup tags.
 The tags describe document content.
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text.
 HTML documents are also called web pages.
HTML Tags
 HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags.
 HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets like
<html>
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag.
 The end tag is written like the start tag, with a forward slash before the tag
name.
 Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags.
HTML Elements
"HTML tags" and "HTML elements" are often used to describe the same thing. But
strictly speaking, an HTML element is everything between the start tag and the end
tag, including the tags:
HTML Element
HTML Attributes
 HTML elements can have attributes.
 Attributes provide additional information about an element.
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag.
 Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value".
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BENEFITS OF HTML
HTML is the absolute base line of almost every website, without it you don't have
a website rather a series of text document of a directory site.
Advantages:-
* Every browser supports it
* Needed for basically everything other than text
* Easy & Simple to learn and use
* Easy to maintain
* Free
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SNAP SHOTS OF PROJECT
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CODING
HOME PAGE:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" />
<title>Indian Rivers</title>
<meta content="" name="description" />
<meta content="" name="keywords" />


<link href="assets/img/favicon.png" rel="icon" />
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family=Open+Sans:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700,700i|
Nunito:300,300i,400,400i,600,600i,700,700i|
Poppins:300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,600,600i,700,700i" rel="stylesheet" />


<link href="assets/vendor/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
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<link href="assets/vendor/bootstrap-icons/bootstrap-icons.css"
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<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6 d-flex flex-column justify-content-center">
<h1 data-aos="fade-up">A RIVER IS MORE THAN,IT IS A
TREASURE.</h1>
<h2 data-aos="fade-up" data-aos-delay="400">- OLIVER
WENDELL HOLMES</h2>
</div>
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<h3>Ganeral Information</h3>
<h2>Length of some important Indian Rivers</h2>
<p>
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The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the

Indian people. The river systems provide irrigation, potable water, cheap
transportation, electricity as well as provide livelihoods for a
large number of people all over the country. This easily
explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of river.
The rivers also have an important role in Hindu mythology and
are considered holy by all Hindus in the country.
</p>
<p>
Ten major rivers Indus, Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra,
Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, Kavery and Mahanadi along with their
numerous tributaries make up the river system of India. Most of the rivers pour
their waters into the Bay of Bengal. Some of the rivers
whose courses take them through the western part of the country and towards the
east of the state of Himachal Pradesh empty into the Arabian Sea.
Parts of Ladakh, northern parts of the Aravalli range and the
arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage. All major rivers of India
originate from one of the three main watersheds.
</p>
<p>
.The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges
</p>
<p>
.Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in
central India
</p>
<p>
.Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India
</p>
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<p>Our Team</p>
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<h4>RAJVEER SINGH</h4>
<span> <strong>Reg No.</strong>1353337</span>
</div>
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</div>
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fluid" alt="" />
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<h4>ABHISHEK KUMAR SRIVASTAV</h4>
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fluid" alt="" />
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<h4>SHRUTI THAKUR</h4>
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<section id="recent-blog-posts" class="recent-blog-posts">
<p>Blog</p>
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src="assets/img/blog/Indus-River-Himalayas.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt=""
/></div>
<h3 class="post-title">1. The Indus River</h3>
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<p>
The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a
trans-Himalayan river of South and East Asia. The 3,180 km (1,980 mi) river rises
in Western Tibet...
</p>
<a href="isdus-river.html" class="readmore
stretched-link mt-auto"><span>Read More</span><i class="bi
bi-arrow-right"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/the-ganga-river.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">2. The Ganga River</h3>

<p>
The Ganges or Ganga is a trans-boundary river
of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km river rises in the
western Himalayas in the Indian state of ....
</p>
<a href="ganga-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
37
src="assets/img/blog/Barahmputra-river.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">3. The Brahmaputra

River</h3>
<p>
The Brahmaputra called Yarlung Tsangpo in
Tibet, Siang/Dihang River in Arunachal Pradesh and Luit, Dilao in Assam, is a
trans-boundary river which flows through Tibet,...
</p>
<a href="brahmaputra-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/Yamuna-river.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">4. The Yamuna River</h3>

<p>
The Yamuna is the second-largest tributary river
of the Ganga and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri
Glacier at a height of 6,387 metres...
38
</p>
<a href="yamuna-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/Narmada-river.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">5. The Narmada

River</h3>
<p>
The Narmada River, also called the Reva and
previously also known as Narbada. This river is located in Madhya Pradesh and
Gujarat state of India. It is also known as...
</p>
<a href="narmada-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
39
src="assets/img/blog/Tapi_River.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">6. The Tapi River</h3>

<p>
The Tapti River is a river in central India located
to the south of the Narmada river which flows westwards before draining into the
Arabian Sea.The river has a length of...
</p>
<a href="tapi-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/Tapi_River.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">7. The Godavari River</h3>

<p>
The Godavari is India's second longest river after
the Ganga. Its source is in Triambakeshwar, Maharashtra.It flows east for 1,465
kilometres draining the states...
</p>
<a href="godavari-river.html" class="readmore
40
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/krishna River.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">8. The Karishna River</h3>

<p>
The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in
terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and
Brahmaputra. The river is almost...
</p>
<a href="karishna-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/kaveri River.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">9. The kaveri River</h3>

<p>
41
The Kaveri is an Indian river flowing through

the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Kaveri river rises at Talakaveri in the
Brahmagiri range in the Western Ghats,...
</p>
<a href="kaveri-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
src="assets/img/blog/mahanadi river.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="" /></div>
<h3 class="post-title">10. The Mahanadi

River</h3>
<p>
The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central
India. It drains an area of around 141,600 square kilometers and has a total course
of 858 kilometre .Mahanadi is also...
</p>
<a href="mahanadi-river.html" class="readmore
</div>
</div>
</div>
42
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43
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50
<main id="main" style="margin-top: 50px;">


<section id="recent-blog-posts" class="recent-blog-posts">
<p>The Indus River</p>
</header>
<div class="row">
src="assets/img/blog/Indus-River-Himalayas.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt=""
/></div>
<p>
The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-
Himalayan river of South and East Asia. The 3,180 km (1,980 mi) river rises in
Western Tibet, flows northwest through the Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of
Jammu and Kashmir, bends sharply to the left after the Nanga Parbat massif, and
flows south-by-southwest through Pakistan, before it empties into the Arabian Sea
near the port city of Karachi.
</p>
<p>
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km.
Its estimated annual flow is around 243 km twice that of the Nile and three times
that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined, making it one of the largest rivers
in the world in terms of average annual flow.Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the
Zanskar River, and its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which
itself has five major tributaries, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej
rivers. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram and
Gomal rivers. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in
the Himalayan, Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the
ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
</p>
<p>
51
The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries,

forms the Punjab region of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in
a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. The river has historically
been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise
of a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC,
the Punjab region was mentioned in the Rigveda hymns as Sapta Sindhu and in the
Avesta religious texts as Saptha Hindu both terms meaning "ten rivers". Early
historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror
dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the knowledge of the West early in
the classical period, when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of
Caryanda to explore the river.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
</section>

</main>



<footer id="footer" class="footer">
<div class="copyright">
© Copyright <strong><span>INDIAN
RIVERS</span></strong>. All Rights Reserved
</div>
<div class="credits">




Designed by <a href="#">Rajveer Singh</a>
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52
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</body>
</html>
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS):

body {
font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif;
color: #444444;
}
a{
color: #4154f1;
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
color: #717ff5;
text-decoration: none;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {

font-family: "Nunito", sans-serif;
53
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Sections
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
section {
padding: 60px 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
.section-header {
text-align: center;
padding-bottom: 40px;
}
.section-header h2 {
font-size: 13px;
letter-spacing: 1px;
font-weight: 700;
margin: 0;
color: #4154f1;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.section-header p {
margin: 10px 0 0 0;
padding: 0;
font-size: 38px;
line-height: 42px;
font-weight: 700;
color: #012970;
}
@media (max-width: 768px) {

.section-header p {
font-size: 28px;
line-height: 32px;
}
}
54
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Breadcrumbs
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
.breadcrumbs {
padding: 15px 0;
background: #012970;
min-height: 40px;
margin-top: 82px;
color: #fff;
}

.breadcrumbs {
margin-top: 57px;
}
}
.breadcrumbs h2 {
font-size: 28px;
font-weight: 500;
}
.breadcrumbs ol {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
list-style: none;
padding: 0 0 10px 0;
margin: 0;
font-size: 14px;
}
.breadcrumbs ol a {
color: #fff;
transition: 0.3s;
}
.breadcrumbs ol a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
55
.breadcrumbs ol li + li {
padding-left: 10px;
}
.breadcrumbs ol li + li::before {
display: inline-block;
padding-right: 10px;
color: #8894f6;
content: "/";
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Back to top button
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
.back-to-top {
position: fixed;
visibility: hidden;
opacity: 0;
right: 15px;
bottom: 15px;
z-index: 99999;
background: #4154f1;
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
border-radius: 4px;
transition: all 0.4s;
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.back-to-top i {
font-size: 24px;
color: #fff;
line-height: 0;
}
.back-to-top:hover {
color: #fff;
}
.back-to-top.active {
56
visibility: visible;
opacity: 1;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Disable aos animation delay on mobile devices
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
[data-aos-delay] {
transition-delay: 0 !important;
}
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Header
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
.header {
transition: all 0.5s;
z-index: 997;
padding: 20px 0;
}
.header.header-scrolled {
background: #fff;
padding: 15px 0;
box-shadow: 0px 2px 20px rgba(1, 41, 112, 0.1);
}
.header .logo {
line-height: 0;
}
.header .logo img {

max-height: 40px;
margin-right: 6px;
}
.header .logo span {

font-size: 30px;
font-weight: 700;
57
color: #012970;
margin-top: 3px;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Navigation Menu
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/**
* Desktop Navigation
*/
.navbar {
padding: 0;
}
.navbar ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
display: flex;
list-style: none;
align-items: center;
}
.navbar li {
position: relative;
}
.navbar a, .navbar a:focus {

display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: space-between;
padding: 10px 0 10px 30px;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: 700;
color: #013289;
white-space: nowrap;
transition: 0.3s;
}
58
.navbar a i, .navbar a:focus i {

font-size: 12px;
line-height: 0;
margin-left: 5px;
}
.navbar a:hover, .navbar .active, .navbar .active:focus, .navbar li:hover > a {

color: #4154f1;
}
.navbar .getstarted {
padding: 8px 20px;
margin-left: 30px;
border-radius: 4px;
color: #fff;
}
.navbar .getstarted:hover {
color: #fff;
}
.navbar .dropdown ul {
display: block;
position: absolute;
left: 14px;
top: calc(100% + 30px);
margin: 0;
padding: 10px 0;
z-index: 99;
opacity: 0;
visibility: hidden;
background: #fff;
transition: 0.3s;
border-radius: 4px;
}
59
.navbar .dropdown ul li {
min-width: 200px;
}
.navbar .dropdown ul a {
padding: 10px 20px;
font-size: 15px;
text-transform: none;
font-weight: 600;
}
.navbar .dropdown ul a i {
font-size: 12px;
}
.navbar .dropdown ul a:hover, .navbar .dropdown

ul .active:hover, .navbar .dropdown ul li:hover > a {
color: #4154f1;
}
.navbar .dropdown:hover > ul {

opacity: 1;
top: 100%;
}
.navbar .dropdown .dropdown ul {

top: 0;
left: calc(100% - 30px);
visibility: hidden;
}
.navbar .dropdown .dropdown:hover > ul {

opacity: 1;
top: 0;
left: 100%;
}

60
.navbar .dropdown .dropdown ul {

left: -90%;
}
.navbar .dropdown .dropdown:hover > ul {
left: -100%;
}
}
/**
* Mobile Navigation
*/
.mobile-nav-toggle {
color: #012970;
font-size: 28px;
cursor: pointer;
display: none;
line-height: 0;
transition: 0.5s;
}
.mobile-nav-toggle.bi-x {
color: #fff;
}

.mobile-nav-toggle {
display: block;
}
.navbar ul {
display: none;
}
}
.navbar-mobile {
position: fixed;
overflow: hidden;
top: 0;
right: 0;
left: 0;
bottom: 0;
61
background: rgba(1, 22, 61, 0.9);

transition: 0.3s;
}
.navbar-mobile .mobile-nav-toggle {
position: absolute;
top: 15px;
right: 15px;
}
.navbar-mobile ul {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 55px;
right: 15px;
bottom: 15px;
left: 15px;
padding: 10px 0;
border-radius: 10px;
background-color: #fff;
overflow-y: auto;
transition: 0.3s;
}
.navbar-mobile a {
padding: 10px 20px;
font-size: 15px;
color: #012970;
}
.navbar-mobile a:hover, .navbar-mobile .active, .navbar-mobile li:hover > a {

color: #4154f1;
}
.navbar-mobile .getstarted {
margin: 15px;
}
.navbar-mobile .dropdown ul {
position: static;
62
display: none;
margin: 10px 20px;
padding: 10px 0;
z-index: 99;
opacity: 1;
background: #fff;
}
.navbar-mobile .dropdown ul li {
min-width: 200px;
}
.navbar-mobile .dropdown ul a {
padding: 10px 20px;
}
.navbar-mobile .dropdown ul a i {
font-size: 12px;
}
.navbar-mobile .dropdown ul a:hover, .navbar-mobile .dropdown

ul .active:hover, .navbar-mobile .dropdown ul li:hover > a {
color: #4154f1;
}
.navbar-mobile .dropdown > .dropdown-active {

display: block;
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Hero Section
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
.hero {
width: 100%;
height: 100vh;
background: url(../img/hero-bg.png) top center no-repeat;
background-size: cover;
}
63
.hero h1 {
margin: 0;
font-size: 48px;
font-weight: 700;
color: #012970;
}
.hero h2 {
color: #444444;
margin: 15px 0 0 0;
font-size: 26px;
}
.hero .btn-get-started {
margin-top: 30px;
line-height: 0;
padding: 15px 40px;
border-radius: 4px;
transition: 0.5s;
color: #fff;
}
.hero .btn-get-started span {

font-weight: 600;
font-size: 16px;
}
.hero .btn-get-started i {
margin-left: 5px;
font-size: 18px;
transition: 0.3s;
}
.hero .btn-get-started:hover i {
transform: translateX(5px);
64
.hero .hero-img {
text-align: right;
}
@media (min-width: 1024px) {

.hero {
background-attachment: fixed;
}
}

.hero {
height: auto;
padding: 120px 0 60px 0;
}
.hero .hero-img {
text-align: center;
margin-top: 80px;
}
.hero .hero-img img {
width: 80%;
}
}

.hero {
text-align: center;
}
.hero h1 {
font-size: 32px;
}
.hero h2 {
font-size: 24px;
}
.hero .hero-img img {
width: 100%;
}
}
65
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Index Page
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# About
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
.about .content {
background-color: #f6f9ff;
padding: 40px;
}
.about h3 {
font-size: 14px;
font-weight: 700;
color: #4154f1;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.about h2 {
font-size: 24px;
font-weight: 700;
color: #012970;
}
.about p {
margin: 15px 0 30px 0;
line-height: 24px;
}
.about .btn-read-more {
line-height: 0;
padding: 15px 40px;
border-radius: 4px;
transition: 0.5s;
color: #fff;
}
66
.about .btn-read-more span {

font-weight: 600;
font-size: 16px;
}
.about .btn-read-more i {
margin-left: 5px;
font-size: 18px;
transition: 0.3s;
}
.about .btn-read-more:hover i {
transform: translateX(5px);
}
/*--------------------------------------------------------------
# Values
--------------------------------------------------------------*/
.values .box {
padding: 30px;
box-shadow: 0px 0 5px rgba(1, 41, 112, 0.08);
text-align: center;
transition: 0.3s;
height: 100%;
}
.values .box img {

padding: 30px 50px;
transition: 0.5s;
transform: scale(1.1);
}
.values .box h3 {
font-size: 24px;
color: #012970;
font-weight: 700;
margin-bottom: 18px;
}
67
.values .box:hover {
box-shadow: 0px 0 30px rgba(1, 41, 112, 0.08);
}
.values .box:hover img {

transform: scale(1);
}
#hero {
background-size: cover !important;
background-position: right center !important;
}
.section-header p {
margin: 10px 0 0 0;
padding: 0;
font-size: 38px;
line-height: 42px;
font-weight: 700;
color: #4154f1;
}
#team .col-lg-2{
width: 20%;
}
#recent-blog-posts .col-lg-6 {
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 680px) {
#team .col-lg-2{
width: 100%;
}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 680px) and (max-width: 768px) {
#team .col-lg-2{
width: 50%;
}
}
68
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) {

#team .col-lg-2{
width: 33.33%;
}
}
.recent-blog-posts .post-box .post-img img {
transition: 0.5s;
width: 100%;
}
69
Bibliography
 www.wikepedia.org
 www.google.com
Books:-
 Internet & Web designing by Satish Jain
 Magazines
 Internet Technology & Web Design– NIELIT Booklet
70

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National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology

Submitted to :- Submitted by:-

5 Introduction To Project 7-20

6 Hardware & Software Requirements -21

7 About HTML 22-23

8 Snap Shots Of Project 24-26

Rajveer Singh Reg. No. - 1353337

Signature of the Students Signature of the Guide

Project Guide Director In-Charge

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South

2. The Ganga River

3. The Brahmaputra River

The Brahmaputra called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, Siang/Dihang River in

10. Mahanadi River

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Minimum Hardware Requirements:-

 Processor : Pentium-3 or above

Minimum Software Requirement:-

SNAP SHOTS OF PROJECT

<meta content="" name="keywords" />

<img src="assets/img/logo/logo.png" alt="" />

<nav id="navbar" class="navbar">

<li><a class="nav-link scrollto"

The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the

<div class="col-lg-6 d-flex align-items-center" data-aos="zoom-

<div class="row gy-4 portfolio-container" data-aos="fade-up" data-

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-web">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-app">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-card">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-web">

<img src="assets/img/portfolio/5.jpg" class="img-fluid"

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-app">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-card">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-card">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 portfolio-item filter-web">

<div class="row gy-4">

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 d-flex align-items-stretch" data-

<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-6 d-flex align-items-stretch" data-

<h3 class="post-title">1. The Indus River</h3>

<h3 class="post-title">2. The Ganga River</h3>

<h3 class="post-title">3. The Brahmaputra

<h3 class="post-title">4. The Yamuna River</h3>

<h3 class="post-title">5. The Narmada

<h3 class="post-title">6. The Tapi River</h3>

<h3 class="post-title">7. The Godavari River</h3>

<h3 class="post-title">8. The Karishna River</h3>

<h3 class="post-title">9. The kaveri River</h3>

The Kaveri is an Indian river flowing through

<h3 class="post-title">10. The Mahanadi

<div class="container" data-aos="fade-up">

<div class="row gy-4">