Horace Addison Hoffman

EVERYDAY GREEK
ΤΗΕ UNIVERSITY ΟΕ CHICAGO PRESS

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY

NEW YORK
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON
THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
TOK YO, O3aKA, KYOTO FUKUOKA, SENDAI
THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED
SHANGHAT
EVERYDAY GREEK
GREEK WORDS IN ENGLISH, INCLUDING
SCIENTIFIC TERNMIS
By
HORACE ADDISON HOFFMAN

Pr Jerser Emeritus of Greek
1ο ε University
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

CHICAGO, TLLINOIS
COPYRIGHT 19IQ BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGQ
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, PUBLISHED JULY 1gIQg
TENTH IMPRESSION MARCH 193§
COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY

OF CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U.S.A.
PREFACE
This book has grown out of my own needs in giving a brief

course in the derivation of English words of Greek origin. 1
have the hope that it will also be of service to many other
teachers in giving similar courses in colleges and high schools.
I believe also that many persons will find such a manual very
helpful for privale study and reference. Those who have
studied Greek in the usual way will find the book helpful for
purposes of review and in the application of their knowledge
to the study of Greek words in English. Others can use the
book in private study as the means of acquiring in the shortest
and most direct way a sufficient knowledge of Greek to
enable them to trace the origin and feel the force of scientific
terms and other English words of Greek origin.
The book is not intended Το take the place of the English
dictionary or the Greek lexicon, but only to prepare the stu-
dent to make a more intelligent use of the dictionary.
One of the chief problems in preparing this manual has
been to decide just what to include in it and what to leave out,
so that it might contain neither too much nor too little. I
have tried to strike a happy medium and to include only those
things which are fundamental for the purposes of the book,
selecting my examples in such α way as to illustrate the differ-
ent types of words. I cannot expect to satisfy everyonc by
my selections. No doubt many tcachers and students will
find some things included which they consider superfluous,
and others will miss things which they would prefer to have
v
V1 PREFACE
included. This will be especially true of the vocabulary

and the lists of words given for study. It will, however, be
casy for anyone to omit words and sections which he does not
care Το study, and those who wish different examples from
those given can collect lists of words in which they, or their
students, are particularly intercsted. Tt is to be hoped,
indeed, that students who usc this book will not confinc
themselves to the words given in it, but that cach one, after
mastering the fundamental principles and enough of the
examples to illustrate them, will seck to apply his knowledge
to the words of Greek derivation which belong to his own
special field of study.
It will be noticed that, in so far as scientific terms are
concerned, I have given a preponderance of medical terms.
There are three reasons for this. In the first place, I have
tried to make this work especially helpful to medical students;
secondly, the medical terminology has to a considerable
extent been handed down to us from the ancient Greek physi-
cians and preserves more fully the true Greek forms and
meanings than that of most other sciences; thirdly, many of
these medical terms have come into general use and belong
to everyday language, not merely to the professional language
of the physician. Even new terms in medicine often very
soon become widely known and a part of the common language
of educated people. I believe, therefore, that the amount of
attention given to medical terms is justitied, even if the user
of the book docs not intend ἰο study medicine,
I have tried to present the material in the most convenient
and practical form rather than in a scientific and cxhaustive
form. The Greck scholar will think that I have not dug very
PREFACE vii
deep in my chapter on the formation of words, or in giving

the derivation of individual words. 1 fcel, however, that 1
have given quite as much as the ordinary student of this
book will be able to assimilate in the time which he can give
to the subject.
Classcs using the book should study the first three divisions
—The Alphabet, Parts of Speech, and Word Formation—
in the order given in the text. The matter in these divisions
is arranged by topics and in what has seemed to me the best
order for study. I have not divided it into lessons of definite
length, and the teacher can, thercfore, adapt the length of
the assignments to the nature of his class and the conditions
under which the work is given. The remainder of the book
consists of a collection of material to be used in the application
of the principles learned in the first three divisions. The
order in which this is taken is of no special importance. The
teacher can select from this material such portions as best
suit the needs of his class and the time at their disposal. He
may substitute other words and groups if he prefers.
Tt is a good exercise to have students collect words of Greek
origin from the studies in which they are most interested, such
as philosophy, botany, zodlogy, politics, etc. This will add
to their interest in the work, and the words so collected may be
made a basis of study in the class. Suitable passages of
English may be read in class and the words of Greek origin
picked out and analyzed. Such practical exercises can be
extended indefinitely and will be limited only by the time at
the disposal of the class. After a student has covered the
first three divisions of the book the application of the prin-
ciples to the analysis of words and groups of related words
ΝῈ PREFACE
will be the best means of fixing those principles in mind and of

making them useful to the student. Such exercises will
afford a constant review of the fundamental principles and
vocabulary.
The English index and key at the end of the book can be
used to find all the information given in the book about any
word.
Horacr Α. ΗΟΕΕΜΑΝ
ΒΙΟΟΜΙΝΩΤΟΝ, ΊΝριΑΝΑ
February 17, 1910
CONTENTS
. THE ALPHABET
Historical Sketch; The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time;

English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin
. PARTS OF SPEECH 13
Nouns; Verbs; Adjectives; Pronouns; Prepositions; Adverbs;
Conjunctions
111. FormATION OF WORDS . 23

Definitions of Terms; Euphony; Vowel Changes; Some
Common Suffixes; Verbal Adjectives; Denominative Adjec-
tives; Denominative Verbs; Compound Words
V. Worp GROUPS FOR STUDY . 42
. VOCABULARY
VI InpEX aND KEY TO DERIVATION 95
Ϊχ
I. THE ALPHABET
(The Alpha-Beta: The A-B-C’s)
Historical Sketch
1. The Greek alphabet is the parent of all modern Euro-
pean alphabets, including our own.
The ancient Greck alphabet was derived from the Phe-
nician alphabet. Modifications were made to some extent in
the forms of the letters, and still more in the sounds for which
they stood. The Phenician alphabet had no characters to
represent vowel sounds, and so some οἱ the Phenician char-
acters which represented sounds not found in the Greek
language were used by the Greeks to represent vowel sounds.
2. Our knowledge of the ancient Greek alphabet is obtained
chiefly from inscriptions on such durable materials as stone,
bronze, and pottery. The oldest of the preserved inscriptions
date from about 6ooB.c. As we come down to later times they
become more and more numecrous. It is interesting to com-
pare these inscriptions and obscrve how the forms of the
letters, and sometimes their valucs, varied in different periods
and in different localitics. Some of these variations arc
especially interesting because we can find in them the origin
of differences which exist today in the European alphabets.
Our own alphabet comes from the Roman alphabet, which
originally was the Greek alphabet as found in the Chalcidian
Greek colonies in Southern Italy.
3. In ancient times the capital letters only were used in
both Greck and Latin. The capitals, therefore, represent the
original letters, and in studying the early history of the alpha-
bet we must confine ourselves to the capital letters. The
2 EVERYDAY GREEK
small letters, or lower case letters, as they are called in modern

priniing, grew up in cursive, or rapid, writing on parchment
and papyrus. We find such cursive writing used for letters,
contracts, accounts, and other non-literary purposes as early
as 242 B.C. Bul for centurics after cursive writing had come
into usc for non-literary documents the capitals alone were
still used in formal books and in inscriptions. Our oldest
manuscripts of the New Testament are written wholly in
capitals.
4. At the present time ancient Greek books are printed in
modern Greek type, just as ancient Latin books are printed
in modern Roman type, or, as we commonly call it, English
type. The alphabet, therefore, which we learn when we first
study Greek is the modern Greek alphabet, and the small
letters are for practical purposes of far more importance than
the capitals, since the capitals are used chicfly at the begin-
ning of proper names, and at the beginning of paragraphs.
5. Before we pass from the consideration of the original
capital letters it will be interesting to notice a few differences
between the capitals in the Greek and Roman alphabets as
they are used today, and to point out their origin. We find
that these differences go back to differences in the ancient
Greek alphabets used in different periods of time and in
different localities.
For example, the Greek Rho (P) lacks the tail found in
its Roman equivalent, R, and so it is the same in form as our
English P, which is represented in the Greek alphabet by the
character called i (II). But this Roman form of R is found
in many of the older Greek inscriptions, and regularly so in
the inscriptions of those Greek scttlements in Ttaly from which
the Romans got their alphabet, The same is true of practi-
cally all the diffcrences between the later Greek and Roman
THE ALPHABET 3
alphabets. The character X, which in the standard Greek

alphabet has the sound of %/, or German ¢k, was used in the
Greek scttlements in Italy as eguivalent to ks, which is its
sound in Latin and English. It is also found used in this
same way in many places in Grecece proper, as in Laconia,
Euboea, and Bocotia. The character I in the older Greek
inscriptions has the same sound as in the Roman and English
alphabet, and E is used for both long and short e. The
Tonian Greeks, however, began very early to use this character,
H, to represent the long sound of ¢, and this was later adopted
at Athens, so that from about 400 B.c. this character, called
eta, became the common symbol for long e.
6. In writing with brush or pen there was a natural tend-
ency to round off the corners of the letiers, so that many
letters which were originally angular became rounded, and
the Roman alphabet has more of these rounded forms than
the Greek. Thus the Greek Delta (B) became D. One form
of Gamma is <, which by rounding became C. One common
old form of Sigma is 5, which by rounding became S, while
another form, made with four strokes instead of three (%),
was modificd to .
The Greck Upsilon is found in ancient Greek inscriptions
in two forms, V and Y. The first form was adopted by the
Romans, and, eventually becoming rounded at the bottom,
gives us our U. At the time when the Romans first adopted
the Greck alphabet both the Greck Upsilon and the Roman #
( V) had the same sound, that of oo in ““boot.” The Latin V
retained this sound, but by the time that the Romans began
to borrow Greek words in considerable numbers the sound of
the Greek Upsilon had changed to that of the French # and
the form Y had come into general use. Therefore whenever
the Romans adopted a Greck word which contained Y, since
4 EVERYDAY GREEK
they had no letter in their own alphabet to represent its

sound, they retained this character in spelling the word and
thereby added a new letter to the Roman alphabet, which
was uscd, however, only in Greek words containing it. Τς
15 the origin of our English ¥, and we have followed the fashion
of the Romans by continuing to write y for the Greek Upsilon
in words of Greek derivation, such as “psychie,” “physics,”
“rhythm,” and the like.
From the two forms of the Greek Upsilon, V and Y, we
have gotten four letters in our Inglish alphabet, U, V, W
(double %), and Y.
7. The Greek Lambda (A) and the Roman L do not at
first sight seem very much alike, but when in old Greek inscrip-
tions we find Lambda turned upside down and the right limb
depressed and shortened, thus [, we at once recognize the
source of L.
An interesting thing which comes out in the examination of
old Greek inscriptions is the fact that the Roman alphabet and
our own, though derived from the Greek alphabet, have, to
some extent, retained older forms than are now found in the
Greek alphabet; older even than were found in the Greek
alphabet used at Athens in the time of Plato and Demos-
thenes, although in most cases where the two alphabets differ
both forms may be traced back to very ancient times.
In the letter Q the Roman alphabet and our own retain
the old Greck and Phenician Koppa (?) which most of the
Greeks discarded very carly, except as a numeral, because it
was superfluous, having the same sound as K. In our I’ we
have the old Greek Digamma, which also was discarded in
very early times by the Ionian Greeks, including the Athenians.
In old Greck it had the sound of our w, but the Romans used
it as an equivalent of the eastern Phi (9), ph.
THE ALPHABET 5
The Romans had dropped Z from their alphabet, but when

they began to take Greek words over into Latin they reinstated
it for use in spelling Greek words which contained Zeta. This
explains how it came to be at the end of the Roman alphabet,
and consequently at the end of our own. Iow the ¥ came
to be the next (ο the last letter has already becn explained
above.
Note.—Samples of Greek inscriptions and tables showing the different
forms of the letters found in different periods and in different localities may be
seen conveniently in Roberts’ Iutraduction to Greek Epigraphy, published by
the Cambridge University Press.
The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time

8. The forms of the letters here given are those which arc
now used in printing both ancient and modern Greck.
Characters Names : Equivalents
A a alpha a asin father

3 β beta b asin box
r Ύ gamma g asingun
A ὃ delta d asin dog
" € epsilon e asin mel
Ζ ξ zela Ζ 85 Ἰὴ cone
Η η eta ¢ asin féle
0 θ theta e oasin thin
I ι iota Ϊ as in machine
K Κ kappa k asin keep
A A lambda [ asinlog
M μ mu Ὦ: ἃ8 ἴῃ wman
Ν v nu noasin ue
Ξ ξ χὶ X asin ox
0 ο omicron o asin obey
Π π' pi P oasin pin
6 EVERYDAY GREEK
Characters Names Equivalents
Ρ β rho 7 asin run

Σ σ5 sigma s asin sun
T T tau ἐ asintop
T v upsilon " asin I'rench ¢
Φ φ phi ph as in physics
X X chi ¢h as in machen (German)
Ψ ψ psi ps as in ships
Q ω omega o asin go
PRONUNCIATION
0. The pronunciation generally in use in American col-
leges is an attempt Το approximate that used by the ancient
Athenians in the classical period. The pronunciation now
uscd in modern Greece differs greatly from this, is much more
difficult for English-speaking students, and obscures the rela-
tion between the Greek word and the English word, or words,
derived from it. In this book, therefore, the general usage
of Anerican colleges is followed.
10, The consonants.—The consonants are, in general,
pronounced like the English cquivalents given in the fore-
going table of the alphabet.
The following require special explanations:
γ is always pronounced like g in “go,” except that before
&, ¥, X, or £ it has the sound of English ng, and is then repre-
sented in Latin and in English by 2. Thus dyvyehos, messenger,
becomes in Latin angelues, and in English angel. Other illus-
trations arc oolvE, sphinx; ἐγκώμιον, ΟΠΟΟΗΙΠΩΗ; βρόγχια,
bronchia; - is never pronounced like g in gin.
0 is pronounced like #% in thin, not like /% in this.
o is pronounced like s in sun, not like s in his.
χ Is pronounced like German ¢/ in machen.
THE ALPHABET 7
11. The vowels and diphthongs.—The vowels are pro-

nounced as follows:
like a in father
Ω
like e in met
eIyΑ
like ¢ in mate
like e in me
like i in pin
like o in obey
ϱ
v like French %, or German 4

w like 0 in go
Theoretically the short vowels differ from the long in
quantity only, that is in the length of time the sound is dwelt
upon. This distinction is practically impossible for Inglish-
spcaking persons, and the sounds indicated in the above table
will answer our purposes.
12. Following is a table of the diphthongs and their
approximate pronunciation:
ar like¢ in mine
εἰ like ef in eight
ov like o7 in oil
αυ like ou in out
ev like e in fend
ov like 0o in boot
ve like wi in guit
Besides these there are the so-called improper diphthongs,
ᾳ, 7, @, with the « written under a long open vowel. This α
is called iota subscript, and is silent, so that these improper
diphthongs are pronounced the same as &, %, w. The iota
subscript is omitted in English derivatives.
13. Breathings.—Every vowel or diphthong at the begin-
ning of a word has either the rough breathing (} or the
smooth breathing (*). The rough breathing is pronounced
8 EVERYDAY GREEK
like the English &, the smooth breathing is not pronounced at

all and may be considered merely ornamental. The rough
breathing was also used with initial rho.
Examples: pédov, rose.
14. Accents—There are three marks of accent: the acute
("), the grave ('), and the circumflex (*). There are compli-
cated rules for determining which accent shall be used and
where it shall be placed, but all we need to know for our pur-
pose ἰς that in pronouncing Greek words we accent the syllable
over which the accent is placed and make no distinction with
regard to the kind of accent mark used. The vowel which
has a circumflex over it is long.
15. Suggestions in pronunciation.—There are no silent
letters in Greek except the iota subscript. There is a syllable
for each vowel or diphthong. In trying to pronounce Greek
words, think not of the names of the Greek letters, but of the
corresponding English letters with the sounds indicated above.
16. Pronounce the words in the following list; also write
them out in Greek letters. Then transliterate these words,
that is, write them in the corresponding Roman, or English,
letters.
Learn the meanings of these words and tell what Iinglish
words you think are derived from them.
won, song woTaubs, river
al7és, self avbpwmos, human being, man
φόβος, [εαν ὁδός, road, way
vékTap, neclar MET POV, IMEASIUIE
φωνή, sound, voice τόπος, place
vekpés, dead body, corpse woNiTys, citizen
fyyehos, messenger δεσπότης, master (of slaves)
γράφω, Ι ε φίλος, [Ῥῖεμά, ἴουον
{xmos, horse ἐπιστολή, [ε[έεν
THE ALPHABET 9
παράδεισος, ῥατᾶ βάσις, step, foundation

ἀκμῆ, highest point, prime Blos, life
Oebs, a god, God Opa, season, hour
φάλαγἔ, Πς ο ας aO\ys, contestant
ἄστρο», star Bapos, weight
xeip, hand δένδρον, ἵγες
ἔργον, work σφαῖρα, ball
στρατηγός, ΡεΙτεναϊ latpbs, healer, physician
ἀνατομή, dissection uéya, large, big, great
Bordvn, grass, vegetation µικρός, 51411
ἡμέρα, day εἰρήνη, peace
κλέπτω, Τ εἰεαὶ θώραξ, breast-plale, breast, chest
kpaThp, mixing bowl wé\is, city, stale
Write the following words in Greek letters:

Analysis, genesis, skeleton, synthesis, parenthesis, sepsis,
diagnosis, idea, pathos, embryo(n), Philadelphia, Socrates.
TRANSLITERATION
17. The first Greek words came into English through Latin
and retained the Latin spelling. Thus the custom was estab-
lished of spelling Greek words in English as they were spelled
in Latin, not merely using the Roman characters instead of
the Greek characters, but also making such changes in the
letters as the Romans made in order to represent the Greek
sounds by the letters and combinations of letters used to repre-
sent those sounds in Latin. Greck endings were also changed
to corresponding Latin endings. Furthermore, the Latin end-
ing is often dropped in English, or a familiar English ending
substituted. Thus “dramaticus” becomes dramatic, “poeta,”
poet, “philosophia,” philosophy, “nauticus,” nautical, ““prac-
ticus,” practical. The familiar English adjective ending -a/ is
itself from the Latin ending -alés in such words as “navalis,”
naval.
10 EVERYDAY GREEX
18. For the reason already explained in section 6 the Greek

upsilon (T) was retained in Greek words taken over into Latin,
and this gives us our Inglish ¥, y. The Greek upsilon is
therefore represented by ¥ when Greek words containing upsi-
lon are written in Latin or in English, unless the upsilon is part
of a diphthong, in which case it is transliterated as ». Thus
dréhvas is written analysis, but ravrkds is““nauticus” in Latin,
nautical in English.
19. Most of the Greek consonants are transliterated by
the Latin or English equivalents given in the table of alpha-
bet (see p. 5).
k, however, is usually transliterated ας ο.
p at the beginning of a word always has the rough breath-
ing in Greek and becomes 72 in Latin and in Tinglish. Thus
phTwp becomes rhelor.
v before «, 7y, x, or £ becomes 1. Thus: dyyehos, angelus,
angel; σφίγξ, sphinx; ἐγκέφαλος, enccphalus; ἐγχειρίδιο»,
enchiridion.
20. The largest number of changes occur in the case of the
diphthongs. These are indicated in the following table:
Greek ac becomes in Latin ae
Greek e becomes in Latin i, occasionally &
Greek οἱ becomes in Latin ος
Greek ov becomes in Latin 4
The older English followed the Latin spelling, but in the
simplified spelling of Lnglish in recent vears ae and oe have
generally been shortened to e. Thus ¢awdueror, formerly
spelled phaenomenon, is now gencrally written phenomenon.
οἰκονομία was formerly written oeconomy, but is now written
cconomy.
There is also a tendency in recent years in making new
scientific terms to retain the Greek spelling in some cases
THE ALPHABET 1
instead of using the vatin spelling. In these instances ᾗ

is used for κ, σ for ov, ai for at, ¢z for e, and οἳ ἴοτ οι.
However, in tracing the derivation of most English words
of Greek origin it is necessary to take into account the Latin
spelling of Greek words. This is especially true of the older
and better known words,
21. These peculiarities of transliteration may be summar-
ized as follows:
k=c, p=rh, v=y, au=ae, =1, or &, ot=0¢, ov=14.
22. The Greek endings were also usually changed to the
corresponding Latin endings. The most important instances
for our purpose are the change of -os in Greck nouns and
adjectives of the o-declension to the corresponding Latin
ending -us5, and of the neuter ending -or of the same declension
to the corresponding Latin ending -mm.
Thus χόρος is chorus in Latin and English; Kbpos is
Cyrus. In English, however, the ending may be dropped
altogether. Thus: pblos, Latin mythus, English myth.
Examples of neuters are: Μουσεῖον, museum; oréprov,
slernumt;, yvurdgiov, gYMnastim.
English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin
23. While Greek words are usually taken into English
in a Latinized form, they are pronounced as English words with
the usual English sounds of the letters. The Greek accent is
disregarded both in Latin and in English, but the Latin
accent is very commonly retained in English; always so in
proper names. It is, therefore, important to recall the rules
for the accent of Latin words, which are as follows:
Words of two syllables are always accented on the first
syllable. Words of more than two syllables are accented on
the next to the last syllable (penult), if that is long in quantity;
otherwise on the preceding syllable (antepenult).
12 EVERYDAY GREEK
24. The following points should also be noted in the Eng-

lish pronunciation of Greek derivatives:
x becomes ¢, which in Latin is pronounced like %, but in
English ¢ is pronounced like s before e, 7, and . Likewise ¢
is pronounced like 7 before ¢, 7, and .
Examples: catalog, cycle, criticize, Cassandra, Cyrus, Cato,
Cicero, genesis, galaxy, geometry, trigonometry, Ganymede, George.
Greek x is transliterated as ¢k, but this ¢/ is generally
pronounced like k.
Examples: anarchy, chromatic, architect, technical. “Arch-
bishop” and a few other similar words form an exception.
Greek o, equivalent to ps, is very common at the beginning
of Greek words. Since we cannot easily pronounce ps at the
beginning of a word, we drop the p and pronounce the s only.
Examples: psalm, psychology, pseudonym.
The vowels are pronounced with the usual English sounds.
EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION AND PRONUNCIATION
25. Write the following words both in Greek and in their

Latinized English forms. Pronounce them both in Greek and
in English:
Σωκράτης 'Πρόδοτος χόρος
᾿Αριστεΐίδης Ῥοίβη ἄγγελος
Ο ουκυδίδης Kbopos "' μουσεῖον
᾿Απόλλων ὑπόθεσις κριτήριον
᾿Αθηνᾶ κρῖσις στέἐρνον
᾿Αφροδίτη γένεσις δρᾶμα
Ξ οφοκλῆς ἀκμῆ κλῖμαξ
Εὐριπίδης ᾠδή Ὑγεωμετρία
Αἰσχύλος Π χίμαιρα φιλοσοφία
Ἠλάτων Βορέας οἰκονομία
'Επίκουρος κόσμος βακτήρια
Εὐκλείδης ᾽ μῦθος δηοκρατία
Π. PARTS OF SPEECH
26. The parts of speech in Greek are the same as in English,

namely: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, con-
junctions, and prepositions. The first four are inflected, that
is, they have difierent forms to indicate different cases, num-
bers, genders, persons, tenses, voices, and modes.
Greek is a highly inflected language, even more so than
Latin, and the number of forms is very great, especially in the
verbs. These different forms are produced mainly by differ-
ent endings, but to some extent by prefixes and other changes
in the stem.
For our purposes it is not necessary to learn the inflections,
but only such changes of forms as reappear in English words
derived from the Greck. These changes are such as belong
to word-formation, the process by which new stems and words
are formed from existing roots and stems. The study of
roots’ and stems' is therefore important.
Nouns
27. The form in which we lcarn a Greek noun is the
nominative case singular number. This is the form given
first in dictionarics.
28. Declensions.—There are three declensions of Greek
nouns, the a-declension, the o-declension, and the consonant
declension, which are generally called the first, second, and
third declensions respectively.
29. The first, or a-declension.—In this declension the
stem ends in -a, often modified to 4. The nominative singular
1 For definitions of these terms sec sections 55 and 56.
13
14 EVERYDAY GREEK
of feminine nouns of this declension ends in a or 7. Masculine

nouns add s.
30. The following list of words will illustrate the ᾱ-
declension. These words and their meanings should be
learned. Words have been sclected for the list which have
English derivatives, and these English derivatives will assist
in remembering the Greek words and their meanings.
wpa, scason, hour ὑγίεια, health, (hygiene)

axpm, highest point, prime, acme kpurhs, judge, (critic)
@dn, song, ode Bopéas, north-wind, (boreal)
ἰδέα, αῤῥοαγαπτε, form, idea ~ woAiTys, citizen, (political)
ἱστορία, duquiry, information, Seawbrys, master of slaves, despot
narrative, history ποιητής, maker, composer, poet
μηχανή, conlrivance, machine; ἀθλητῆς, contestant in games,
{English derivative, mechani- " athlete
cal) " bmoxpuys, actor, (hypocrite)
axoNy, leisure, (school) φιλοσοφία, love of wisdom, phi-
φωνή, voice, sound, (phonetic, losophy
phonograph, telephone) Yevéa, race, stock, family, (gene-
o¢atpa, ball, sphere alogy)
Siacra, mode of life, (diet)
31. The second declension, or o-declension.—The stem

ends in o. In the nom. sing. masculines and feminines add s,
neuters add ». There are very few feminines.
32. . LIST OF WORDS ΟΕ THE 0-DECLENSION
&yyehos, messenger, (angel) δρόμος, road, race-track, (hippe-

&8ehpés, brother, (Philadelphia) drome)
ἄνθρωπος, mamn, human being, #heos, sun, (heliograph, helio-
(anthropology) trope)
4p0uos, number, (arithmetic) Oebs, god, (theology, theism)
ados, pipe, (hydraulic) ἵππος, fiorse. (hippodrome)
PARTS OF SPEECH 15
κόσμος, order, universe, world, uéTpov, measure, (meter, ther-

(cosmopolitan) mometer)
Nifos, sione, (monolith, Ilitho- σκῆπτρον, siaff, scepter
graph) δένδρον, lree, (rthododendron)
ubbos, story, (myth) θέατρον, theater
Thwos, impress, type στέρνον
Ρ ᾽ breast, breast-bone ᾽
véoos (fem.), disease, (nosology) (sternum)
γνάθος (fem.), jaw, (progna- μουσεῖον, femple of the muses,
thous) (museum)
8d¢s, (fem.), way, journey, (exo- dpyavov, thsirument; organ
dus) φάρμακον, drug, (pharmacy)
33. The third declension, or consonant declension.—

In this declension the stem ends in a consonant, or in one of
the close vowels, ¢,v. The genitive case in this declension adds
-ος to the stem and the stem may generally be found by drop-
ping this ending in the genitive. It is therciore usually
necessary to know the genitive case to find the stem of those
nouns whose stem ends in a consonant. Stems in &, or ,
if masculine or feminine, add sigma in the nominative singu-
lar and the stem can be found in such words by dropping this
sigma. A few stems in upsilon are necuter and have the
nominative singular like the stem.
The genitive singular of nouns in this declension is given in
the dictionaries and vocabularies. The nominative singular of
nouns of this declension has various endings which we learn in
learning the word as we find it in the dictionary or vocabulary.
34. SOME TYPICAL WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
anp, genitive aép-os, air; (aero- δρᾶμα, δράματ-ος, action, deed;

naut) (drama, dramatic)
δαίμων, dalpor-os, deily; (demon) κανών, Κανόν-ος, straight-edge,
Séppa, dépuat-os, skin, (derma- rule, standard; (canon)
tology, pachyderm)
16 EVERYDAY GREEK
κλὶμαξ, kNupak-os, ladder, slair- ίγας, γίγαντ-ος, giant; (gigan-

case; (climax) tic)
δόγμα, déypar-os, opinion, con- ὄρνις, ὄρνιθ-ος, bird; (orni-
viction, decree; (dogma) thology)
κρατῆρ, κρατῆρ-ος, wiixing-bowl, Amwap, Awar-os, liver;, (hepatic)
bowl; (crater) φλέψ, φλεβ-ός, τοῖπι; (phlebot-
λάρυἔ, λάρυγγ-ος, ἴατγηκ omy)
πῦρ, πυρ-ός, Ηρς; (γγτγοτοςΏΗηίς) θρίξ, τριχ-ός, hair; (trichina,
pis, pw-6s, mose; (rhinology, trichoblast; found in many
rhinoceros) scientific terms)
φῶς, φωτ-ὁς, ἰἶρλὶ; (photograph) ποῦς, ποδ-ός, [οοί; (ἱτιροά, απ-
χείρ, χειρ-ὁς, hand; (chirog- podes, polypous)
raphy) mals, wad-os, ckild; (pedagogue,
οὗς, wr-6s, ear; (otology) pediatric)
35. Words with stems ending in 1, or v.—In these words the

genitive is often irregular, but the nominative is regular and
the stem is best found by dropping the nominative singular
ending -s. The genitive of this class of words is not given in
the vocabularies of this book.
36.
πόλι-ς, lown, city, state; (politi- Yéveai-s, birth, origin, genesis
cal, necropolis) Baot-s, foundalion, base, basis
δύναμι-ς, ῥοΐνε», force; (dynamic, val-s, ship; (nausea, nautical)
dynamite) ἀνάλυσι-ς, απαϊγοὶς
Ix0t-s, fish; (ichthyology) σἔνθεσι-ς, synthesis
φίύσι-ς, nature; (physical)
37. Neater nouns in -os.—A special and important class

of nouns in the consonant declension are the neuters with
nominative All masculine and feminine nouns cnding
in -os.
in -os belong to the o-declension, but neuter nouns in ---
belong to the consonant declension. The latter originally
had stems ending in -es. The e of the stem is changed ἰο
PARTS OF SPEECH 17
o in the nominative, accusative, and vocative. In the other
cases the final ¢ of the stem is dropped before the case
ending so that the stem seems to end in e.
38. EXAMPLES OF NEUTER NOUNS IN -0§
γένος, γένε(σ)-ος, race, kind; (homogeneous, heterogeneous)
πάθος, wabe(a)-os, feeling, suffering, disease; (pathology)
Bapos, weight; (barometer)
dvbos, flower; (anther, polyanthous, anthology)
εἶδος, appearance, form, kind; (kaleidoscope, spheroid =o¢aipo-edns)
Vebdos, falsehood; (pszudonym, pseudo-science)
kpéros, power, rule; (democratic)
Verbs
39. The form of the verb given first in dictionaries is
usually the first person singular of the present indicative
active. Thus: ypaow, [ write; δίδωμι, I give. Some English
dictionaries in referring to Greck verbs give the infinitive, and
for that reason it is well to know how the infinitive ends also.
40. The most common class of verbs are those whose first
form ends in -w, and whose present active infinitive ends in
-ew. Thus: γράφω, Ι ς; vypagew, lo write. In many of
these the verb stem may be found by merely dropping the
ending -w, or -ew. DBut in many other verbs the simple verb
stem has been modified in sonme way in the present so that it
is more or less disguised. Thus: wpdoow, I do, I accomplish.
Here the verb stem is not wpace, but πραγ, as secn Ίη πραγ-
µατικός, English pragmatic. The stem is the important part
for us in tracing derivatives. Accordingly, in this book
whenever the simple verb stem cannot be found by merely
dropping the ending, the stem is placed after the verb in
parentheses. Thus: wpasow (wpavy), I do, accomplisk. This
stem should be learned in learning the verb since it is essential
for our purpose to know the stem.
18 EVERYDAY GREEK
41. Verbs in -w with infinitive in -er.—

γράφω, Ι write, draw, paint mpaoow (wpay), do, accomplish,
γράφειν, ἰο wrile, draw, paint; (pragmatic, practical)
{geography, photograph) γι-γνώ-σκῳω (yvw), know; (ag-
N, I loose nostic)
λύειν, ἐο loose; (electrolysis) kpiva (xpt), judge, decide; (crisis,
Nove.—In the rest of this list the critic)
infinitive is not given and the subject
κρύπτω (κρυϕ), hide; (οτυρίο-
“1” is omitted in the translationforthe
sake of brevity, The same practice gram)
will herealter generally be observed. wéxrw (wem), digest; (dyspepsia,
8pdw, do, act; (drama) pepsin)
Totéw, make, compose; (poet) τέμνω (τεμ), σμί; (microtome)
ὁράω, 506; (panorama) τύπτω (τυπ), sirike; (type)
τρέπω, (μΡ:; (tropic) axitw (ox8), split; (schism)
¢pépw, bear, carry; (phosphorous, afimw, rot, decay; (sepsis, septic)
semaphore) Telvw (1ev), strefch; (tone)
42. Verbs in -ue.—Several important verbs end in - in

the first person singular of the active indicative. The infini-
tive of these ends in -ναι.
τί-θη-μι (θε), infinitive ri-6é-vac, put, place; (thesis, synthesis)
δί-δω-μι (δο), ΙπΗπΙΗνε δι-δό-ναι͵, give; (dose, antidote)
ἵ-στη-μι (στα), ἰπΠπνε ἑ-στά-ναι͵ stand; (static, system)
43. Deponent verbs.—In Greck there are many so-called

deponent verbs which have the forms of the middle or passive
voice, but are either active or intransitive in meaning. The
middle and passive voices have the same form in the present
tense. In the first person singular of the indicative they end
in -oua: instead of -w. The infinitive ends Ί: -εσθαι.
αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθὴ), αἰσθάνεσθαι, perceive; (aesthetic, anesthetic)
γίγνοµαι, ἴοτ γι-γέν-ομαι (γεν), become, be born; (genesis, eugenic)
µιµέ-ομαι, tmitate; (mimetic, mimeograph)
σκέπτοµαι (σκεπ), ἰροΐ αἰ, examine, consider; (skeptic, telescope)
PARTS OF SPEECH 19
44. Sometimes the active form has one meaning and the
middle or passive another,
paivw (par), show; (hierophant). ¢aivouar, appear; (phenomenon)
A few deponent verbs omit the vowel o or € before the endings.

δύνα-μαι (δυνα), δύνα-σθαι, ὃς αὐἰς, have power; (dynamic, dynasty)
45. There are also verbal roots which arc not used in the
present tense, but occur in other tenses. Nouns and adjec-
tives are often derived from such roots, and some of these
τοοῖς give us common English derivatives and are important
for our purposcs. In these cases it will answer our purpose
to learn merely the root and its meaning.
Έοοὶ φαγ, eat; (sarcophagus, ichthyophagous).
Root 6w, see;, (optics, autopsy).
Adjectives
46. Adjectives have the same declensions as nouns. They
generally have different forms for different genders. Many
adjectives have the feminine in the ¢-declension and the
masculine and neuter in the o-declension.
EXAMPLES
Masculine Feminine Necuter
μικρός μικρά wikpov, small; (microscope, microtome)
σοφός σοφή godov, wise; (sophomore, philosopher)
μόνος μόνη μόνον, αἰοπε, single; (monotone, monogamy)
47. Some adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension

and the masculine and neuter in the consonant declension.
Others are declined wholly in the o-declension or in the conso-
nant declension, the masculine and feminine being alike in
form.
20 EVERYDAY GREEK
The differences in form which mark gender rarely appear

in English derivatives, and for our purposes it is sufficient in
most instances to learn merely the first form of the masculine
and its stem. In so far as the forms of adjectives are con-
cerned we can apply to them what we have already learned
about nouns.
EXAMPLES
uikpd-s, small; (micro-scope, micro-cosm)
ubvo-s, alone, single; (mono-syllable, mono-gram)
péya-s, ueydhy, big, large; (mega-phone, megalo-mania)
woAb-s, tmuch, plur. many; (poly-theism, poly-technic)
πᾶς, ΕεηΏ. παντ-ός, πευῖ. πᾶν, αἲἷ; (pan-theism, panto-mime)
uéhas, gen. uéhav-os, black; (melan-choly, melan-urus)
ὁμό-ς, sanme; (homo-geneous, homo-logous)
αὐτό-ς, 561{; (auto-graph, auto-matic)
dpwoTo-s, best; (aristo-cracy)
véo-s, new, young, (neo-lithic, neo-phyte)
48. The article.—The Greek has an article corresponding

to the English definite article the. It is declined in full in
cach of the three genders. We need learn only the three forms
of the nominative singular, as follows: masc. ὁ, fem. 4, neut. 7é.
These forms of the Greek article are used after nouns in
Greck dictionaries as a convenient way of indicating the
gender of the nouns. Thus:
κριτής, o, indicates that xperfs is masculine,
ὁδός, %, indicates that 686s is feminine.
yévos, 16, indicates that yévos 1s neuter.
Pronouns
49. The Greek personal pronouns do not appear in English

derivatives, with the exception of éy, I, which is found in
egoism, egotism, egoistic, and egotistic.
PARTS OF SPEECH 21
Prepositions
50. The Greek prepositions nearly all appear in English
words, some of them very frequently, and they are very
important for our purposes. They are not inflected. They
are very common as the first part of a compound word.
51. The following list should be learned with the meanings
there given. The meanings given are chiefly those which the
prepositions have in compound words, since the Greek prepo-
sitions appear in English only as parts of compound words.
aupl, about, on both sides; (amphi-theater, amphibious)
avé, up, throughout,; (anatomy, anathema, analysis)
drri, opposite, against; (antidote, anti-German)
ané, from, away from; {apostasy, apology)
8ud, through; (diameter, diaphragm)
ἐν, in, al; (enhydrous, energy, encaustic).
&, ¢£, out of; (eccentric, exodus).
ἐπὶ, upon,; (epidermis, epidemic, epitaph, epigram)
κατά, down; (cataract, catastrophe, cataclysm)
perd, after, diffcrently; (metacarpus, metamorphose)
wapd, by, beside; (parasite, paragraph)
mepl, around; (perimeter, pericarp)
wpb, for, before, forth; (prologue, prophet)
oby, with, together; (synthesis, sympathy)
ὑπέρ, αὖστε, over, beyond,(hypercritical, hyperbole, hypertrophy)
,
bwé, nnder, Latin sub; (hypodermic, hypothesis)
Adverbs
52. The following adverbs appear in English words:
¢Ew, outside; (exoteric, exogen)
tow, within, (esoteric)
&vdov, within, (endogen)
e, well; (euphony, eugenic)
ke, far; (telegraph, tetepathy)
22 EVERYDAY GREEK
53. Inseparable particles.—There are a few prefixes which

are common in composition with other words, but which never
occur as separate words. They are as follows:
év-, &~ are negative like un- in English, or ἐμ- in Latin.
av- is used before words beginning with a vowel, ᾱ- before
words beginning with a consonant. Thus: an-esthetic,
a-pathetic, an-odyne, a-septic.
δυσ- has the meaning 7//, bad. Tt is the opposite of &b,
well, good.
Examples: dyspepsia, dyscntery.
Ἆμι-, Ποἰ[; (hemisphere).
δι-, fwo, double; (diphthong, dimeter, dilemma).
kaX\i-, beautiful; (calligraphy, calisthenics).
Conjunctions
53a. The Greek conjunctions do not appear in English
derivatives and we can disregard them.
ΠΙ.. FORMATION OF WORDS
54. New and longer words arc formed very freely in Greek
from the shorter words, or rather, from their roots and stems.
Most of the longer words are made up of a number of distinct
parts each of which has its own special significance. Before
proceeding further with the process of word-building it is
necessary to learn the meaning of a few terms which we must
use repeatedly.
Definitions of Terms
55. Root.—A root is the fundamental part of a word, or a

group of related words. Longer stems and words may be
derived from the root, but the root cannot itsclf be derived
from any more simple element existing in the language.
Thus in genesis, genetic, cugenic, hydrogen, cndogen, etc.,
there is a common syllable gen which is the root, meaning
become, or be born. The same root with the vowel e changed to
o appears in other words, such as theogony, cosmogony,
gonophore.
The root the, put, or place, appears in cach of the following
words: Thesis, theme, synthesis, antithesis, apothecary,
hypothetical, anathema.
56. Stem.—The stem is the part of a word which remains
the same in a group of forms arising from inflection. Roots
are often used as stems, but most stems consist of the root
lengthened out by something added to it or prefixed to it.
Thus in genesis, Greek -yéveois, the root is γεν, but the
stem is yevear. To this we add the case ending s in the nomina-
tive and get the form γένεσις; the accusative case is γένεσιν.
23
24 EVERYDAY GREEK
57. Suffiz.—A suffix is one or more syllables added to the

end of a root or stem to make a new stem. The suffixes do
not occur as separate words. They may be illustrated in
English by the syllable -er in such words as sing-er, work-er,
build-er; or by -ness in such words as sweet-ness, weari-ness,
idle-ness.
58. Prefix.—A prefix is one or more syllables placed before
a stem. Most of the prefixes are prepositions or adverbs,
which may occur as independent words, but there are some
prefixes which do not occur as separate words. (See section
53 above). We may illustrate the use of the prefix by the
following English words: wun-wise, #z-human, ant-Christian.
59. Verbal.—A verbal is a word derived from a verb-stem
or root. Words derived directly from roots are also called
primitives.
60. Denominative.—A dcnominative is a word derived
from the stem of a noun or an adjcctive.
61. Simple word.—A simple word Ί5 one formed from a
single root or stem.
62. Compound word.—A compound word is formed by
combining two or more stems.
Euphony
63. A great many changes are made in the spelling of
Greek words for the sake of cuphony (Greek edgwria, good
sound, from €0, good, and ¢uwvy, sound).
To explain these euphonic changes it is necessary first to
understand the classification of the Greek consonants.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
64. Following are the classes of consonants:

(π). Mutes, or Stops.—Thcse may best be given in the
form of a table. '
FORMATION OF WORDS 25
Surds Sonants Aspirates

Labials, T β φ
Palatals, Κ Ύ X
Linguals, T ὃ θ
In the surds the dreath is stopped by the organs of speech,

and in the sonants the woice is stopped in the same way.
The aspirates consist of the surds followed by the aspirate
sound /.
(2). Liquids.—\, u, », p. These are so called from their
smooth, flowing sounds.
(3). Sibilant. o, s.
(4). Double consonants. {=dz, £=ks, ¢=ps.
EUPHONIC CHANGES OF CONSONANTS
65. Before 7 a labial or palatal mute must be co-ordinate,

that is, in the same column with 7 in the above table. Thus
the root πραΎγ, do, with the suffix -7wos becomes not wpa<y-
τικός͵, but πρακ-τικός, practical. ο ἐχ-τικός becomes ἐκ-τικός,
ΠεςΏς, απά ἐπιληβ-τικός Ῥδροπηος ἐπιληπ-τικός, epileptic.
66. Before 7 a lingual mute becomes o. πλατ-τικός
becomes whao-tikds, plastic; oxohad-rikds becomes oxohao-
τικός, scholastic.
67. Before p a labial mute becomes p, a palatal mute
becomes vy, and a lingual mute becomes o. ypd¢-pa changes
to ypau-pa, from which we have the syllable gram: in telegram,
program, grammar, etc.; wapddek-uo changes to wapddey-pa,
paradigm; oo¢id-ua changes to σόφισ-μα, 6ορπίδηι; πλάτ-μα
becomes πλάσ-μα, plasm.
68. Before a labial mute v becomes μ. . συν-πάθεια, ἴγογι
g and wéafos, becomes συμ-πάθεια, sympathy. Compare
symphysis, symphony.
20 EVERYDAY GREEK
69. T, B3, or pt+o=y

κ, Ύ, οἵ χ-σ--ξ
7, 8, or 0+o=g, that is, a lingual mute is dropped
before sigma.
7o. » is dropped before ¢. olv-orqua becomes ol-orqua,
system. ν is usually assimilated before w and Δ. Thus
συν-λαβή becomes gul-Naf39, syllable; συν-μετρία, συµ-μετρία,
symmetry.
71. Initial p is doubled when a short vowel comes before
it in the formation of a compound word. This double rho
(ρῥ) comes into English as rri.
Thus: péw, flow, with the preposition xaréd becomes xarap-
péw, flow down, whence kardppoos, a down-flowing, a running
down of mucus from the head, English catarrh.
71a. The only consonants which can stand at the end of a
Greek word are », p, and s.
Vowel Changes
72. The vowel in a root or stem is often changed to some

other vowel. Such changes are found also in English words
not of Greek origin. Thus: Sing, sang, sung, song; sit, sat,
set, scat; tell, told, tale.
In Greek the most common change of this kind is the
change of € in a verbal root to o when a noun or adjective is
formed from the same root. Thus: τρέπω, turn, Tpowy, a
turning, solstice, tropic; ἡλιο-τρόπος, furning lo the sun,
Ἠο]οίτορθ (ἠλιοτρόπιον); Ttelvw(rer), streich, Tovos, strelch of the
string, tone.
Many other vowel changes occur in Greck stems, both in
the formation of tenses in the verbs and in the formation of
nouns and adjectives from verb stems.
73. A final short vowel is usually lengthened before a

suffix beginning with a consonant. Both ε απά a become 7.
ποιέ-ω, ποιη-τῆς; ἀρθρό-ω, ἄρθρω-σις:ἵστημι(στα), σύ-στη-μα,
system.
74. A final vowel is usually dropped before a suffix begin-
ning with a vowel. poloa, μουσ-ικός:νέφρο-ς, νεφρ-ῖτις.
Some Common Suffixes
75. Verbal Nouns.—The simplest and most common

suffixes by which nouns are formed from verb stems are -a
and -o, forming respectively noun stems of the a-declension and
the o-declension. The nominative case of these words ends
in -a, -9, -0s, -ov. An e in the verbal root is regularly changed
to 0. The meanings vary.
πέμπω, send, escort:wouw-q, an escort, a procession (Eng. deriv.
pomp)
Tpéww, furn: Tpom-4, a turning, solstice, (tropic)
Tpbw-os, lurn, manner, lurn, or figure of speech, trope
τέμνω (rep), cutitop-n, a cutling, a seclion
réu-~os, section of a book, voluwme, tome
dva-Téuvew, cul up, dissect:dva-rou-9, dissection, anatomy
relvw (Tev), streich: tév-os, @ Strefching, tension, tone
76. Agent nouns are made with the suffixes -τῆς, -τηρ, ττωρ.
ποιέω, 1nake, compose: woun-is, maker, coni poser, poet
pe, root meaning speak: ph-Twp, speaker, orator, thetor
κεράννυμι (κερα; κρα), MIxikpa-THp, wiixer, mixing-bowl, crater
ἀθλέω, εοπίσμα in games:a0hy-is, conlestant, athlete
77. Action nouns are made with the suffixes -σις, -σια, -μος.
κρίνω (κρι), judge, decide:kpi-ais, decision, crisis
ava-Abw, loosen up, separate: avd-Av-ois, separation, analysis
συν-τίθηµι (θε), ῥ together:abv-Be-ais, a putting fogether, synthesis
σήῆπω, Γοὲ, decay:ofus (ofim-ois), a rolling, sepsis
28 EVERYDAY GREEK
αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ, αἰσθε), perceive, feel:dv-awoly-cia, tnsensibility,

anesthesia
σφύξω (σφυγ), ἐ]νοῦ, beat:opuy-ubs, throbbing, pulse. (Compare
sphygmo-graph)
βαρβαρίξω (BepPepd), barbarize: BapBapio-uos, barbarism
78. Result nouns arc made with the suffix -uar. These
are neuter nouns of the consonant declension and drop the
7 in the nominative case, which therefore ends in -ua.
mwoéw, make, compose: woln-ua, what is made, or composed, poem
dpbw, do, act:bpd-pa, deed, action, drama
γράφω, write:yphu-pa (vpad-ua), what is writlen; In the plural
(vpaupara), writings, literature, letters (compare Latin litterae).
From +ypéppa come grammar, and the syllable gram in such
words as monogram, epigram, diagram, program, telegram, etc.
συν-ίστημι (στα), set togetheriai(v)-omy-pa, what has been set togelher,
a system.
79. Denominative nouns are made with the suffix -7us

denoting the person concerned with.
woM=s, cily, slate: wohi-Tys, citizen. Hence Eng. political, politics
vab-s, shipivat-rys, sailor. Hence syllable naut in argonaut, aero-
naut, nautical, nautilus
warpia, family, clan, tribe: watpus-Tys, clansman, compatriot, (patriot)
80. Quality nouns are made from adjectives with the

suffix -ia.
codls, wise:oodpia, wisdom.
φιλόσοφος, wisdom-loving: puhocod-ia, love of wisdom, philosophy
πολύ-γαμος, much-married, polygamous: wohv-yau-ia, polygamy
81. Place nouns are made with the suffix -εἶον.

Moboa, Muse: povo-etov, tenple of the Muses, muséum.
Mabowhos, Mausolus: Mavowh-etor, fomb of Mausolus, mausoléum
o, song:@d-elov, place of song, music hall, odéum
Verbal Adjectives
82. It will be observed that some of the suffixes used to
form adjectives are the same as those used for forming nouns.
Adjectives and nouns were not always clearly distinguished
among the Greeks. The fact that they were declined alike,
and that adjectives were often used substantively, that is
as nouns, tended to obliterate the distinction between them.
Thus the adjective “good” in the masculine form with the
masculine article before it meant ““the good man,” in the fem-
inine form with the feminine article meant ‘ the good woman,”
while the neuter meant “the good thing,” or “whatever is
good,” which practice we have carried over into English in
the expression ‘““the good, the true, and the beautiful”;
that is, “whatever is good, whatever is true, and whatever is
beautiful.” Generally, however, in English when we place
the definite article before an adjective and use it substantively
we think of it as plural in a universal or collective sense.
When we say ‘“the wise,” “the rich,” “the young,” etc., we
mean ‘““all who are wise,” etc. The Grecks expressed this
by putting the adjective and its article in the plural number,
which they indicated by the ending. We cannot make such
a distinction in English sincc the form of the adjective is the
same in all genders and numbers.
The practical purpose of this note is to make it clear that
many of the forms given in this section, while fundamentally
adjectives, may also be used as nouns, and some of them
generally appear in English as nouns rather than as adjec-
tives.
83. Adjectives equivalent to perfect passive participles are
made with the suffix -7os, neuter -rov.
“ροὕπτω (κρυφ), hide, conceal:kpvm-ros, hidden; English derivatives,
crypt, crypto-gram, crypio-gam
30 EVERYDAY GREEK
δίδωμι (δο), give:dvri-o-Tov, antidote; dv-éx-§o-Tor, anecdote

ἐπι-τίθημι (θε), ῥηί upon, add:éni-Oc-tor, epithet
orkéNw (okeh-€), dry up:okehe-16s, dried π τ σκελε-τόν (σῶμα), a dried
up body, a mumny, skeleton
dbw, grow: purde, something grown, a plant. IHence English -phyte
in such words as neophyte (a young plant), zotphyte, cpiphyte
84. Verbal adjectives denoting relation, fitness, abilily,
or inclination are made with the suffix -7ixés.
πράσσω (wpay), do, accom plish: wpak-rikés, efficient, practical
ἀνα-λύ-ω, απαΐγζε: άνα-λυ-τικός, απα]γίο, απα[γίοαῖ, analytics
αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ-ε), Ρογτοίνς: αἰσθη-τικός, αὖ]ε lo perceive, aesthetic;
negative an-aesthetic
σήπω, rol, decayionm-twos, productive of decay, septic; negative
a-septic
ὃς. Many compound adjectives with a verb stem in the

second part are made with the suffix -es. These are also used
as agent nouns, and it is in this sense chiefly that they give us
English derivatives.
An e in the verb stem is regularly changed to o.
φῶς, genitive ¢wr-bs, light; ¢épw, bear, carry:
Pwo-pop-o0s, bearing light, light-bearer, phosphorus
yphow, write, draw, paint
*Gewr-0-ypbo-os, light-painier, photographer
yautw (yap), marry: wokv-yau-os, much married, polygamous
doTpor, star:Neyw, speak, tell about:
ἀστρο-λόγ-ος, one who lells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer
βίος, life: Bro-ypagp-os, life-writer, biographer
pilos, story, myth
pvlo-Noy-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist
{Gov, antmal:*{wo-Aoy-os, zoblogist
* Greek words marked by an asterisk (*) in this book are either assumed
forms, or modern forms, and arc not found in Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English
Lexicon. Al such words given in this baok are formed on the analogy of similar
words found in ancient Greek and from words actually found there. They
are given because they are the Greek equivalents of English words.
86. It may be noted in passing that from each of these

adjectives or agent nouns in --- we may form an abstract
noun denoting the state, action, or proccss, by changing the
ending to -la. (See section 8ο).
*bwr-0-vphd-os, photographer: *dwroypad-ia, photography
πολύ-γαμ-ος, polvgamons: wohvyap-ia, polygamy
ἀστρο-λόγ-ος, αδίγοΐορε»: ἀστρολογ-ία, ασἰτοῖοςν
βιο-γράφ-ος, δἰοσγαῤἼο»: βιογραφ-ία, biograply
wvbo-Néy-os, mythologist: pvBohoy-ia, mythology
*two-Nov-os, z0ologist: *fwohoy-la, s0dlogy
The ending -ta is changed to y in English. 1t is through

this class of words that we get in English the names of sciences
ending in -ology.
87. A common mistake is to derive these names of sciences
from the noun Névyos, word, or speech. Noyos is derived from
the same root as the last part of these compounds ending in
-λογία, απὰ is brother to this ending, not its parent. -λογία
does not occur in the Greek language as a separate word,
but only in such compounds as uvfo-hovyia, ἀστρο-λογία, θεο-
Ἀογία, οἷς., which always presuppose pvfo-Noy-os, 4o7po-Aoy-
os, Beo-Aoy-os, etc. ΤΠο -λόγος Ίη the latter part of these and
similar words is not the noun \évos, spceck, since it means not
speech, but speaker, or rather, onewho speaks about, and obvi-
ously comes directly from the verb λέγω. Theidentity of form
is accidental and this has misled many. The situation is
made clear by comparing the similar compounds derived from
yphow, write. In this case there is no noun γράφος to causc
confusion, and so every one says the latter part of these com-
pounds is from the verb ypddw. The change of ε to o in
the root Aey of Néyw has also contributed to this confusion.
This change, however, is regular and very common. (Sec
sections 72 and 8s).
32 EVERYDAY GREEK
What has just been said will be illustrated and made

clearer by the following examples:
*Bro-ypdp-os, biographer: Bro-vypad-ia, biography
Yew-yphp-os, geographer: yew-ypad-la, geography
φωσ-φόρ-ος (φέρῳω), light-bearer: pwa-pop-ia, a bringing of light
aoTpo-Aoy-os, astrologer: dotpo-hoy-la, astrology
doTpo-réu-os (véuw), astronomer:aorpo-vou-ia, astrenonty
θεο-λόγ-ος (Ἀέγω), ἑπεοϊορία:' θεο-λογ-ία, ἰ]εοῖσρν
Denominative Adjectives
88. The following suffixes are used to make adjectives
from nouns, or rather, from noun stecms:
89. -to-s, belonging to, pertaining to. 1t appears in English
derivatives mostly in adjectives derived from proper names,
the Greek ending -tos being replaced in English by the Latin
suffix -fan (-ianus).
"ONvpmo-s, Olympus:’ONbuw-tos, Olympian
Κάρινθο-ς, Corinth:Koplvf-tos, Corinthian
δηλέ-ομαι, faurt, ΜΡµ δηλη-τῆρ, οπς who hurts, or harms: dnin-tip-
ws, huriful, harmful, deleterious
00. -κο-ς, -ικο-ς, denoting relation, fitness, resemblance, and
corresponding ἰο the ending -rwwos in verbals given above
(Sec. 84).
wONLTYs, Cilizein: mohT-tkos, political
ῥήτωρ, ογαΐο”: ῥητορ-ικός, τηεϊοτῖραϊ
φύσις, Ἠαΐτιρε: φυσι-κός, Ἠαϊνγραϊ, φηγθίοαῖ
kapbla, heart:kapbia-xds, relating to the heart, cardiac
01. The Greek endings -ικός and -7ikés are the source of
the common English endings -7c and -fic, the last syllable -os
being dropped in English. After the ending -ic, or -fic, in
English there is commonly added the ending -αἰ, which is
from the Latin suffix -alis. Sometimes we have the English
word ending in -ic, sometimes in -ical, and in some cases we

can use either. We can say either poetic or poetical, tragic
or tragical. We say magnetic, eccentric, graphic, energetic,
enthusiastic. But we say practical, physical, rhetorical,
theological, etc. Sometimes the word occurs with both the
endings -ic and -ical, but the two forms have different mean-
ings, as politic and political. ἰ
92. The neuter plural forms of these adjectives were used
in Greek as names for arts and sciences. The ncuter plural
nominative and accusative in all Greek nouns and adjectives
ends in -a short.
φυσικά, matlers perfaining to nature, the study of things belonging ἰο
naiure, natural scicnce, physics
πολιτικά, things perlaining to the citizens, or to the stale, politics
ἦθος, moral character:f0wa, things pertaining ἰο moral character,
ethics
In these and similar words the English usage imitates the
Greek plural by adding -s, the English plural ending. THence
we have our names for sciences ending in -ics. A plural
adjective is, however, so forcign to our usage that we forget
that these words are plural, and, as a matter of fact, in our
use of them they are not plural.
We have also names of arts and sciences ending in -i¢, such
as music, rhetoric, arithmetic, logic. These correspond ίο
the Greck practice of using the feminine singular of the adjec-
tives in agreement with the noun τέχνη, αγί, ΟΥ ἐπιστήμη,
science. The noun was usually omitted in Greek. Thus:
μουσικὴ (réxvy), musical (art), music
ἀριθμητικὴ (réxvn), the art of counting or computation, arithmetic
The Greeks used ecither form. Aristotle has at times
πολιτικὴ (τέχνη, ἐπιστήμη), political science, and at times
πολιτικά, ροϊΏος, in the same sense.
34 EVERYDAY GREEK
93. -i7ts, making feminine adjectives. With the feminine

noun véoos, disease, understood thesc adjectives were used as
names of discascs.
véppos, kidney:vedp-tris (véoos), kiduey discase, nephritis
In modern medicine the ending -itis signifies {nflanmnation
βρόγχια, bronchial tubes: *Bpoyx-Tris, bronchitis
ἄρθρον, joint:&pbp-iris, tnflanimation of joint, arthritis
04. -n5 (stem -e5) is used to make both compound adjec-
tives in which the latter part is from a verb stem and com-
pound adjectives in which the latter part is from a neuter noun
ending in -os (stem in -es. See scction 38.).
et-ver-ns, (from €0, well, and vev, stem of yiyvouar, be born), well-
boru, 110ble. From this we have in English the proper name
Eugene, and, with a changed ending, eugenic and eugenics
ὁμο-γενής (ἔγοπι ὁμό-ς, same, and yévos, race, kind, genus), of the same
kind, homogeneous
ἀστερ-ο-ειδῆς (ἴγοτη ἀστῆρ, σρηϊΏνα ἀστέρ-ος, star, and elos, stem
elbes, appearance, form), having the appearance or form of a
star, like a star, asteroid. This is the origin of our English
ending -0id, meaning like. ᾽
ἀνθρωπο-ειδής having the appearance of a human being, anthropoid
cpapo-eldys, sphere-like, spheroid
yew-adfs contracts 1o vewdys, carth-like; (geode)
σπασμώδης, spasmodic from gmacpds, shows a similar ending.
Denominative Verbs
95. These are verbs derived from nouns or adjectives,
chiefly from nouns. The most important for our purpose are
those ending in -aw, -εω, -οω, -ευω, -αζω, -ιζω.
The only one of these endings appearing in verbs in English
is -t{w, from which comes our common verb ending -ize, some-
times changed ἰο -ise. We have, however, in English many
nouns and adjectives derived from denominative verbs with
the other endings given above.
06. The following will illustrate these words and the scries
of derivatives which may come from each:
(@) weipa, trial, attempt, attack
weLpd-w, try, attack
mewpa-Ths, one who allacks (ships), pirate
πειρα-τικός, ρἰταΏσαϊ
(b) ἀριθμός, μ δεν
&pi18ué-w, number, count, reckon
apOun-Tweds, arithmetical:apiBun-rwy (réxry), arithmetic
koo uos, order, adornument
κοσµέ-ω, 5οὶ Τ order, adorn
κοσµη-τικός, σηεᾶ [ογ αἰογηίηρ, cosmetic
(¢) vexpés, dead; dead body, corpse
νεκρό-ω, deaden
véxpuw-ats, @ deadening, necrosis
σκληρός, hard
- ;
σκληρό-ω, harden
σκλήρω-σις, α frardening, sclerosis
*axhnpw-Tikds, hard, sclerotic
νάρκη, numbness
vapko-w, benumb
νάρκω-σις, α benumbing, narcosis
vapkw-Tikds, narcotic
πῦρ, fire
πυρό-ω, burn
mUpw-ous, Durning, pyrosis
πύον, ῥ5
πυό-ω, 51βῥηναίε
πύω-σις, suppuration, pyosis
It will be observed from the foregoing illustrations that the

common ending -osis in medical terms comes from this group
of words, that is, from the nouns in -ois from verbs in -ow.
36 EVERYDAY GREEK
(d) papuaxov, drug

φαρμακεύτ-ω, deal in drugs, administer a drug, poison
dapuakev-Tikos, pharmaceutic
παῖς, waib-6s, child
Taibet-w, bring up a child, educale
παιδευ-τικός, suited for education, educative, paedeutic (pae-
deutics)
προ-παιδευ-τικός, propaedeutic (propaedeutics)
(e) yvuwés, naked
γυμνάζω (γυμναδ), επκενεῖσε παλοᾶ, εκενοῖςε
yupvas-tis, one who exercises, gymnast
γυμνασ-τικός, gymnastic (gymnastics)
Yvuvho-wov, place for exercising, gymnasium
( copds, wise
σοφίξω, σοφἰξοµαι (σοφιδ), αο wise, prefend to be wise
σοφισ-τῆς, sophist
σοφισ-τικός, sophistic
σόφισ-μα, 5ορπίδη
ἀγών, α σομέεδὶ
ἀγωνίζομαι (ἀγωνιδ), contend
ἀντ-αγωνίζομαι, conlend against, antagonize
ἀντ-αγωνισ-τῆς, απϊαροπίοδί
ἀντ-αγωνισ-τικός, απζαροπϊδίς
ἀντ-αγωνισ-μός, απίαροπίδηΙ1
βάρβαρος, barbarian
βαρβαρίζω, Βατδατίζε
BapBapia-uos, barbarism
"EN\yv, a Greek, a Hellene
Ἕλλην-ικός, Greek, Hellenic
Ἕλλην-ίξω, Ἠε[]θπῖζο
Ἑλληνισ-τής, Ἠθί[επὶσε (a forcigner who adopted the Greek
language and customs)
Ἑλληνισ-τικός, Ἠεϊϊεπϊδεϊς
Ἑλληνισ-μός, Ἠθ]]εοπίσην
07. From this group of words we get our English suffixes

-ize, -ism, -ist, -tsiic. These suffixes are now added to many
words which are not Greek. Thus* Americanize, American-
ism, civilize, ritualist, ritualistic.
Compound Words
08. Most of the English words derived from Greek are
compounds. This is especially true of scientific terms. The
principles upon which Greek compounds are formed are,
therefore, of especial importance.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
99. Compound nouns and adjectives are closely related in

form and in mode of formation and may best be considered
together. -
τοο. Three things must be considered in treating of com-
pound nouns and adjectives:
I. The first member of the compound;
II. the second, or last, member of the compound;
III. the meaning of the compound as a whole.
Most of these compounds contain only two words, that is,
two stems. If there are more than two stems which enter into
a compound, this arises from combining an additional word
with a word which is already a compound. When three
words are combined in a single compound word one of the
words is practically always a preposition, or adverbial prefix.
1. ὙΠῈ first member.—If this is a noun or an adjective
the stem only is used. If the second member begins with a
consonant the first member usually ends in o. Stems of the
o-declension are taken as the norm, or pattern, for the first
member of the compounds. A word of the e-declension
usually changes the final a of the stem to o, and stems of the
consonant declension regularly add an o.
38 EVERYDAY GREEK
Thus o appears as a sort of connecting link at the middle

of many compound nouns and adjectives. There are, how-
ever, some exceptions in which a noun of the a-declension
retains its final a, or changes it to 1.
If the second member of the compound begins with a
vowel, a vowel at the end of the first stem is usually dropped.
II. Second, or last, member.—I{ this begins with a short
vowel it is usually lengthened, both « and e becoming 7, while
o becomes w.
The endings of the second member, which are the endings
of the compound word as a whole, vary, but are generally some
of the endings already given above for nouns and adjectives.
Compounds with a verb stem in the sccond part and with
the ending -os are very common. A verb stem is rarely used
in the first part.
1I1. Meaning of compound nouns and adjectives.—Comni-
pound nouns and adjectives may be divided into three classes
with reference to their meanings, as follows:
(a) Objective compounds.—In these the first member
stands in the relation of object to the second, either direct or
indirect.
aTpatéd-s, army; ayw, lead
arpar-ny-bs, army-leader, general; (strategy, strategic)
véa (v4), earth, land; γράφ-ω, write, write aboul, describe
Yew-vy po.p-os, land-describer, geographer
doTpo-v, slar; Ney-w, speak, tell aboul
a0 Tpo-Noy-0s, one who lells aboul the stars, astrologer
() Descriptive compounds.—In these the first member

describes the sccond and has the force of an adjective, or
adverb, modifying the second member.
uTnp, unTp-6s, mother; mwoks, cily
untp-6-mwohts, molher-cily, metropolis
τῆλε, [αν; oxémropar (oxem), look, see, spy out

rohe-okom-o0s, far-seeing, far-looker, telescope
ἀμφι-θέατρον, donble-theater, amphitheater
(¢) Possessive compounds.—These are adjectives. The

first member modifies the sccond, and the whole compound
means having, or possessing, this modified object. ‘They
may be illusirated by English words like “bright-eyed,”
having bright eyes; “smooth-barked,” having smooth bark, cte.
µονό-τονος, having a single tone, monotonous
Tpi-mous, Tpi-wod-os, three-footed, tripod
wax U-Bepu-os, thick-skinned, pachydermous, pachyderm
ὁμο-γεν-ἧς, ο the same kind, homogeneous
COMPOUND VERBS
101. Verbs arc not compounded directly with any part of

speech except prepositions. Verbs with prepositions are very
common. The preposition is simply placed at the begin-
ning of the verb without any change except that before a
verb beginning with a vowel the final vowel of a preposition
is usually omitted. Π the verb begins with a vowel having
the rough breathing, the breathing combines with a preceding
surd mute and changes it to the corresponding aspirate mute.
βάλλω (βαλ), ἑγοτο'κατα-βάλλω, throw down (catabolism)
παρα-βάλλω, throw beside, place beside, compare (parzble)
alpéw, take: Si-arpéw (Sta-talpéw), take apart, separate
Compare English diaeresis, di-aipe-gis
ag-atpéw (dmdtalpéw), take away from (aphaeresis)
λαµβάνω (λαβ, ληβ), ἰαζε, σεῖσε
συλ-λαμβάνω (συν-γ-λαμβάνω), ἰαδε ἱορεί]ιε”
συλ-λαβ-ή, ἰπα! ῥανρὶ of a word taken together, or at one impulse in pro-
nunciation, a syllable
ἐπι-λαμβάνω, 5δεῖσε π ῥογ: ἐπί-ληψις, α seizing upon, a fif, epilepsy
40 EVERYDAY GREEK
SECONDARY COMPOUNDS
102. The classes of compounds described above are what

may be termed primary compounds, those which are formed
at first hand directly from the constituent stems. TFrom these
primary compounds other parts of speech may be formed by
changing the suffixes. These may be called secondary com-
pounds. Thus from any one of the compound adjectives
and agent nouns described above (see sections 85, 86) we may
form an abstract noun which is the name of the quality, or
process, expressed in the adjective, or agent noun. See sec-
tion 100, III, (a).
oTpaT-1y-6s, generaliarpar-ny-ia, generalship, strategy
γεω-γράφ-ος, γθορταρΏετ: γεω-γραφ-ία, geography
ἀστρο-λόγ-ος, αδἰτοϊοροτ: ἀστρο-λογ-ία, α8ίτο]ορΨ
Ἐζῳο-λόγ-ος, τοδϊορίς!: "ζῳο-λογ-ία, τοθίοργ
In these pairs of words the first word in each pair is a

primary compound and the second a secondary compound.
103. From these compound nouns and adjectives there are
also formed denominative verbs in -éw, -όω, -ἰζω.
In classical Greek the denominative verbs from such
compounds as are given above nearly all end in -éw, but in our
English equivalents we always use the ending -ize, the same
as if they ended Ίπ -ίξω in Greek.
ἀστρο-λόγ-ος, αδίτο]οσοτ: ἀστρο-λογ-έω, astrologize, as if from a
Greek form doTpo-Aoy-ifw
Notice that we cannot compound the noun ἄστρον and the

verb λέγω directly inta ἀστρο-λέγω. Such combinations were
never made by the ancient Greeks. We must first form the inter-
mediate noun or adjective dorpo-hdy-os with the e of the stem of
Mvyw changed to o, and then make from this the denominative
verb in -tw, dorpo-hoy-éw. This is a secondary compound. Α
Greck compound verbs in which one part is a noun stem, or an

adjective stem, are secondary compounds.
ἀστρο-γνόμ-ος, αΒίτοπο-πετ: ἀστρο-νομ-ία, astronomy
ἀστρο-νομ-έω, τῶᾶτο [ογγη ἀστρο-νομ-ίζω, α5ίτοποτηίτε
Note.—The words astrology and astronomy were both in use among the
ancient Grecks and meant substantially the same thing. They should really
both be translated astronomy., In later times, however, the name astrology
came to be used for the pseudo-science of telling the fortuncs of men from the
stars, while the name astronomy has been retained for the true science of the
stars.
dorpo-rbu-os is from dorpo-v, star, and véuw, deal out, distribute, arrange,
manage. It probably meant originally one who distributes or arranges the
stars, that is, one who studies their arrangement and tries to map it out and
describe it.
104. Further examples of secondary compounds:

veuw, distribule, manage: olxos, house, estate, property
olko-vou-os, manager of a louse or property, oeconomist
olxo-vou-ia, management of a house, or an estale, thrift, economy
olko-vou-tw, manage property, exercise thrift, economize
H8wp, waler (stem in compounds generally 06po-): ¢pépw, carry
U8 po-@dp-os, water-carrier (hydrophore)
bdpo-dop-éw, carry waler. There is no corresponding verb in Eng-
lish. There are many of these secondary compound verbs in
Greek, but relatively few of them from which we have corre
sponding verbs in English, although we have English deriva
tives from many nouns and adjectives from which such verb.
are formed in Greek.
IV. WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY
105. Explain the formation of these words and their

relation to one another in accordance with the principles
‘given above, pointing out the stem, suffixes, prefixes, and
other elements which enter into the formation of each. Give
the Inglish words derived from these Greek words, and
explain the relations of form and meaning in each instance.
Use a large English dictionary for getting English deriva-
tives and their meanings. The Century Dictionary is best for
this purpose.
106.
μῦθο-ς, story, legend.
Ney-w, speak, tell, tell aboul.
μυθ-ικός, μυθο-λόγ-ος, μυθο-λογ-ία, μυθο-λογ-ικός, µυθο-λογ-έω.
107.
μορφή, form, shape. μµορφό-ω, μόρφω-σις, µορφω-τικός,
µετα-μορφό-ω, µετα-μόρφω-σις, ᾽"μετά-μορφ-ος, "μετα-μορφ-ικός,
ἅ-μαρφ-ος, πολύ-µορφ-ος, Ἀ[ορφ-εὺς (πιοτρΏίπο).
τοδ.
paivopar (pav), rage, be mad, crazy, be inspired.
par-ia, *pavia-bs, uav-ris (soolth-sayer, prophet),
νεκρο-μαντεία, "χειρ-ο-μαντεία.
τοο.
uiupos, imitator, mime,
μιμ-ικός, παντ-ό-μιμος, µιµέ-ομαι, μίµη-σις, µιµη-τικός.
τΙο.
ἄρθρο-», [οῖπ!; ἀρθρό-ω, ἄρθρω-σις, συν-άρθρω-σις, δι-άρθρωτ-σις,
ἀρθρ-ῖτις,
42
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 43
ΙΙΙ.
τἰ-θη-μι (θε), ῥι!, βίαος; θέ-σις, θέ-μαίτ), σύν-θε-σις, συν-θε-τικός,
ἀντί-θε-σις, ἀντι-θε-τικός, ὑπό-θε-σις, ὑπο-θε-τικός, παρ-έν-θε-σις͵
Ἐπαρ-εν-θε-τικός, διά-θε-σις͵ "δια-θε-τικός, pera-Oe-ais, ἐπί-θε-τον,
ἐπί-θη-μα(τ), ἐπί-θε-σις, ἀπο-θή-κη, βιβλιο-θή-κη.
ΙΙΖ. .
:
.ἵστη-μι (ora), stand, set; . στὰ-, σις, ἕκ-σ : :
τα-σις͵ ἐκ-στα-τικός,
στα-τικός, ¥08po-gra-Twkds, ἀπό-στα-σις, ἀπο-στά-της, σύ(ν)-στη-μα(τ),
συ-στη-ματ-ικός, ἱσυ-στη-ματ-ίζω, διά-στα-σις͵ δια-στα-τικός, διά-
στη-μα.
113.
oxitw (axid), split; σχίσ-μα(τ), σχισ-ματ-ικός, σχισ-τός, ἔσχισ τό-
Ύλωσσος, "σχιστο-γλωσσία, "σχιστό-κυτος.
114.
véd (old uncontracted form of v§), earth, land; ~vyew-vpig-os,
Ὑγεω-Ύγραφ-ία, "γεω-λόγ-ος, "γεω-λογ-ία, γεω-μέτρης, γεω-μετρ-ία, γεω-
μετρ-ικός, Ὑεω-δαι-σία (δαί-ω), "γεω-δαι-τικός, γεωργός (for vew-
εργός), γεωργ-ία, γεωργ-ικός.
115.
τάσσω (ταγ), arrange, station; τακ-τικός, τακ-τικά, σύν-ταξις,
συν-τακ-τικός.
116.
ἄρχ-ω, begin, take the lead, command, rule, govern; dpx-1,
beginning, rule, government; &v-apx-os, av-apx-ia, ἱερ-άρχ-ης (ἱερό-ς,
sacred, religious), lep-apx-ia, warpi-dpx-ns, marpi-apx-ta (πατριᾶ,
tribe, clan, race, those descended from a common father, πατῆήρ,
genitive warp-0s); dpxa-tos, of the beginning, ancient; dpxaiov,
ancient thing, antiquily; bdpxalta, archives; dpxato-Aéy-os, dpxato-
λογ-ία, ἀρχα-ικός; τέκτων (τεκτον), carpenter, builder; ἀρχι-τέκτων,
ἀρχι-τεκτον-ικός, ἀρχ-άγγελος, ἀρχέ-τυπον, Ἀἀρχί-βλαστος. This
verbal stem at the beginning οἵ a compound takes the forms ἀρχ-,
ἀρχε-, ἀρχι-. Compare English arch-bishop, arche-type, archi-
tect.
44 EVERYDAY GREEK
117.
βάλλω (βαλ, βλη), throw, place. παρα-βάλλω, place beside.
compare. wapa-BoNy, comparison, parable. ὑπερ-βάλλω, throw
beyond the mark, go to excess, cxaggerate. ὑπερ-βολ-ή, exaggeration,
hyperbole. προ-βάλλω, throw before one, firopose. πρὀό-βλη-μα,
what 1s thrown before one, a proposition, problem. προ-βλη-ματ-
wos, problematic. ἐμ-βάλλω, insert, inlay. ἔμ-βλη-μα, thing
inserted, or imlaid, emblem. σύμ-βολ-ον, symbol. µετα-βάλλω,
place differently, change, transpose. μετα-βολ-ή, εἴαπρε, lransposi-
tion. pera-Bor-ixds., metabolic. "μετα-βολίξω, "μετα-βολισ-μός,
metabolism,
κατα-βάλλω, throw down, destroy. κατα-βολ-ή, ἵκατα-βολ-ικός,
catabolic. *xara-Bolwr-uds, catabolism. Contrasted terms are
anabolic, anabolism.
118.
πάσχω (παθ), sufler, feel, experience. wébos (wab-es), feeling,
suffering, discase. παθ-η-τικός, συμ-παθ-ῆς, συµ-πάθ-εια, συµ-παθ-
έω, συµ-παθη-τικός, ἀ-παθ-ής, ἀ-πάθ-εια, Ἐ-παθη-τικός, "παθο-λόγ-ος,
*rafo-hoy-ia, παθο-λογ-ικός. Compare allopathy, homeopathy,
osteopathy, pathogenic, pathogenetic.
1τ9.
φαίνω (φαν), show, reveal. φαίν-ομαι, be_\ shoun, show itself,
appear. aw-duevor, that which is shown or appears, phenomenon.
P&-ais, appearance, phase. ἔμ-φα-σις, α Sshowing in or among,
emphasis. ἐμ-φατ-ικός, φαν-ερὸς, visible. *¢pav-epo-yau-os, phan-
erogamous, phanerogam.
φαν-τάζω (φαν-ταδ), σἨοτο; middle and passive, appear, often
of assumed or unreal appearance. ¢avrac-ua, an appearance,
phantasm, phantom. dav-rac-ia, imagination, fantasy, fancy.
φαντασ-τικός, fantastic. Ἱφαντασμ-αγορία, phantasmagory. δια-
pav-s, showing through, transparent, diaphanous.
120.
wpioow (wpay), do, accomplish
πρακ-τικὸς, αὐἰε to accomplish, cfficient, practical
πρᾶγ-μα(τ), ἀεεά, thing; in the plural, affairs, business

wpay-pmaT-wds, pertaining to things or affairs, pragmatic
πρᾶ ξις (ἴοτ mpay-ois), doing, practice, praxis
From the stem mpavy-par- we also have in English pragmatize, pragmatism.
and pragmatist, the Greek forms of which would be mpayrar-ifw, rpaypario-
uds, rpayuario-ris, but these do not occur in classical Greek. Chiropractic
would Όο χειρο-πρακτικός, from xelp, hand, and πρακτικός.
Ι2Ι.
véuw, deal out, disiribute, arrange, manage; feed, pasture. (vepw and
its derivatives show a wide range of meanings in Greek)
véu-e-a1s, a dealing out (of justice), divine retribution, righteous
indignation, nemesis
ἀστρο-νόμ-ος, one who studies the distribulion of the stars, astronomer
aoTpo-vou-ta, astronomy
olkos, house, estate, property
olko-pdu-os, maiager of a house, estale, or property
olko-vou-ia, management of housc or property, good mancgemen.
thrift, economy
oiko-vou-kds, fitted for management of properly, economic; οἰκο-
νομ-ικά, economics
TI'rom the same stem we have in Inglish economize and economist
aypos, field, land
ἀγρο-νόμ-ος, land-manager, superintendent of public lands
*aypo-vou-la, management of land, agronomy
Ἔάγρο-γομ-ικός, ἀγρο-νομ-ικά, αρτοποταῖς, agronomics
vou-os, customnt, law
avTi-vop-ia, opposition Ιο law, antinomy
vou-0s, pasture, district, néme
vouds, voudd-os, roving adbout for pasture, nomad
νομαδ-ικός, ποτιδάϊο
122.
oios, friend, lover. ¢\éw, love. Prefix ¢iho-, loving
φιλό-σοφος, ἰουΐτιρ τολσάοη (σοφία), lover of wisdon, philosopher
diho-cogpia, love of wisdom, philosophy
46 EVERYDAY GREEK
φιλο-σοφ-ικός, philosophic
¢uN-arBpwmos, lover of mankind, phitanthropist
φιλ-ανθρωπία, ἰοῦο of mankind, philanthropy
*$uh-avfpwm-1kés, philanthropic
dihb-Aovos (second part from the noun Novyos, word, speech, litera-
ture), loving words, speech, language and lilerature, a lover of
words, language and literature, philologist
ᾠιλο-λογ-ία, ἴοτε ο/ ἰαπρπαρε and literature, philology
Ohscrve that this differs from the other -ologies in the fact that the sccond
part is from the noun Aéyos, not from the verb Aéyw, and that the verbal element
is in the first part, ¢udro- (from ¢ehéw), meaning loving, equivalent to a participle
of which Xéyos is the object, loving speech, loving lilcrature.
If the sccond part of philology were directly from the verb Aéyw and had
a verbal force and the first part were the noun ¢ihos, friend, it would mean
science of friends, or science of friendship. (See scction 87).
“Philology’ docs not belong in the group of -ologies, but in the group of
words beginning with the verbal member φιλο-.
diho-pabns, loving learning (udbos), fond of learning, philomath
¢ih-uwmos, foud of horses ({wros), Philipp, Phillip
ᾠιλό-δημος, ἰουῖτιβ the people (Gijuos), philodemic
On the same model we have philharmonic, fond of harmony or
music
123. To the group of words beginning with philo- corre-
sponds a group beginning with miso-, hating.
μῖσος, τό, Παἰνεᾶ. μισέω, kate
wo-arfpwios, hating mankind, hater of mankind, misanthropic, mis-
anthrope
wo-avfpwmia, hatred of mankind, misanthropy
woo-yvys (y vy, woman), woman-hater, misogynist
wab-yovos, haling women, misdgynous
µισο-γυνία, hatred of women, misogyny
124.
λέγω, say, speak, lell, tell about
θεός͵ α god, God
Oco-Noy-os, one who speaks about God, theologian
βεο-λογ-ία, specking about the gods, or God; lhe science of divine

things, theology
feo-hoy-wos, theological
doTpo-Noy-os, one who tells about the stars, astroiomer, astrologer
doTpo-hoy-ta, the scicuce of the stars, aslronowmy, astrology
aoTpo-hoy-ikos, astronomical, astrological
wdbos, story, legend, myth
uuBo-Noy-os, story-teller; one who tells aboul the myths, mythologist
μυθο-λογ-ία, story-lelling, mythology
μυθο-λογ-ικός, good at lelling stories. English derivative mytho-
logical, with a different shade of meaning
φύσις, nature
φυσι-ο-λόγ-ος, 0Η6 τοῖο ltells about nature; a natural philosopher
puot-o-hoy-ta, nalural philosophy. English derivative physiology
Φυσι-ο-λογ-ικός, physiological -
puoi-o-Noy-éw, discourse aboul nature, lell about natural phenomena.
The corresponding English verb is physiologize, as if from
φυσιολογίξω. The English derivatives of this group have a
much more restricted meaning than the corresponding Greek
words. See next section.
125. The words given in section 124 are all found in

ancient Greek authors and are interesting and important as
furnishing models for the modern names of sciences ending
in -elogy. Other words of this form occur in ancient writers,
but these four groups will serve our purpose here.
The meanings of these words at first were not so technical
and specialized as these and similar words have now become.
For example, pvBoléyos was simply a story-teller, and uvfo-
Novyla, the act οΥ process of telling stories, not mythology in the
modern sense of that term—the whole body of myths, or the
scientific study of the myths. Theology was probably the
first of these words {ο take a sense somewhat like that which
48 EVERYDAY GREEK
the word has today. Astrology was used as a synonym for

astronomy and may be considered the name of the science
such as it was in those times. Physiology was used to signify
natural science in general, not in the very restricted sense in
which we use the term now.
From the time of Aristotle, however, these words ending in
-Aovia came to be regarded more and more as names of sci-
ences, or systematic bodies of knowledge.
Many of the modern sciences with names ending in -ology
werce cntirely unknown to the ancients, but the names we have
given them are formed on the analogy of the similar names in
5ο in ancient times and would have been understood by an
ancient Greek.
126. If we take as a model the words already given, all we
have to do to form similar names for other scicnces is to change
the first part of the word, to substitute the stem of some other
noun in the first part of the compound. In each instance we
may have in English as in Greek a group of four words—an
abstract noun as name of the science, an agent noun as name
of the person who studies the science, a verb, and an adjective.
In the evolution of these terms in Greek, however, the name of
the person or agent came first, and the abstract name of the
science was derived from this. Now we think of the name of
the science first and derive the other terms from this.
In English the name of the science ends in -y instead of the
Greek and Latin i, and the verb ends in -iz¢, while in Greek
it ends in -éw. This difference is necessary since -ize, Greck
-t{w, is the only ending of a Greek verb taken over into Iinglish,
and so, whatever the ending of the verb may be in Greek, if
ννς usc a corresponding verb in English it must end in -ΐς
just the same as if the Greek verb ended in -i¢w, as it sometimes
does, though not in this group of words. From Greek verbs
in -i{w are formed agent nouns in -terys which is the source of

our English ending -és¢. The name of the agent, or scientist,
therefore, regularly ends in -ist in English, occasionally in
-¢r, while in Greek it ends in -os.
127. The following examples will serve as illustrations:
ἀστρο-λόγ-ος, astrologer Yew-Aby-o0s, geologist
.
agTpo-hoy-la, astrology γεω-λογ-ία, geology
aoTpo-Aoy-tkbs, astrological γεω-λογ-ικός, geological
ἀστρο-λογ-έω, αεἰτοϊορίζε yew-Aoy-éw, geologize
The following are given in English form only and in the

English order:
Biology, biologist, biological, (biologize)
Zobtlogy, zovlogist, zodlogical, (zoblogize)
Physiology, physiologist, physiological, physiologize
Psychology, psychologist, psychological, psychologize
The verb in this class of words is not very common in

English. In many cases it is not in use at all. “‘Zoologize”
is not given in the Century Dictionary. “Biologize” is rare
and uscd in the sense of mesmerize. ‘Physiologize” is used
chiefly in the old Greck sense of speculate concerning nature.
128. All the additional knowledge needed for other words
of this type is to know what the first part of the compound
comes from. Following is a list of nouns so used. Give the
group of English words derived from each of these correspond-
ing to the groups given above.
ἄνθρωπος, man, mankind δένδρον, ἴγεε

αἴτιον, 656 κόγχη, shell-fish, shell
ψυχή, soul, mind Ix0t-s, fish
lo7bs, web, tissue ὄρνις, ὄρνιθ-ος, δίγνα
vebpov, Sinew, nerve éuBpuo-v, foetus, embryo
50 EVERYDAY GREEK
5 τέλος, τέλε-ος͵ end, purpose according Ιο 1its origin; also

βακτήριο-», α ς staff, bac- γοοὶ ο/α word
terium οὓς, ὠτ-ός, 6ΩΓ
wéfoy, the way a person is ῥίς, pu-bs, nose
affected, feeling, suffering, dis- ὀφθαλμός, ὄνε
ease γυνή, γυναικ-ός, 10011411
ἔτυμος, frueineut. ἔτυμον, frue oeapds, earthquake
literal mcaning of a word
129. From Néyw, say, speak, come also the following words:
Noyos, word, specch, reason, proportion, prose
λογο-γράφ-ος, speccl-writer, prosc-writer, logographer
Aoyo-ypag-ta, speech-writing, prose-writing, logography
Noy-weos, reasonable, rational, logical
λογ-ική, Ιορῖς
ava-Aoyos, according o a fixed proportion, proportional, analogous
λέξις ([ἴογ Nevy-ais), a speaking, speech, word
λεξι-κόν (βιβλίον), πονα-ὑσοζ, [εχίοστι
δια-λέγ-ομαι, ΟΟΛΙΡΟΡΣΕ
Sua-hex-Tucos, conversational, dialectic
Sub-Nex-Tos, conversation, style of speaking, dialect
dud-Aoyos, conversation, dialogue
mpb-hoyos, fore-word, prologue
¢mi-Noyos, after-specch, epilogue
ev-Noy-la, well-speaking, praisc, eulogy; we also have eulogize,
eulogist, and eulogistic
130.
Neyw, pick, gaiher
éx-Nex-Tws, tnclined to pick out or sclect, eclectic
συλ-λέγω (συν-[-λέγω), βαϊλον ἰορείλον, collect
συλ-λογ-ή, α collection (of poems, ctc.), sylloge
ἐκ-λογ-ή, @ picking out, selection, eclogue
131.
kpartos, 76, might, power, rule:kparéw, exercise power, rule
dipos, people, common people
vquo-kpar-ta, rule by the people, democracy

Snuo-kpat-eos, democratic; as a noun, democrat
In the same way we have from dpworos, best, aristocracy, aristocratic,
and aristocrat
From ab7ds, self, we get autocracy, autocratic, and autocrat
From whobros, wealth, we get plutocracy, plutocratic, and plutocrat
From éxAos, erowd, mob, we get ochlocracy, etc. T once heard a dis-
tinguished scholar use very effectively the expressive word
οἱερίοοταίο, ἴτοπη κλέπτης, thief, although ‘“cleptocratic” is
not in the English dictionary.
132.
δοκέω (Box), think, seem, seem good, seem best
soy-ual{r)y whal seems best, one’s opinion or conviction of what is
right and good, dogma
The dogma of a governing body in state or church is its decree. A law,
ordinance or decree passed by the Athenian assembly began regularly with the
ννοτάς ἔδοξε τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ, ““Τὶ seemed best fo the senate and the popular
assembly,” equivalent to aur enacting clause: ““Be it enacted by the senate and
general assembly.” The decree itself was called a d6yua—what seemed best
to the governing body.
86ka, opinion, reputaiion, honor, glory
δο ξσ-λογ-ία, the expression ὁΓ glory to God, doxology, as in the well-
known doxology: “Glory (86£a) be to the Father, to the Son,
and to the Holy Ghost™ -
rapa-dotos, conlrary to opinion or expectation, paradoxical; as a
noun, paradox
ὀρθός, upright, straight, right
6p0é-8okos, having right opinion, orthodox
érepos, other (of two), different, wrong
érepo-dotos, of other vpinion, of wrong opinion, heterodox
6pflo-dola, orthodoxy. érepo-dokia, heterodoxy
133.
dvw (av, reduplicated stem &yay), lead
Snu-aywy-bs, leader of the people (generally in a bad sense, one who
misleads the peoplc), demagogue.
52 EVERYDAY GREEK
dnp-aywy-ia, demagogy
dnu-aywy-kés, demagogical
παῖς, παιδ-ός, child, boy
παιδ-αγωγ-ός, boy-leader, pedagogue
παιδ-αγωγ-ία, φελαρορΥ
παιδ-αγωγ-ικός, ρεάαρορϊοαῖ
στρατός, αΡ
cTpaT-ny-bs, army-leader, general
oTpaT-ny-la, generalship, strategy
στρατ-ηγ-ικός, strategic
στρατ-ηγ-έω, ὃε α general
στρατ-ήγη-μα, α act of generalship, stratagem
134. Udwp, Udar-os (stem in compounds takes the form

U3po- before consonants, ὑδρ- before vowels), waler.
αὐλός, ῥίῤε
00 p-avh-wds, pertaining to waler-pipes, hydraulic
Νοτε.---αὐλός is 2 pipe in the sense of a musical instrument. The term
“hydraulic” has probably come into scientific language from the Greek #8pavics,
a sort of musical instrument with pipes made to sound by means of moving
water, ¢ waler organ, also called ὑδραυλικὸν ὄργανον. It was invented by
Ctesibius, a Greck who lived at Alexandria in Egypt. See Athenaeus 174,
torqu (e7a), set, stand

*08po-aTa-Tuwbs, having lo do with the standing of waler, hydrostatic,
hydrostatics
φοβέομαι, [εαν
ὑδρο-φόβ-ος, τνα/εγ-/εαγίη
β: ὑδρο-φοβ-ία, /εαν ο/ walter, hydrophobia
U8pa, @ water-snake, hydra
In Greek mythology the Lernaean Hydra was a monster with nine heads,
each of which when cut off was replaced by two, The monster was slain by
Hercules, who cut off the heads and cauterized the wounds so that they could
not sprout new heads,
The stem ὑδρ- with the ending -ant, of Latin origin, gives
hydrant. With the suffix -ate we get hydrate.
There is a very large number of technical and scientific

terms beginning with hydro-, or hydr-. They can be found
in any large English dictionary.
135.
ἔρδω (ἐργ), τυορξ
ἐν-εργ-ἧς, αἱ τοογᾷ, ατἰϊθα
ἐν-έργτ-εια, αεἰυϊέν, energy
iv-epy-tw, be at work, be active
&v-epyn-Tikds, able to be at work, inclined fo work, energetic
μέταλλον, α Ἠπηπς; later, a metal
ueTaMNovpyos (ueralho-epyds), mine-worker, metal-worker
peTaANovpy-la, mine-working, metal-working, metallurgy
χειρουργός (xetp-o-epy-6s), hand-worker, surgeon
χειρουργ-ία, hand-work, surgery, chirurgery
xetpoupy-tkds, surgical, chirurgical
d-epy-6s, contracted form dpvyés, not working, idle; hence argon
Spy-avor, thing to work with, tool, instrument, organ
From the word organ with the usual suffixes we form organic,
organize, organism, organist
Nore.—The word ὄργανον Ὠδα in Greek about the same range of meanings
as its English derivative organ. The musical instrument called a water-pipe
οτρϑῃ, ὑδραυλικὸν ὄργανον, ᾿85 already been referred to above (see section 134,
note), From this in course of time was evolved the church organ. The word
was also used by the ancients for an organ of the body, such as the eye.
ἔργον, work, (ergograph)
136. Changes in the meaning of words.—It must have

been observed alrcady by the student of this book that in
many of the English words derived from Greek the meaning
of the English word corresponds only in part to that of the
Greek word from which it is derived, and that sometimes the
connection is rather remote. The meaning of words changes
with their use and with changing ideas and processes. The
history of words and their changes in meaning and application
54 EVERYDAY GREEK
is, to a large extent, a history of civilization, of the intellectual

and moral development of the people who used these words.
There are various ways in which the meanings of words
change. Somectimes the meaning 15 generalized and becomes
broader; somctimes it is speciulized and restricted to a part
of what it originally covered. New ideas arc usually expressed
by using old words in a new sense. Often the name is given
to a ncw discovery in a more or less arbitrary way. If the
name is made from a Greek word, or from two or more Greek
words, the namer tries to use Greek words which express some-
thing more or less characteristic of the thing he is naming.
Sometimes the name is based upon a misapprehension or
false conception, and while the name sticks the etymological
meaning becomes inappropriate when the facts are better
understood. The word, however, serves its purpose by taking
on a new meaning.
The English words of Greek origin may be divided his-
torically into two classes.
The first class includes those words which were used by the
ancient Greeks themsclves in approximately the same sense
in which we now usc them, and which have been in use more
or less continuously by scholars from ancient times to the
present. These constitute the basis of all our Greek terms
in English, and furnish the models upon which the later scien-
tific and philosophical terms have been formed. The words
of this first class have come into our language along with the
ideas which they express, both the thing designated and its
name being of Greek origin. Such words arc poetry, drama,
epic, theater, history, philosophy, theology, mythology,
astronomy, mathematics, politics, democracy, physics, geome-
try, organ, energy, analysis, synthesis, and many others.
These words, too, have changed in meaning with increasing
knowledge and changing ideas, but the change has been a

gradual growth.
The second cla.s consists of words introduced in modern
times as names of new inventions and discovcrics, or new ideas
of any kind which required new names. FExamples of such
words are telegraph, telephone, photograph, protoplasm,
phagocyte, microbe, and indeed most of our modern scientific
terms of Greek origin.
Etymologically physics and physiology, both of which are
derived from the Greek word ¢lois, nature, mean the same
thing, science of nature, or natural science in general. Both
these words were used in this general sense by Aristotle and
other ancient Greek writers, and apparently without any dis-
tinction in meaning. Each of these terms has now become
restricted to a special division of natural scicnce.
On the other hand economy, which originally meant the
management of a house and its belongings, has been broadened
out to include much more. It had acquired much of this
broader meaning already in ancient times. The same may be
said of the related words, “econonic,” “economics,” and
“economical.”
Geometry was at first mercly the measurement of land,
but it came very early to have a much broader meaning and
application.
On the whole, however, the instances in which a word has
been restricted in its meaning to a part of the ground originally
covered by 1t arc much more numcrous than those in which it
has become more general in its meaning, and this is especially
truc of scientific terms.
In modern scientific terms Greek words are often used in a
specialized technical sense which was entirely unknown to the
ancient Greeks. Thus the Greek word kéros which meant a
56 EVERYDAY GREEK
bowl, vase, or jar, or anything shaped like them, has been

adopted in modern science to designate a cell, a thing of which
the ancient scientists had no knowledge. The word wvebpor
used in scientific language to designate nerve had the meaning
sinew or fendon in ancient Greek. It was first used in the
modern sense of nerve by the physician Galen in the second
century after Christ. The Greek word #Aexrpor meaning
amber, or an amber-colored metal, is used in modern science
to designate electricity. Many other similar illustrations
might be given but these will be sufficient here. There are
naturally no words for things hitherto unknown and the best
that can be done in making a new name for a new discovery
is to take an old word which designated something partially
like the new idea and give this old word a changed meaning.
137. The older generation of scientists were, for the most
part, also Greek scholars and made their scientific terms con-
form in the main to the genius and rules of the Greek language.
In recent years with the rapid growth of scientific discovery
and with intense specialization there has come into use a
flood of new scientific terms formed from Greek words, and it
was inevitable that some of these should be clumsily formed
and impossible of explanation in accordance with the principles
and usages of the Greek language. Still it is true of these
words that they may be undcrstood and remembered much
better by knowing the Greck words from which they are
formed.
138. Scientific terms are now so numerous and for the
most part so highly technical that they cannot to any con-
siderable extent be included in a manual like the present one,
but cach student must specialize upon those which he needs
for his own special field of study. The general knowledge
given in this handbook should assist him greatly in learning
the derivation and meaning of the special terms belonging to

his own specialty.
139. Attention may here be called to a class of words
spoken of by etymologists as corruptions. When a word of
classical origin came to be used not mecrely by scholars and
educated people, but also by the illiterate masses, changes
were brought about by mistaken or careless pronunciation, and
a word might change little by little until its original source
could scarcely be recognized. In such cases we can usually
find intermediate forms preserved in books of different dates
and places by means of which the later corrupted form can
be traced back to its original source.
Examples of such words are, bishop, from the Greek émi-
σκοπ-ος, overseer; devil, from the Greck &ud3ohos; surgeon,
from the Greek xepovpyéds; priest, from wpesSiTepos. The
intermediate forms may be seen in any large English dictionary
under the English words.
140. Metaphysics, μετὰ $urawa, afler physics. This term
was first applied in Roman times to a group of treatises which
came affer the Physics (uerd φυσικά) ἵπ (πο collected works of
Aristotle. Later the origin of the title was forgotten and it
was supposed to describe the subject-matter of these treatises.
From Aristotle’s works the term was transicrred to other dis-
cussions of a similar character and finally became the name
for a branch of philosophy. Aristotle did not give this name
to his work, and the term has no special significance except as
it acquired it in later times.
141. Following are a few groups of English words of Greek
derivation arranged so far as practicable by departments of
thought and endeavor. None of the groups is complete,
and some of the words might with equal reason be placed in
other groups. The first word in each group will be suggestive
538 EVERYDAY GREEK
of the nature of the group. The plan has been to get typical
words in each group and to present both some common words
and some highly technical terms.
The student should use these words as material for prac-
tice in tracing derivations. It is hoped that with the help
of the principles and illustrations already given he may be
able to think out many of these derivations without looking up
the words in a dictionary. After trying what he can do
unaided he may resort to the index and vocabulary at the
end of this book, and finally to some large English dictionary.
The Century Dictionary is one of the best for words of Greek
origin.
Additional words for study may be found in the index.
1. gymnastics doxology patriot

gymnasium organ hero
athlete metronome cosmopolitan
athletic monopoly
acrobat . politics emporium
trophy’ policy epoch
political ostracize
2. music economic
melody ethnic . mathematics
harmony aristocracy arithmetic
tone autocracy geometry
tune oligarchy trigonometry
monotone monarchy analytics
meter tyranny cone
chorus despotism cube
chord dynasty sphere
symphony democracy cylinder
antiphony democratic prism
anthem plutocracy pentagon
psalm anarchy polygon
diameter taxonomy hypnotic

perimeter protoplasm ergograph
diagonal cytoplasm
base stigma . zodlogy
center anther ichthyology
hypotenuse petal ornithology
parallel calyx embryology
diagram cryptogam entomology
problem phanerogam protozodn
axiom spore metabolism
theorem endogen xiphoid
scholium exogen azygos
angiosperm entomostraca
. physics gymnosperm malacostraca
dynamics chlorophyl aptera
mechanics perianth diptera
optics parasite ctenophora
acoustics epiphyte coelenterata
hydraulics geotropism arthropoda
hydrostatics heliotropism xiphosura
eccentric notochord
electric . philosophy coelomata
elastic psychology chaetognatha
telegraph psychic
telegram logic . pbetry
telephone ethics poet
pneumatic stoic poem
electrolysis skeptic epic
magnetic pragmatic lyric
thermodynam- scholastic drama
ics category dramatic
stereopticon idea tragedy
ideal tragic
. botany idealism comedy
ecology hypnosis comic
6o EVERYDAY GREEK
bucolic idiom ele€mosynary

clegy dialogue apostasy
epigram apology prophet
idyl comma liturgy
theater colon anthropomor-
scene hyphen phism
melodrama dieresis theism
prologue ΕΥΠΟΠΥΤΗ atheism
episode anonymous pantheism
cpilogue pseudonym mystic
rhythm sarcasm idol
ode idolatry
threnody II. ecclesiastic theology
strophe Catholic theosophy
antistrophe Presbyterian cemetery
dactyl Methodist epitaph
anapest Episcopalian cenotaph
Christ angel
ΤΟ. rhetoric apostle hierarchy
theme evangelist demon
thesis bishop devil
topic presbyter
epitome deacon I2. physician
apothegm cathedral anatomy
emphasis diocese physiology
apostrophe synagogue neurology
metaphor ascetic hyvgiene
trope hermit (cremite) anodyne
phrase priest epidermis
paraphrase monk hypodermic
paragraph heresy symptom
parenthetic heretic diet
period agnostic nausea
graphic schism chronic
laconic alms anesthetic
anaemia phagocyte clinic

epidemic (should be sphygmograph
0smosis cytophag) hemorrhage
ptomaine sepsis neurosis
antitoxin antiseptic neurotic
therapeutic symphysis neuritis
pediatry synarthrosis neurocyte
prophylaxis synchondrosis neuriatry
atrophy cyst cystectomy
hypertrophy myelocyst chondroid
microbe poliomyelitis hypochondriac
bacteria gastritis psychiatry
cytogenesis pericardium
cytoblast peritoneum
142. The following list contains some names of men and

women. Look up the Greek words in the vocabulary.
Α]εκαπάςς, Ίγοπι ἀλέξω απὰ ἀνήῆρ
Bernice, Bepevikny=Pepericy, from ¢épw and νίκη
Catharine, or Catherine, from xafapés
(ητῖϊσιορᾶοτ, Χριστοφόρος, Ἀριστός, φέρω
Οοτα, ἵγοτη κόρη, κόρα
Dorothea, Dorothy, from é&por and feds
Έπσεπε, Ἠὐγενῆς, ἵγοτη εὖ and yiyrouac (vev)
Ῥμπῖος, ἴτογη εὖ απὰ νίκη
George, Tewpyios, from γεωργός
Georgia, Tewpyia, feminine of Tedpyios
Helen, ‘EXévn, a prominent character in the Homeric poems
Homcr, “Ounpos, reputed author of the /l/iad and the Odyssev
Τάα, 'Ἴδη and Ἴδα, ἴδη απὰ ἴδα
Ίτοης, ἔγοτη εἰρήνη
Ττῖς, Ἶρις, ἴρις
Τεοπ, λέων
Margaret, papyapirys
62 EVERYDAY GREEK
Melissa, péhisoa
Myron, Mpwr, name of a famous Greek sculptor
Nicholas, NwoéAaos, from viky and Aads
Peter, πέτρος
Phoehe, Phebe, from ¢oiBos, feminine ¢oifBy
Philip, Phillip, φίλιππος, ἴτοηι φίλος α ἵππος
Ῥηψις, ἴγοπι φύλλον
Sophia, σοφία
Stephen, Steven, ἔγοπι στέφανος
Theodore, from fe6s and δῶρον
Theophilus, from feds and φίλος
V. VOCABULARY
143. In this vocabulary if the stem of a verb is not obvious

it is added in parentheses after the verb. Greek words in
parentheses after other words in the vocabulary are intended
Το suggest the derivation of the Greek word which they follow.
These words in parentheses may be found defined in their
proper places in the vocabulary.
Not all the meanings of the Greek words are given in this
vocabulary, but only those meanings which are helpful in
tracing the derivation of English words. Quite often it is
the rarer meaning of a Greek word which appears in its Eng-
lish derivative; especially so in scientific terms.
The meanings are given in such an order as to lead up to the
meanings of the English derivatives. Very often none of the
meanings of the Greek word are exactly the same as that of
its English derivative, or derivatives, and the meanings
given for Greek words in this vocabulary must not be taken
as definitions of the English derivative which is usually given
at the end of the list of meanings. To get the exact signifi-
cance of the English word as used at the present time the
English dictionary should be consulted. In the case of
medical and other scientific terms a special dictionary, such
as Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, may be consulted.
A ᾱ-γνωσ-τικὸς (γιγνώσκω): --
ᾱ- Βεῖογε ςοηβοπδηίβ, ἀν- Βοίογε able lo know, agnostic.
vowels. Negative prefix like *aypo-vou-ta: management ο
un- in English: not, withoul. land, agronomy.
ἀγγεῖον: vessel, vase, jar. ἀγρο-νόμ-ος: manager of land,
ayvyehos: messenger, angel. superintendent of lands.
65
64 EVERYDAY GREEK
aypos: field, land, conuntry. αἴτιον: cause, reason.

ἄγω (ἀγ, dyey, reduplicated ἀκέομαι: heal, cure.
stem): lead. ἀκμή: ῥοϊπῖ, highest point, prime,
&yav: contest, trial, acme.
ἀγωνία: struggle, anguish, agony. ἀκρο-βα-τής, ἵγοπηι ἄκρος-|- βαίνω
ἀγωνίξομαι (ἀγωνιδ): contend, (βα): one who gocs highest,
struggle. high-goer, acrobat,
ἀδελφός, ἀδελφή: brother, sister. ἄκρος: highest, ἱοριμοξὶ.
d-tvyos (Foyor): without ¢ yoke, ἀκουσ-τικός: βογ]αϊπίτς ο hear-
unyoked. Τηρ, acoustic.
ἀῆρ, ΕΕΠ. ἀέρ-ος: air. ἀκούω: hear.
ἀθλέω: οοπ]επᾶ for a prize in ἀλγέω: feel pain, suffer, grieve.
feats of strength and skill, ἄλγος (5 ἀλγεςσ): ῥαΐτὣὦ, suffer-
especially in the public games. ing.
ἀθλη-τής: conlestant in the games, ἀλέξω (ἀλεξ, ἀλεξο): τοανὰ οῇβ.
athlete. ἀλλήλοιν: ο[ οπς αποὶδεν, ἰο or
ἄθλον: prize in the games. Sor one another.
αἰθήρ: the clear up per air, aether. ἄλλος: other, another.
alua, gen. alpart-os: blood. a-péfua-ros, verbal adjective of
alpop-pay-ia, from αἷμα-Γῥήγ- μεθύω neg. prefix: ποὶ
νυµι (pay): bursting forth ο drunken; &-pébuoros Afos, the
the blood, hemorrhage. stone which prevents drunken-
ness, amethyst.
αἴνιγμα, ΞΕΠ. αἰνίγματ-ος: dark
saying, riddle, enigma. apof3n: exchange, requital recom-
pense.
αἰνίσσομαι (αἰνιγ}: «ῥεαΐ {π| »͵Ἱ4- ἄ-μορφος: formless, shapeless,
dles, hint. amorphous.
αἴρε-σις: a choosing, choice, sect, ἀμφί: αὐομέ, ο both sides.
heresy.
ἀμφι-θέατρον; ' ἰομδ]ε ἰπεαίε»,
αἱρε-τικός: sectarian, heretic. amphitheater,
αἱρέω, Π. αἱρέομαι: take, mid. ἀνά: up; in composition some-
choose. times back, again.
αἰσθάνομαι (αἰσθ, αἶσθε): ῥενοείνο. ἀνα-βάλλω (βαλ): throw πῤ,
αἴσθη-σις: percepiion. build up.
αἰσθη-τικός: able to perceive, good dva-Boln: what ἐς thrown up, or
at percetving, aesthetic. built up, a mound.
αἱτιο-λογ-ία (ἴγογ αἵτιον-]-λεγω): *ava-Bodwds: building up, con-
discussion of causes, aetiology. structive, anabolic.
VOCABULARY 65
Ῥάνα-βολισμός: upbuilding, con- dvr-aywrifopar: contend against,
structive melabolism. antagonize.
Nore.—The last word is purely *arr-aywropds: antagonism.
modern and the meanirgs given ἴοτ
the three preceding words have been ἀντ-αγωνιστῆς: απ[αροπθί.
selected so as to lead up to this modern “ἀντ-αγωνιστικός: απίαροπϊοῖῖς.
derivative, anabolism.
avti: against, opposite.
ἀν-αισθησία (αἰσθάνομαι) : ἐμι567151- ἀντί-θετσο: @ pulting opposite,
bility, anesthesia. whai is put opposite,antithesis.
Ἔάἀν-αισθη-τικός; anesthetic. ἀντι-θετικός: pul in opposition,
ἀν-αίσθη-τος: without sense or antithetic.
feeling, insensate. *awri-voula: opposition to law,
ἀν-αλγη-σία : freedom from pain, antinomy.
insensibility, analgesia. ἀντί-φωνος: sounding opposite,
ἀνά-λογος: according ἰο pro- ΟΥ π respouse, respomnsive;
portion, comparable, analo- in neut. drrigwror, responsive
gous. singing, antiphony, anthem.
ἀνά-λυ-σις: @ loosing up, separa- ἀν-ώδυνος, -ον (ὀδύνη): without
tion into parts, analysis. pain, allaying pain; ἀνώδυνον
dva-Nv-Tikés: pertaining to analy- «φάρμακον»», ¢ drug allevi-
sis, analytic. ating pain, anodyne.
ἀνα-λύω: loosen up, dissolve, ἀν-ωμαλία (ἀνώμαλος): wumneven-
analyze. ness, irregularity; anomaly.
av-doparos (dpalds): uneven, oul
av-apxia: absence of rule or
of level, anomalous,
goverumen!, anarchy.
d&twpon: that which is demanded
dv-apxos: withoul ruler or govern- ας α ῥᾳδῖς for reasoning, that
ment, anarchical. which ἰς assumed as self-
ἀνα-τέμνω (τεµ): cul wp, dissect. cvident, axiom.
dva-tou-n: dissection, anatomy. dtwv: axle, axis.
dvepos: wind. ἀορτήῆ (from deipw, stem ἀερ,
aveucwn: wind flower, anemone. lift-up): aorta.
avgp, gen. avdp-os: man, male d-méOeto, (maoxw, mab): lack of
huuman being, Seeling, insensibility, apathy.
ἄνθεμον (longer form of drfos): ἘΔ- παθητικός: without fecling or
Hower. senstbility; apathetic,
ἄνθος (ἄνθες): flower, blossom. awd: from, away from.
ἄνθρωπος: man, mankind, hu- ἀπο-θήκη: α place in which ἰο
man being (either male or put things away, a store-housc,
female). apothecary.
66 EVERYDAY GREEK
ἀπολογέομαι: Σρβεοαξ in one's de- ἀριθμέω: count, number, reckon

Sense, defend one's self. up.
ἀπολογητικός: tnclined to defend &plbun-rwés: pertaining to count-
one’s self, of the nature of a ing or reckoning, arithmetical.
defense, apologetic. ἀριθμητική «τέχνη»ρ: ανὶ ο
ἀπολογία: defense by speech, connting and reckoning, arith-
apology. metic.
ἀπό-στα-σις (ἴστημι, ora): α apbuds: number.
standing awaey from, with- ἄριστος: best.
drawal, desertion, apostasy. apxros: a bear, a constcllation in
ἀπο-στά-της: one who deserts, the northern heavens, the north.
a run-away slave, an apostate. Hence apxrixos, northern, arc-
ἀπό-στολος (ἀπο-στέλλω): one tic.
who 15 sent away on a mis- ἁρμονία: a fitting together, har-
ston, @ messenger, cnvoy, am- mony.
bassador; in the New Testa- ἀρτηρία: windpipe, artery.
ment,amissionary,an apostle.
ἀρχ-άγγελος: chief messenger,
ἀπο-στρέφω: turn away from. archangel.
ἀπο-στροφή: @ turning away, ἀρχαῖα {neut. plur. of dpxatos):
that is, from all others to ancient things, antiquities,
address one specially, an archives.
apostrophe. ἀρχαϊκός: old-fashioned, primi-
ἀπο-φθέγγομαι: speak out plain- tive, archaic.
ly and to the poind. ἀρχαιο-λογία: acconnt of ancient
ἀπό-φθεγμα: α flerse pointed things, archaeology.
saying, an apophthegm. ἀρχαιο-λόγ-ος: 0610ῆο ἰε]ἷς about
d-mrepos (wrépov): without wings, ancient things, an antiquarian.
wingless. ἀρχαῖος: belonging to the begin-
ἀράχνη: a spider. ning, ancient.
apvyos (contracted from d-epyos): apxé-Tvmov: first type, archetype
not working, tnactive, idle. Gpxn: beginning,leadership, rule,
aplp-iris: inflammation of a government.
Joint, arthritis, *apxi-Bhacros: the initial sprout
ἂρθρον: joind. οΥ germ, archiblast.
ἀρθρόω: make a joint, unite by ἀρχι-τεκτον-ικός: pertaining lo the
means of a joint, articulate. master-builder, architectonic,
ἄρθρω-σις: union by means of @ ἀρχι-τέκτων: master - builder,
joint, arthrosis. architect.
VOCABULARY 67
ἄρχω: begin, be firsty lead, com- ἄ-τομ-ος (τέµνω): uncut, indi-
mand, rule. visible; &ropov, an indivisible
ἄ-σβεστος (αβέννυμι): unquench- particle, atom.
able; later, unburnable, as- ἀ-τροφία (τρέφω): lack of wu-
bestos. trition, atrophy.
ἀ-σθενῆς (abévos) : withoul strength, ἄ-τροφος: without nourishment.
weak, sick, asthenic. αὐθ-έντης (αὐτός-Γέντης, doer):
ἀ-σθένεια: weakness, sickuess, self-doer, real author.
asthenia. αὐθεντικός: belonging to the real
doQua: shoriness of breath, pani- awthor, authentic.
ing, difficulty in breathing, alhés: a pipe (a musical instru-
asthma. ment somewhat like a clari-
ἀσκέω: excrcise, ltrain, discip- net).
line. Ἰαὐτο-ματ-ικός: ἰο α auto-
ἀσκη-τικός: εα [ον discip- malon, automatic.
line, ascetic. αὐτό-μα-τος (root μα, desire,
ἀστερο-ειδῆς: having the form or wish, will): self-willed, self-
appearance of a star, asteroid. impelled, acting of one’s own
accord; neut. abrduaror: a
ἀστήρ, gen. ἀστέρ-ος: slar.
thing which acts of its own
ἀστρο-λογ-ία: aslronosmy, as- accord, an automaton.
trology.
αὐτός: self, himself, herself, itself.
o Tpo-Aoy-0s: oite who tells aboul αὐτ-οψία: a seeing it one’s self,
the siars, astronomer, astrolo-
autopsy.
ger.
ἀφαίρεσις (ἀπό-]-αἱρέω): α ἰα]-
do7por (another form οἱ ἀστήρ): ing awayv, apheresis.
δία .
ἀφαιρέω: lake away.
ἀστρο-νομ-ία: arrangement and
distribution of the stars, -
B
tronomy. See véuw.
acTpo-vou-os: one who studies Baivw (Ba): step, stand,walk, go.
the distribution or arrange- βακτήριον, plur. Baxrhpa: alitlle
ment of the stars, an astron- staff, a little cane; bacterium,
omer, bacteria.
d-ovhos (svhaw): safe from vio- βάλλω (βαλ, βλη): throw, cast,
lence, inviolale; ἄσυλον ἱερόν: pul.
an inviolable shrine, a refuge, βαρβαρίξω: behave like a bar-
an asylum. barian.
ἀτμός: steam, vapor βαρβαρισμός: barbarism.
68 EVERYDAY GREEK
BdpBapos: barbarous, a barbari- Ὑαστρ-ικός: relating to the stom-

an. ach, gastric.
Bépos: weight. γέἐᾶ, contracted form, γῆ: earth,
βαρύς: heavy. land.
βαρύ-τονος: heavy-toned, bary- Note.—The old uncontracted form
γεὰ was generally used in the first
tone. part of a compound word, the final -&
βάσις (βαίνω): a stepping, stand- clianging to ~w, so that the stem as-
ing, that on which anything sumes the form γεω-, ἂ5 11 γεω-γραφία.
stands, pedestal, basis, base. γενεά (γίγνομαι): race, stock,
βιβλιο-θήκη (τίθηµε): book-case, Sfamily.
library. yevea-hoyia: an account of one's
βιβλίον: book; τὰ βιβλία: 46 pedigree, genealogy.
books, the Bible. γένε-σις (γίγνομαι): becoming,
Bios: life, especially, course of origin, creation, genesis,
life, life history. γένος (stem ~yeves): race, kind,
βλαστός: sprout, shoot, germ. genus (Latin equivalent).
Bopéas: north wind, the north, yepérov: name of a plant, craie-
Boreas. bill, geranium,
βοτάνη: grass, fodder, vegetation. γέρανος: @ crame.
βοικολικός: pertaining [ο caltle- γεω-γράφ-ος: ΟΕ βο wriles
kerdsmen, bucolic. about the earth, a geographer.
Bov-kdNos: cowherd, herdsman. γεω-δαισία (δαίω): α dividing of
Bobs (stem Bov): cow, ox; in lend, geodesy.
plur., catile. *yew-Bat-Ticds: relating ἰο geo-
βού-τυρον (τυρός): Ῥποτ. desy, geodetic.
Bpaxiav: wupper arm (between γεώδης (γεω-]-εῖδος): earth-like,
shoulder and elbow). earthy; geode.
Bpéyxwal{plural): bronchialinbes. Ἐηγεω-λόγεος: one who tells about
the earth; hence *yew-hovyia,
,βρογχ-ἲτις: bronchitis, geology.
Bpoyxos: windpipe, trachea. ge-
γεω-μέτρης: land-measurer,
ometer.
Τ
yew-perpia: measurement of land,
γάλα, βεΠ. γάλακτ-ος: milk. geometry.
γαλαξίας: Milky Way, galaxy. Ὑεω-μετρ-ικόσ: μθοτηθίτισα].
Ὑαμέω (γαμ): marry. γεωργία: tillage of land, farin-
Ὑαστῆρ, βΟπ. γαστρ-ός: stomach, ing, agriculinre.
belly. yewpywos: agricultural, georgic.
VOCABULARY Gy
vewpyds (second part from root A
ἐργ): ome who works the daluwr: a god or goddess, a divine
ground, a farmer. being, a spirit; in Christian
Yivas, gen. yiyovr-os: giant. writers, an evil spirit, demon.
Yuyarr-wés: like a giant, gigantic. Note.—The word daiuwy is of much
broader meaning than θεός and in-
γίγνοµαι, syncopated from γι- cludes all sorts ol supernatural beings.
vév-ouar (yer): become, come It may be used (ο designate the gods
tulo being, be born. (ol Beol), but more oiten is used of
divine beings of lower rank than the
γι-γνώ-σκω (Ύγνω): ἔμου. gods. The term is often used of the
γλῶσσα, γλῶττα: ἐοπρίεε, σβεοοῖ:, spirit or genius which presides over
a person’s life for either good or evil.
langnage. A person with a good genius was
γνάθος: the jaw. called etdaluwy, one with an evil genius
δυσδαίµων, ΟΓ κακοδαίµων.
γνωσ-τικός (γυγνώσκῳω): able lo
know, gnostic. dalw: divide.
Yphpua, gen. ypaupar-os: what daxpv and δάκρνον: α lear; gen-
has beew written, writing; plur. crally the plural is used for
γράμματα, writings, docu- tears, but sometimes the sing.
ments, literalure. is used collectively in the
γραμματ-ικὴ« téxpn>: theart of sense of fears.
writing, grammar, . δακρύρροια (ῥέῳ): a flowing of
tears, dacryrrhea,
Ὑραμματ-ικός: pertaining lo writ-
ing, skilled in writing, gram- δείκνυµι (δεικ): show, point oul.
matical. dévdpov: lree.
vpadh: drawing, painting, pic- δέρµα, gen. dépuaros: skin, hide.
Ππ δεσπότης: slave-master, despot.
γραφ-ικός: [τε α picture, graphic. δεύτερος: second.
γράφω: draw, parni; wrile. δέω: bind, lie.
γυμνάξω (γυμναδ): ἴγοπι γυμνός: δηλέ-ομαι: Murt, harm.
exercise naked, exercise, lraln. δηλη-τήριας: ῥαυμί, noxious,
γυμνάσιον: a place for exercising poisonons, deleterious.
or lraining, a gymnasium. δημ-αγωγικός: like a demagogue,
yvurac-tis: one who exercises, a demagogical.
trainer, gymnast. δημ-αγωγός (Δδῆμος-]-άγω)' α
γυμνασ-τικός: pertaining to exer- leader of the people, a dema-
cising, or skilled in athlelic gogue, often in a bad sense.
exercises, gymnastic. dnuo-kpatia: rule by the people,
γυμνός: naked. popular government, democ-
Ὑωνία: a corner, angle. racy.
70 EVERYDAY GREEK
δηµο-κρατ-ικός: democratic, δια-λεκ-τικὴ « τέχνη» : {{ αγί οὗ

democrat. evolving truth by the method of
δῆμος: the ξεορΖε, the common question and answer, dialectic,
people. δια-λεκ-τικός: οΓ ἰο nature of
8i-: a prefix meaning fwo. conversation, skilled in argu-
διά: !|ι€οπς|ι, across; in com- ment, dialectical.
pounds sometimes apart. διά-λεκτος͵ «γλῶσσα»»: conver-
δια-βάλλω: throw apart, set at sational language, dialect.
variance, especially by means Sud-Noyos: conversation, dialogue.
of false accusations, hence διάµετρο;ς «γραμμή» : the line
slander, malign, measuring through or across,
δια-βολικός: devilish, diabolical, diameter.
Sia-BéN-os: slanderer, devil, δι-άρθρωσις: - joining apart,
Sra-yiryvhokw: kuow things apart, connection by a movable joint,
distinguish, discern, decide. diarthrosis.
Sib-yrw-gus: adistinguishing and διάρροια(ῤέω): a flowing through,
deciding, diagnosis. diarrhea.
διά-γωνος (γωνία): through the διά-στασις (ἵστημι): α εἰαμάϊηρ
angles, diagonal. apart, separation, diastasis.
διά-δηµα (δέω): what is bound SiaoTa-Tkbs: separative, relating
across or around one’s head, to diastasis, diastatic.
diadem. Siborn-pa: inlerval.
διά-θεσις: arrangement, disposi- δια-φαν-ῆς (φαίνω): showing
Homn, condition, diathesis. through, transparent, dia-
Ἐδιαθετικός: relating to the diaphanous.
thesis, diathetic. διά-φραγμα (φράσσω, ίΕ φραγ):
διαίρεσις: separalion, dieresis. a wall through or across any-
Si-awpéw: lake apart, separale. thing, a partition, diaphragm.
δίαιτα: mode of life, kind of food, διδάσκω (διδαχ): teach.
diet. δί-δω-μι (δο): ρῖνε.
διαιτάω: feed in @ certain way, δίςλημμα (λαμβάνω): αἃ double
diel. assumpltion, a double premiss,
διαιτη-τικός: relating ἰο food, a dilemma. See Ajuua.
dietetic. διοίκεσις (di-okéw): Jousekeep-
Sibkovos: servant, minisicr, dea-~ ing, administration, jurisdic-
con. tion, diocese,
δια-λέγοµαι: ἰαῖζ ῥαεῇ and forih, δίπλοος: two-fold, double.
argue, converse. διπλόω: αἀοιιδίε, fold.
VOCABULARY 71
δίπλω-μα: a folded document, a δυνάστης: lord, ruler, poleniaie.
letter of recommendation, di- δυσ-: a prchx meaning bad,
ploma. badly, with difficulty.
διφθέρα: a tanned hide, a piece didpov: gift.
of leather.
δί-φθογγος: having two sounds, E
a diphthong.
ἐγ-κέφαλος (ἐν-]-κεφαλή): in the
δόγμα, ΒΕΕΠ. δόγµατ-ος (δοκέω): head; as a noun, brain; neut.
what secms best Lo one, o pinion, ἐγκέφαλον: εποθρΏα]ου.
conclusion; Ίπ the case of
ἐγώ: Ι.
those in authority a decree,
an ordinance, a dogma. ἐγ-χειρίδιον (χειρ): α Παμᾶ-δοοξ,
manual, enchiridion.
᾿"δογματ-ικός: of the nature of a
decree or ordinance, dogmatic. ἐθνικός: reluting ἰο a nation,
national, ethnic.
doxéw (Sok), generally used in the
ἔθνος: a tribe, nation.
third person singular as an
impersonal verl, δοκεῖ: ἐ εἶδος (stem eldes): appearance,
seems, it seems best. Sform, kind, species.
δόξα (δοκέω): opinion, reputa- εἰδύλλιον (diminutive of εἶδος):
tion, honor, glory. a litile image, a short, highly
wrought descriptive poem on a
dofo-Noyla: an expression of
pastoral subject, an idyl.
glory lo God, doxology.
εἴδωλον; αἩ image, idol.
dpdua, gen. ὁράματ-ος (δράω):
εἰδωλο-λατρεία: idol-worship,
what 15 done or acted ont, decd,
idolatry. Note that the Eng-
act, drama.
lish word drops out one syl-
ὁρασ-τικός: active, effective, dras- lable.
tic.
εἰκῶν: Ίμαρε, Ίοοτ.
δραχμή: drackme, a weight, also elphry: peace; hence the proper
a coin; Eng. drachm. name, Irene.
δράω: do, perform. els: into
δρόμος: @ running, race, race- &x, before a vowel, ¢£: out of.
conrse, race-track. ἐκ-κεντρικός (κέντρον): out of
dpl-s: alree, an oak. center, eccentric,
δύνα-μαι: be able, be powerful. ἐκ-λέγω: βίοξ out, select.
Stwa-pus: ability, power. ἐκ-λεκτικός: ἡπο]]ηεᾶ to sclect,
évva-orela: lordship, dominalion, eclectic.
dynasty. ἐκ-λογή: - selection, eclogue.
72 EVERYDAY GREEK
ἐκ-στα-σις (ἴστημι): ᾱ standing Ἑλληνιστής: ουό ποὶ ο/ (σγεσῖ

outside of the proper place, a race who uses the Greek lan-
displacement, a being beside guage, a Hellenist; in New
one’s self, ecstasy. Testament, a Greck-Jew.
ἑκ-στα-τικός: οἲ the nature ο “Ἑλληνιστικός: τεἰα!ῖπα ἰο Hel-
ecstasy, ecstatic. lenismm and Hellenists, Hel-
ἐκ-τικός (ἔχω): habitual, consti- lenistic.
lulional, consum ptive, hectic. ἐμ-βάλλω (βαλ, βλη): throw in,
ἐκτομή (ἐκ-τέμνω): @ cutling out; put in, insert, inlay.
-ectomy in the latter part of u-PAyua: something inserted or
medical terms. inlaid, an emblem.
txtéds: oulside, without. ἔμβρυον: foetus, embryo.
Ἐἑλασ-τικός, from ἐλαύνω (ἐλα) ἔμπλαστρον (πλάσσω): plaster,
drive: able to drive, as a bent salve.
bow which drives the arrow ἐμπόριον: α trading place, port
by returning to its original of entry, emporium.
form, elastic. ἔμπορος (ἐν-]-πόρος): a traveling
ἐλεγειακός: laving the nature of merchant, imporling merchanl,
ΔῊ clegy, elegiac. wholesale merchant.
ἑλεγεῖον (Ἕλεγος): an eleglac ἔμφασις (ἐν-ΓἼφαίνω): a showing
couplet, in the plural, a poem of something 7n or among
made up of such couplets, other things so as to make it
an elegy. stand out prominently, em-
ἔλεγος: a lament. phasis.
ἐἑλεημοσύνη: pily, mercy, charity, ἐμφατικός; with emphasis, em-
alms. phatic.
᾽
ἔλεφας, gen. ἐλέφαντ-ος: 616- ε ν: in, among.
»
phant, dvory. ε νδον: inside, within.
Ἕλλην: a Greek, a Hellene. évépyen (év-froot ἐργ, work):
‘EN\nifw: speak Greck, imi- aclion, energy.
late the Greeks; 1n active tvepyew: be in action.
sense, make a Greck of one, ἐνεργη-τικός: aclive, energetic.
Hellenize. &v-Oeos, contracted form, ἔνθους:
Ἑλλην-ικός: Grecian, Hellenic. having the god in one’s self,
Ἑλληνισμός: imilation of the possessed by a god, inspired,
Greeks, adoplion of Greek lan- frenzied.
grage and civilization, Hel- ἐνθουσιάζω: be possessed by α
lenism. god, be inspired.
VOCABULARY 73
ἐνθουσιασμός: inspiration, en- ἐπί-σκοπος (σκέπτομαι): 076 τὐϊὸ
3yt
thusiasm. walches over, overseer, Super-

évfovoiacTis: onewho is inspired, intendent, bishop. Hence the
enthusiast. English word episcopal.
ἐνθουσιαστικός: [ike an enthusiast, ἐπιστήμη: knowledge, scicnce;
enthusiastic. sometimes contrasted with
évrepov: enlrail, intestine. Téxry, art.
tv-Topor (vt Tépvw): that which ἐπι-στολή (ἐπι-στέλλω:) a letier,
is cut into, insect. an epistle.
ἔξιοδος: @ way oul, a going onl, ἐπι-τίθημι: ῥηί πῤοπ, αἲὰ.
exodus. ἐπι-τομή (ἐπι-τέμνω): ᾱ οο
v
€ w: oulside, without. wpon, an abridgemeill, epi-
σος
; tome, just as we say “‘a cul-

ἐ -εισ-όδιον (ὁδός, εἴσ-οδος, an
Ξ
entrance, a coming in): sonze- ting down.”

thing which comes in besides, ¢ros, gen. €me-os (from root ér,
or afterward, the port of a speak): anything spoken,word,
Greek tragedy Dbetween two speech; ecspecially a line of
choric sougs, an episode. heroic hexameter; in the
ἐπί: upon, on, after, besides. plural, Πεγοὶσ wverses, epic
émi-ypauua: whatis written upon poelry.
a monument, an nscription émoxh (dm-éxw): a holding oi,
verse, epigram. a waiting, the halting of a star,
ἐπι-γραφή: αἡ inscriplion. This α portion of tine, an epoch.
is the more general term for Epyov: work, deed, action.
an inscription of any kind, ἔρδω (ἐργ): work, do.
hence epigraphy, the study of
inscriptions. ἐρημία: α uninhabiled place.
solitude, desert, wildcrness.
éri-Oe-Tov: what is put wpon, or
added, an aljective, epithet. ἐρημί-της: @ man of the solitary
place, eremite, hermit.
ἐπί-θη-μα: something put on, α
lid, cover, pouliice, epithem. ἐρυθρός: red.
ἐπικός (ἔπος): epic. bow: inside, within.
ἐπι-λαμβάνω: seize wpon, lay ἑτερο-δοξία (86ta): wrong opin-
hold of, attack. fon or belief, heterodoxy.
ἐπίληψις εά ἐπιληψία: a seizure, ἑτερό-δοξος: having wrong opin-
atiack, fit, epilepsy. fon, heterodox.
ἐπί-λογος: afler speech, con- érepos: other of two, other than
cluding speech, epilogue. good or right, wrong.
74 EVERYDAY GREEK
érvpo-hoyia: telling the true sense ἥλιος: the sun.

of a word accerding ο 115 HAto-Tpomeor: heliotrope,socalled
origin, giving the etyma of because it turns to the sun.
words, etymology. ἡλιο-τρόπος (τρέπω): lurning lo
Erupor: the true sense of a word the sun.
according ἰο s origin, the ἡμέρα: ἐαν.
root-meaning, root of a word.
ἡμι-: a prefix meaning half.
ἔτυμος: lrue, real.
ἡμι-σφαίριον (σφαῖρα): a hemi-
εὖ: well, good. sphere.
εὐαγγελίζομαι (εὐάγγελος) : δγῖγς ἧπαρ, ΕΕΏΗ. ἥπατ-ος: liver.
good tidings, preach the gospel,
ἡπατ-ικός: of the liver, hepatic.
evangelize.
ἥρως: warrior, hero,
εὐαγγέλιον: good news, glad tid-
tngs, the gospel. ἠἡχώ: εο]ιο.
εὐἰάγγελος: bringing good news; Θ
one who brings good mnews,
an evangel. θάλαμος: inner room, bed-cham-
ber.
εὐγενῆς (γίγνομαι): well born,
θεά-ομαι: see, obscrve, gase upon.
noble.
ebhoyia: a speaking well of one, θέα-τρον: a place for seecing, α
praise, eulogy. theater.
Exw (&x, oex, éx, axe): have, hold, Oé-pa (riOnu): what is put down
hold oneself, keep oneself <so for discussion, a proposition,
and so>, be <so and so>. theme.
βεο-λογ-ία: α lelling about the
Ζ gods, or about God, theology.
feo-hoy-tkds: theological.
ζάω: [ῖυο, ὃε αἶτνε.
θεο-λόγ-ος: 016 who tells aboul
ζυγόν: a yoke.
the gods, or God, a theologian.
ζωή: [{{6.
θεός: a god, God.
ζώνη: girdle, belt, zone.
θεραπεία: service, aticndance,care
ζῷον: a living being, animal. of the sick, treatment of discase,
therapy.
H θεραπεν-τικὸς: relating o care of
ἠθικός (ἧθος): relating ἰο moral the sick, or to medical treat-
character, ethical; ἠθικά, 61}- suent, therapeutic.
ics. θεραπεύω: serve, care for, give
#los: character, moral character. medical treatment to.
HNexTpov: amber. θερμός: warne, hol.
VOCABULARY 75
θεωρέω: view, contemplate, specu- ἰδιώτης; a privale person; one

late, philosopliize. who 15 unskilled, ignorant, or
θεώρη-μα: that which ἰς viewed stupid. Eng. deriv,, idiot.
or contemplated; in mathe- ἱερ-άρχης (ἄρχω): a ruler of
matics, ¢ theorem, sacred things, high priest, hier-
arch.
Bew py-Tikds: contemplative, spec-
ulative, theoretical. lep-apxia: rule of a hierarch,
hierarchy.
fewpla: a view, a theory.
lepds: sacred.
θεωρός: a speclator, sight-seer, ἵππος: a horse.
delegate to a religious festival,
or to the national games. Ἶρις: rainbow, halo; a flower,
the iris; the iris of the eye;
θρίξ, gen. Tpix-6s: hair. name of a goddess, Iris.
0dpat: breast-plate, part of the {oos: equal.
body covered by the breasi-plale, ἵστημι (στα): stand, sel up.
chest, thorax.
ἱστορία: inquiry, research,
knowledge gained by inquiry or
I
research, a writlen report of
ldouac: heal, cure. such knowledge, narrative, his-
ἰατρεία: healing, medical treat- tory, story.
ment. ἱστός: loom, web.
ἰατρικός: relating to a physician, ἰχθύς: fish.
ΟΥ to medical treatment, cura-
K
tive, medical.
laTpbs: a physician, or surgeon. καθαίρω (καθαρ): cleanse, purify,
purge.
"18a: awooded hill, MouniIda.
καθαρός: clean, pure.
ἰδέα (from root 16, see, appear):
καθαρ-τικός: cleansing, purga-
appearance, form, image, men-
tive, cathartic.
tal image, idea.
kabédpa: seat, chair, bishop's
{buos: one's own, private, person- chair; hence cathedral.
al, peculiar. ά-
καθολικός (κατ- ὅλος): γοϊαϊζηιρ
ἰδιο-συγκρασία (συγκεράννυμι): to the whole, general, universal,
one’s own mixture, peculiar catholic.
temperament or habit, idiosyn- καίω (kav): burn.
crasy. καλλι-; form which the stem of
ἰδίωμα, σεη. ἰδιώματ-ος: a peculi- καλός, beantiful, usually takes
arity, especially a peculiarity at the beginning of a com-
of speech, idiom. pound.
76 EVERYDAY GREEK
καλός: beaultiful, noble, good. κατα-στροφήῆ: α overturning,

κάλυξ, gen. κάλυκ-ος: seed-pod, sudden reverse, catastrophe,
cup of a flower, calyx. kaT-nyopia: an accusation, de-
κανών: straight rod, straight-edge, claralion, predicate, category.
rule, canon. kavo-Tikés (kaiw, oot kav, burn):
καρδία: feart. mclined to burn, caustic.
καρδια-κός: pertaining to the καυ-τὴρ (καίω): α burner, α
heart, cardiac. branding iron.
καρκίνος: a crab; a cancer. καυτηριάξω: sear, cauterize.
kapwds: fruit, grain, produce. καυ-τῆριο»: @ branding irom;
καρπός: the wrist, carpus. also α brand, cautery.
kard: down; in accordance with. κενός: Ο πῤίν.
κατα-βάλλω: throw down, over- κέντρον: a sharp poini, a goad,a
throw, destroy. puncture, the puncture made
κατα-βολή: α throwing down. by the stationary limb of the
Ἰκατα-βολικός: tending ἰο throw compass in drawing a circle,
down, destructive, catabolic. the center of a circle, center.
*rara-Bokwopss: athrowing down, κεράννυμι ίκερα, κρα): τηῖκ.
catabolism. Kképas, gen. xépar-os: a horn.
κατα-λέγω: pick oul, enlist, en- κεφαλή: head.
rol.
κλάδος: a young shoot, a lwig, a
κατά-ληψις (κατα-λαμβάνω): α branch.
seizing, catalepsy.
Κλάω: ὀγεαδ.
κατά-λογος (κατα-λέγω): @ regis-
κλέπ-της: a thief.
ter, a roll, list, catalog.
κλέπτω (κλεπ): οἰεαὶ.
κατά-λυσις (κατα-λύω): α ἰοοδῖηρ,
κλιμαξ, βεη. κλίμακ-ος: o ladder,
a dissolving, catalysis.
a stair-case, climazx.
kata-Abw: dissolve, break up.
κλίνη: couch, bed.
kat-aphoow (dpay): dashk down;
κατ-αράκ-της: down-dasher, κλινικός: pertaining to a bed, or
cataract. beds; @ physician who visits
the sick in their beds, clinical.
κατα-ρ-ρέω (ῥέῳ): flow down.
kbyxn: a shell-fish, a skell.
κατάρροος: flowing down; as a
noun, a running from the κοῖλος: hollow.
head or nose, catarrh. kohbw: make hollow, hollow out.
κατα-στρέφω: turn down, upset, κοΐλω-μα, gen. koAduar-os: ἃ
overthrow. hollow, @ cavity.
VOCABULARY 77
κοιµάω: Ρ [ο εἶεεβ; κοιµάοµαι: Κρῖ-σις: @ decision, judgment,

go to sleep. decisive poind, crisis.
κοιμη-τήριον: sleeping place, κρι-τήριον: @ means of judging,
cemetery. a criterion.
Κολεός: a shealh, a scabbard; in kpi-Ths: a judge.
Aristotle, the sheaih or shard κρι-τικός: able to judge, critical;
of a bectle’s wings. as noun, a critic.
κόμη: the hair of the head, espe- κρόκος: saffron. Hence Eng.
cially of long hair. crocus.
κοµή-της: a long-haired fellow; κρυπ-τός: hiddem, concealed;
a comet, κρυπτόν: α crypt.
kéupa (komTw, strike, cut): what κρύπτω (κρυῴ): ἠϊλάε, εοποεαὶ.
is cut off, a short clause. In
κρύσταλλος: ice;, rock-crystal,
English the point used tomark
crystal.
off a short clause, @ comma.
κόρη, kOpa: a girl, a maiden. krels, gen. κτεν-ός: a comb, a
rake, a cockle.
Kopivfios: Corinthian.
κύβος: a cube, a die for playing
Ἱζόρυθος: Corinth.
dice.
κοσµέω: order, arrange, ador .
κυκλάµινος (κύκλος) : cyclamen.
koo un-Tikos: Suited for adorning.
cosmetic, κύκλος: - οἰνεῖς, ογοῖο.
κοσµο-γονία {kéouos and γίγνο- κύλυυδρος: a roller, a cylinder.
μαι): birth or origin of the κυλίνδω: γοί.
untverse, cOSMOgONy. κυνός-ουρα: a dog’s tail, name of
κοσµο-πολίτης: a cilizen of the a constellation, cynosure,
world, cosmopolite. Kbpos: Cyrus.
κόσμος: order, adornment; the kboTis: a bladder, a pouch; cyst.
uiiverse, the world. κύτος: @ hollow, a hollow thing,
κοτύλη: α οῤ. α vase, ¢ jar. In modern
κοτυληδών: αἩΙῖπρ ο ῥ-σΠαρεᾶ. science, a cell, cyte.
In botany a cotyledon. εὐων, ΕΠ. κυν-ός: α ἴορ.
κρά-σις (κεράννυμι): a mixing, kdNhov: alimb, a member; amem-
blending, combination, crasis. ber of a sentence, a colon.
κρα-τήρ: @ mixer, mixing-bowl, κωμικός: of the nature of a revel,
bowl, crater. or of a comedy, comic.
κράτος: strength, power, rule. k@uos: arevel, aband of revellers,
κρίνω (κρι): separate, disiin- the ode sung by a band of
guish. decide, judge. revellers, @ comus.
78 EVERYDAY GREEK
Κωμ-ῳδία (&eldw, sing. doudds, λογικός (Ἀόγος): τεασοπαδὶε, ἱορί--

singer). revel-song, comedy. cal; λογική «τέχνη» : the art
k&ros: a cone. of reasoning, logic.
λογο-γὙράφος: @ speech-wriler,
A logographer.
Λάκων: a Laconian, or Lacec- λόγος (λέγω): word, Speech,
daemonian, a Spartan. reason, account.
Λακωγικός; Laconian, δο α Ἀλύρα: α Ίγτο.
Laconian, laconic. Ἀυρικός: γείαϊπρ ἰο the lyre,
λαμβάνω (λαβ, ληβ): take, lake lyric, lyrical.
hold of, seizc. Now: loose, loosen, dissolve.
Aads: penple, men.
NapvyE, gen. Napuvyy-os: upper M
part of the windpipe, larynx;
also used loosely for throat. μαγικός (Méyos): belonging to
NaTpela: Scrvice. or suited ἰο @ Magian, or
miagician; magic, magical.
λέγω: say, speak, lell.
ΜΙαγνῆτις «λίθος;»: the Magne-
λέγω: pick, gather, count, reckon. sian stone, magnet.
λειτουργία (from Aéiros, of the Μάγος: a Magian, a Persian
people, public, and root ἐργ, priest and wise man; o wizard,
work);, a working for the a magician.
people, public service, liturgy.
uélnua (pavbavw): whatislearnt,
λεξικός, τ-όν (λξξις): relating fo a lesson, learning, knowledge,
words, or speech; λεξικόν « βιβ- especiallymathematical know-
λίον» ; aword book, dictionary, edge.
lexizon.
µαθηµατ-ικός: fond of learning,
λέξις (λέγω): ερεεσὴ, ινογὰ. concerned with learning,
Ἀευκός: while. mathematical; τὰ μαθημα-
Neww, gen. Ἄλέοντ-ος: lion; proper τικά, ταδ(πθτηαίοδ.
name Leon. μαίνομαι (pav): rege, rave, be
ληθαργία: drowsiness, lethargy. mad, be crazy, be inspired.
Mbapyos (λήθη): forgeiful, μαλακός: soff.
drowsy, lethargic. μανθάνω (ual, pabe): learn, un-
λήθη: forgetfulness, lethe. derstand.
λῆμμα (λαμβάνω): what is taken, pav-la (μαίνομαι): madness,
or assumed, an assumption, a [frenzy, insanity, mania,
premiss,Jemma. (.δί-λημμα. μάν-τις: an inspired person, a
Ἀίθος: stone. seer, a prophel.
VOCABULARY 79
µαργαρίτης: α ῥεαρὶ. μετά-θεσις (τίθημι): α placing
μάρτυς, μάρτυρ-ος: @ Wilness; across, {iransposition, meta-
in ecclesiastical language, a thesis.
martyr. ueTadhov: amine; inlate Greek,
Μαυσωλεῖον: lomb of Mausolus, a metal.
mausoleum. Ἐμεταλλουργία (ἐργ): μιϊπο-
Mabowhos: Mausolus king ο working,metal-working, metal-
Halicarnassus. lurgy.
uéyas (stems peya ἃ Π μεγαλο): ueTalhovpyds: one who works
large, big, great. mines, or melals, a wminer;
Μέδουσα: Medusa, a Gorgon metallurgist.
with snaky locks the sight of *uera-popdueds (μορφή): οἵ
whom turned peaple to stone. changed form, metamorphic.
μέθοδος (μετά and ὁδός) : a going *perd-popdos: with changed
after, pursuil of knowledge, form, metamorphous,
process, method. µετα-μορφόω: change the form
μεθύω: be drunken. of, transform, metamorphose.
uéhas, µέλαν-ος: ῥίαςξ. μετα-μόρφωσις: ἱἐγαπε]ομιπαϊοη,
μέλισσα: ᾱ bee; hence proper metamorphosis.
name Melissa. peTa-GEpw: carry across, frans-
uéhos: song, tune, music. fer.
μελῳδία (μέλος-ἄδω): tune- µετα-φορά: transference, espe-
singing, melody. . cially of a word to a new
sense, metaphor.
μεσ-εντέριον «δέρμα» (uboos+
évrepov): mesentery. µετέωρος: lifted up, on high, in
the heavens; ueréwpov, @ hear-
μέσος: in the middle, betwecn, enly body, meteor.
middle, mid.
μέτρον": Measure.
μετά: with, amoeng, after; in
μήτηρ, ΒΕΠ. µητρ-ός: molher.
" composition often denoting
change like the Latin iramns, μητρόπολις: mother city, chief
across (frans), differently. ctty, metropolis.
μετα-βάλλω: place differently, μηχανή: @ conlrivance, a ma-
change, transpose. chine.
uerafoln: a changing, change, wadvw (wav): defile, pollute.
transition. utao-pa: pollution, miasma.
μεταβολικός: relating to change, ukpos: small, little
changeable; metabolic. μιμέομαι: ΤΗΗ/αἰε,
Ἐμεταβολισμός: metabolism. μίµη-σις: imitaiion, mimesis.
8o EVERYDAY GREEK
μιμη-τικός: imilative, mimetic. μουσ-ική « τέχνη!» : the art of the

pepukds (utuos): like an imitator, Muses, music.
mimic. uovo-wés: of or for the Muses,
utupos: an imitator, an imperson- musical.
ator; also a mime, a little μύελος: marrow, spinal cord,
dramatic composition depict- brain.
ing scenes from every-day life. μυέω (μύω): inikiate into the
μισ-ἀνθρωπος; hating mankind, nrysteries.
misanthropic. μυθο-λογέω: tell myths or legends.
µισέω: [α]ο. μυθο-λογία: the telling of myths
μισο-γύνης: hating women; α or legends, mythology.
woman-haler, ¢ misogynist. μυθο-λόγος (Ἀέγω): α teller of
wgoyvvia: hatred of women, mis- legends, mythologist.
ogyny. μὈθος: α speech, tale, story,
μῖσος: hate, haired. legend, myth.
μοναχός (ubvos): solitary; a soli- μύκης, gen. ubknr-os: -ᾱ mush-
tary man, monk. roont, fungus.
μονο-πωλία (πωλέω, sell): α μυστήῆριον {μυέω, μύω): a secrel
lone-selling, exclusive sale, doctrine, mystery.
monopoly. μύστης: one who has been initi-
μόνος: alone, omly; in com- ated into the mysteries.
pounds, single, one. pvoTikds: secret, mystic.
μονό-τονος: of a single tone, μύω: close the eyes, close the
monotonous. mouth.
Μορφείς (μορφή): ἰς former,
maker of the forms and images N
seen in sleep, the god of dreams, Naids, gen. Natdd-os (νάω): α
Morpheus; hence morphine, river-nymph, @ founiain-
morphia. nympl, Naiad.
μορφή: form, shape. νάρκη: ἨΠΊΗΉ655.
uoppdw: give form to, form,shape. vhprizoos: narcissus, name of a
µόρφωσις: a forming, shaping, plant and its flower.
morphosis. γαρκόω (vapkn): benumd.
Μοῦσα: goddess of song and νάρκω-σις: @ bemumbing, nar-
inspiration, Muse. cosis.
ΔΙουσ-εἶον: temple of the Muses, ναρκω-τικύς: able fo benumb,
a school of art and poelry, benumbing, narcotic.
α l1brary, museum. vabs: a Ship.
VOCABULARY &1
raveia, also written vavria: ship νομᾶς, gen. νοµάδ-ος (σέμω): α

sickness, sea-sickness, nausea. herdsman, nomad.
ναύ-της: ship-man, seainon, sail- vbuos (véuw): what is dealt oul
or. ΟΥ established by custom or
ναυτ-ικός: relating ἰο sailors, legislation, custom, convention,
nautical. law.
νάω: flow. vouds (vépw): a pasture, @ dis-
νεκρο-μαντεία (μάντις): ῥροβῆεον trict, @ nome.
by means of the dead, that is, végos: disease, sickuess.
by calling up their spirits, γύμφη: α ὀρ]άς, α young womai,
necromancy. ¢ nymph.
νεκρός: a dead body, a corpse; νῶτον: the back.
also as an adjective, dead;
in plural, of vexpol, the dead. Ἐ,
vekpbw: make dead, mortify. the
ξιφο-ειδὴς (εἶδος): having
νυέκρω-σις: @ deadening, deadness, forim or appearance of a sword
necrosis. (£igpos), sword-shaped, xiphoid.
vikTap: the drink of the gods, Εἰφος: σινογά.
nectar.
νέµεσις (νέµω): a dealing oul of Ο
what is due, righteons indig-
nalion, divine wrath, divine ὁ, ἧ, 76: definite article in its
relribution, nemesis; personi- three genders, ἐῆο.
fied as the goddess of retribu- d66s: road, way, journey, a
tion, Nemesis. goiig.
véuw (veu, veue): deal out, dis- ὀδύνη: pain.
tribute, arrange, manage; feed, olkéw: dwell, ltve 11, inhabil.
pasture.
οἰκο-νομία (olkos and véuw) : man-
véos: HCW, ΨΟΗΗΡ. agement of a house, estate, or
vebpov: Sinew, tendon, cord; 111 property; good management,
late writers, especially the thrift, economy.
physician Galen, e nerve. olxo-vouréds: skilled in financial
vegpiTis: kiduey disease,inflam- management, thriffy, econom-
mation of the kidneys, ne= ical.
phritis. olko-vbuos: manager of a house,
vedpos: the kidneys, a kidney. or an estate, manager, adminis-
vikn: victory. trator, business manager.
νομαδ-ικός: like the nomads, οἶκος: lhouse, home, estate, prop-
nomadic. erly.
S2 EVERYDAY GREEK
olow, future of verb ¢épw: bear, ὁρίζων <kbrhos>>: the bounding

carry. circle, horizon.
ὀλίγος: little, few. ὄρνις, βΕΏ. ὄρνιθ-ος: bird, fowl.
&hos: whole, entire, all, dpos: boundary, border, limil,
Ὀλύμπιος: Olympian. definition.
Ὄλυμπος: Mount
Olympus, dppavés: withoul parents, father-
Olympus, howme of the gods. less, orphan.
oualos: cven, level. ὀρχέομαι: dance.
ὁμο-γενής (ὁμος-]-γένος): of the ὀρχηστικός: Φο for dancing,
same race, of the same kind, relating to dancing, orchestic.
homogeneous. opxfaTpa: a dancing place, the
opotos: of the same sorl, like. orchestra or dancing place in
ὁμοιο-πάθεια: α being affected in a Greek theater.
like manner, likeness of suffer- ἀστέον: a bomne.
ing. Hence homeopathy. ὀστρακίζω (ὄστρακον): Ιο banish
ouds: sane. by voles wrilten on potsherds,
dvoua, gen. dvéuar-os; old form ostracize.
generally used in second part doTpariouds: ostracism.
of a compound, dvvua: name. ὕστρακον: α potsherd, o~ clay
Compare ἀν-ώνυμος, anony- tablet used in voting; @ shell.
mous. οὐρά: lail.
ὀξίς: sharp, keen, acid; of
οὗρον: urine.
sounds, sharp, shrill; of mo-
tion, swift. οὓς, ΕΕΠ. ὠτ-ός: ear.
o, root found in some tenses ὀφθαλμός: εγο.
οἳ ὁράω: see. dxhos: a crowd, a mob.
om-Tikbs: perlaining ἰο seeing
or sight, optical; dwrwd, things π
belonging to vision, optics.
παθητικός: αὖ]ε to feel, seusitive;
ὁράω (ὁρα, 6w, ἰδρ 8 irregular suiled [ο arouse feeling, pa-
verb showing three entirely thetic.
difierent stems in its different
Ἐπαθο-λογία: the science of dis-
tenses): see.
eases, pathology.
ὄργανον (from root épy, work):
a tool,an iustrument, iz organ. waflo-hoywds: relaling fo telling
about diseases, concerned with
ὀρθό-δο ξος (ὀρθός-Ί]- δό ξα) : ο/ »ὲρλ the science of diseases, patho-
opinion, orthodox. logical, παθολογικὴ «τέχνη»
ὀρθός: straight, upright, right. was the ancient Greek term
opttw (Bpos): bound, limil. for pathology.
VOCABULARY 83
πάθος (maoxw): feeling, suffer- παρα-βάλλω: throw beside, place

ing, disease. beside, com pare.
rad-aywyla: the office of @ mar παρα-βολή: a placing beside, a
δαγωγός. Eng. deriv. peda- comparison, a parable; also
gogy. in mathematics ¢ parabola.
παιδ-αγωγός (παῖς-]- ἄγω): αὖον- παράδεισος: a park, paradise.
leader, a trusty slave who παρά-δοξος: beside οΥ contrary
cared for a boy, took him to ἰο opinion, incredible, para-
school, and brought him home doxical; παράδοξον, @ para-
after school was over. The dox.
school teacher was called 854~
σκαλος. The TEnglish word παρ-άλληλος (ἀλλήλοιν): beside
one aunother, side by side,
pedagogue, derived from wac-
parallel.
Saywyés, has the meaning of
the Greek word διδάσκαλος. παρά-σιτος (σῖτος, food): οµ
who eats αἱ another’s table, α
παιδευ-τικός: of or for teaching,
parasite.
insiructional, paedeutic.
παρά-φρασις: a tclling beside, a
παιδεύω (παῖς): bring up a child,
train, leach. retelling in different form, a
paraphrase.
wals, gen. wawd-os: child, boy,girl.
παρ-ἐν-θεσις: a putling in beside,
Παιών, also Παιάν: Apollo ας an insertion, a parenthesis.
god of healing, Paeon; a soing
of thanksgiving, or frivmph, waperferikds: parenthetic.
originally addressed to Apollo wds, gen. warr-6s, neut. nom.
as Paeon or god of healing, ¢ wav: all, every.
paean. πάσχω (παθ, παθελ): be acted
παιώνιος: . ὀεἰοπρίμς ἰο Paeon, wpon, be affected, suffer, feel,
healing, medicinal; hence rai- experience.
ωνία, peony, supposed to be πατῆρ, gel. watp-6s: falher.
medicinal in ancient times.
maTpih: a group of people de-
παν-ἀκεια: a cure-all, panacea. seended from a cominon father,
παν-ακῆς (ἀκέομαι): αἰἰ-μεαϊσσιρ. α dan, a tribe, a family, α
Ἐπαν-όραμα (ὁράω): α 566ηρ οἵ race.
all, panorama. πατριάρχης: a ruler of a tribe,
παντό-μιμος; α imitator of all, or race, chief of the tribe, father
α aclor 1n a dumb-show. of the race, patriarch. In
Hence Fng. pantomime. ecclesiastical usage the bishop
παρά: beside, by the side of; of an important city or dis-
also beside in the sense of 7 trict, as the patriarch of
violation of, contrary fo. Rome, of Antioch, etc.
84 EVERYDAY GREEK
πατριαρχία: the office of a patri- πέψις (πέσσω): cooking, diges-

arch, o patriarchy. tion.
πατριώτης (πατριᾶ): a clans- πίπτω (πετ, πτῳω): fall.
man, iribesman, conntrymai, πλάνης, σΟΏ. πλάνητ-ος: & WAR-
citizen; especially one who derer, α wandering slar, α
was loyal to his clan, tribe, or planet.
country, a patriot.
πλάσ-μα (πλάσσω): «τωΠαὶ ἰς
maxl-Sepuos: thick-skinued, pach- Jormed or molded, a formation;
ydermous; waxbdepuor<§{Gov>, plasm in protoplasm, etc.
a pachyderm.
πλάσσω (πλατ): form, mold,
παχύς: thick. shape.
πεῖρα: trial, attempl, attack. πλασ-τικός: (αραδῖς of being
πειρατῆς: ΟΕ who allacks, a molded, relating ἰο molding,
pirate. plastic.
πειράω: try, attempt, attack. πλευρά: a 7ib, the ribs, the side
πέμπω: send, escori. of a human being or animal.
πεντά-γωνος (γωνία): ἠαυΐπρ βνε πληγή: α stroke, a blow, a
angles, pentagonal, pentagon. plague.
πέντε: five, usually werra- at πληθώρη: fullness, plethora.
the beginning of a compound mAnfwpwods: plethoric.
word.
πλοῦτος: riches, wealth.
wepl: around, aboul. πνεῦμα (πνέω): τοὐᾶ, air, breath,
περί-μετρον: measure around, spirit.
circumference, perimeter. πνευματ-ικός: having to do with
περί-οδος: α going around, a wind or alr, pneumatic.
cirenit, α cvde of time, α πνεύμων: the lungs.
period; a well-rounded sen-
tence, a period.
πνέω (πνευ): Dbreathe, blow.
mowkw: make, compose.
περί-στυλον (στῦλος): @ row of
columns around a building or wolgua: whal is made, a work,
court, a colonnade, a peristyle, com position, poem.
ποίησις: creation, poetry, poesy.
περι-τόναιον (τείνω): thal whick
is stretched around, the peri- ποιητής: maker, composer, poet.
tonaeum. moheutkos: warlike, polemic.
περί-φρασις: a talking around, wONepos: war.
circumlocition, periphrasis. πολιός: gray.
πέσσω (πεπ): σοβίεμ, οουξ, αἱρεσί. πόλις: οἲΐν, state.
—t=ador: leaf, petal. πολίτης: cilizen.
VOCABULARY 8ς
πολυ-γαμία: a being mach mar- πρό-βλημα: τὐἰαὶ is put for-
ried, or having many wives, ward, or proposed, proposition,
polygamy. problem.
ror{-yauos (yapéw): often mar- προ-βληματικός: ἰς ἃα ῥγοδίεηι,
ried, polygamous. problematic.
πολύ-γωνος. (γωνία): having πρό-λογος: @ speech before, a
many angles, polygonal. fore-word, prologue.
mwol U-popdos: faving many forms, προ-παιδεία: ῥγεβαγαίονν leach-
polymorphous. ng.
πολύς: wmuch, many. Ἐπρο-παιδευτικός: suited for pre-
πομπή (πέµπω): a sending, an paratory instriction, propae-
escort, parade, procession, deutic. See παιδεύω.
pomp. πρωτ-αγωνιστήξ: first conlestant,
mwopos: way, passage, pore. chief contestant, protagonist.
rarauds: river. πρῶτος: [νοὶ.
ποῦς, gen. ποδ-ός: fool. προ-φήτης (Ppnul) : one who speaks
πρᾶγμα, σεπ. πράγµατ-ος (πράσ- Ιον α god and inlerpreis s
ow): that which has been doue, will, an inlerpreter, prophet;
deed, act, fact, thing, matter, also one who speaks forth, or
affair, business. proclaims; later, one who fore-
{clls, or predicts.
πραγµατικός: suited for affairs
προ-φυλακτικός (φυλάσσω): αὖὶε
or business, business-like, prac-
tical, having to do with malter of to gunard before, preventive,
prophylactic.
fact, pragmatic, pragmatical.
πτέρον: wWing.
πρακτικός: fil for action, able to
accomplish, effective, practical. πτῶμα (πίπτω): α fallen body,
cor pse, carcass.
πρᾶξις: @ doing, transaction,
accomplishing. wbov: discharge from: a sore, pus.
wpagow (mpay): do,accomplish. πυόω: suppurale.
πρεσβύτερος: elder; an elder, πῖρ: fire.
presbyter. Trpauls, gen. Tupauid-os: @ pyra-
πρίσμα: that which has been mid.
sawn, prism, πυρή: @ funeral fire, pyre.
πρίω: saw, l.e., cut with a saw. mepdw: burn, set on fire, inflane.
πρό: before ,
for, forth. πύρωσις: @ burning, pyrosis.
προ-βάλλω (βαλ, βλη}): throw πύωσις (πυόω): suppuration,
before, place before, put for- pyosis.
ward, propose. πωλέω: Sell.
86 EVERYDAY GREEK
P ofTw: make rotterz; rot, decay.

ῥεῦμα: o flow, current, stream; σῆψις: @ rofling, decay, putre-
med. a discharge, theum. faction, sepsis.
ῥ ἑω (ῥε, ῥευ, ῥυ): flow. abévos (abeves): sirenglh.
ῥ ἤγνυμι (ῥηΎ, ῥαγ): break. atros: grain, bread, food,
Compare hemorrhage. σκάνδαλον: a lrap, snare;, scan-
ῥή-τωρ (from root pe, speak): dal.
a spcaker, orafor, rhetor. σκελετόν: a dried-up body, nim-
Hence ῥητορ-ικός, τῶθίοτἰσαϊ, nry, skeleton.
Δ ῥητορική «τέχνη»», the
oxkéNw: make dry, dry up.
art of speaking, rhetoric.
ῥινοκέρως ' (ῤῥίς-[-κέρας, horn): σκεπ-τικός: tnclined to look at
μόοξε-µογΗ, ταἰποσθτοδ. and examine, skeptical.
σκέπτοµαι (σχεπ): ἐοοξ., ἰσοῦ αἱ,
examine, consider,
σκηνή: α [ο α booth; the tenl or
building which formed the back-
ground in a Greek lhealer,
Σ
scene.
capritw (aapkad): tear the flesh, σκῆπ-τρον: 5ἰα[], scepter,
bite the Lips in rage, speak bit-
ing words. σκήπτω (σκηπ): prop, prop one's
self, lean wpon.
σαρκασμός: mockery, sarcasm.
σκληρός: hard, stiff.
Ἐσαρκαστικός: 5ατοαδῖο.
Ἐσκληρόω: harden.
σαρκο-φάγος: flesh-caling, flesh-
ealer, sarcophagus. σκλήρωσις: a hardening, sclero-
sis.
cbpk, gen. capk-bs: flesh.
σάτυρος: α satyr. The satyrs Ἐσκληρωτικός: hard, stiff, scler-
were imaginary creatures, half otic.
man and half goat, which σκοπός (σκέπτοµαι): a looker,
formed the retinue of Diony- look-out, walcher; the object
sus the god of wine, who was at which one looks, mark, aim,
also called Bacchus, scope.
σεισμός: a shaking, an earth- codla: wisdon.
quake. cgopitw, mid. copifouar: be wise,
σείω: shake, quake. act wise, be crufty, pretend to
σῆμα: α εἲἰρη. be wise.
σηπ-τικός: productive of decay, σόφισμα: α sly trick, quibble,
septic. fallacy, sophism.
VOCABULARY 87
σοφιστῆς: @ wise man, a pro- στρατηγικός: 5μ1ΐ [ον α ρεπεγαὶ,

fessor of wisdom, a prelender strategic.
ἐο wisdom, a sophist, στρατηγός (στρατός-]-ἄγω): α
cogds: wise. army-leader, general.
σπασμός (σπάω): a convulsion, στρατός: Army, camp.
spasm. στρέφω: [Ρ.
ocracuddys (eldos): like a spasm, στροφή: aturning; a portion of
spasmodic. a song sung during a turn or
σπάω: ἄγατυ, pull, wrench, con- evolution of the chorus, a
vulse. strophe, a stanza.
σπείρω (σπερ): scatter, sow. στῦλος: pillar, post, column.
owépua, gen. eméppart-os: whal συγ-χόνδρωσις (χόνδρος): α -
15 sown, seed. ing of cartilage, or by means of
σπλῆν: ἰἲε ερίθεη. cartilage, synchondrosis.
σπορά (σπείρω): sowing, seed. συλάω: strip off, carry off, plun-
der.
σπόρος: Sowing, seed, spore.
oVA-Naf: whal ts taken together,
στά-σις (ἵστημι): a slanding, a syllable.
state, condition.
συλ-λαμβάνω (λαβ, ληβ): lake
στα-τικός: σαπδίηρ ἰο stand still, together.
standing still, static.
συλ-λέγω: gather, collect.
στέλλω (στελ): σοµᾶ, ἀεσραίοἩ.
συλ-λογή: a galhering together, a
στερεός: solid. collection, sylloge.
στέρνον: ἰς breast, chest; in
συλλογἰξομαι: collect or con-
modern medicine, breastbore, clude from premises, reason,
sternum.
infer, conclude.
στέφανος” a wreath, garland,
cuNNoywoubs: a conclusion from
crown, premises, an argument from
στίγµα: a prick made with α premises, a syllogism.,
potnted tustrument, puncture, ἰς φ
σύμβολον (βάλλω): πο
mark, brand, stigma. together with something, a sign
στόµαχος: throat, gullet; late or token by which something,
Greek, stomach. ΟΥ some person, 15 recognized,
στρατηγέω: ὧε α ρεπεναὶ, exer- a token, sign, badge, symbol.
cise generalship. συμ-πάθεια: a feeling with one, a
orpathynua: an act of general- fellow-feeling, sympathy.
ship, a stratagem. συμ-παθέω: feel with one, sym-
aTpaTyyla: generalship, strategy. _pathize,
88 EVERYDAY GREEK
συμπαθητικός: able to feel with συν-τακτικός (τάσσω): relating

one, sympathetic. Ιο arranging logether, having
συμ-πίπτω (πτω): [αἲὶ ἱορεῖλον to do with syntax, syntactical.
with, happen with, occur with. σύν-ταξις: α arranging together,
σύμπτωμα: what occurs with primarily of soldiers in an
anything, @ symptom. army; In grammar, syntax.
σύμφυσις (φύω): a growing ἰο- συν-τίθημι: φ' together, con-
gether, symphysis. struct.
συμφωνία (φωνή): e sounding σθριγξ, πεΠπ. σύρυγγ-ος: α shep-
with, @ concord of sounds, herd’s pipe, Panspipe, syrinx;
symphony. a pipe,or tube. Eng. syringe.
σύμφωνος: sownding together, ac- σύ-στηµα (συν-ίστημι)ὴ: any-
cordani, harmonious. thing sel together, an organized
σύν: wilk, together with, together. whole, system.
σύν in compounds takes dif- συστημµατικόὀς: Systematic.
ferent forms, depending upon cpaipa: a ball, globe, sphere.
the letter which follows it,
and so appears as συν-, συλ-, σφαιρο-ειδῆς (elbos): like α
συμ-, συ-. sphere, spheroid.
συν-αγωγή (ἄγω): a bringing to- σφίγγω: διµᾶ, Ηε.
gether, an assembdly, a meeting, σφιγκτῆρ: α ὑτνάε», δαᾶ, sphinc-
a place of meeting, synagogue. ter.
our-Gplpwais: a joining logether, Ἐφίγἓξ, gen. σφιγγ-ός: the
union by an immovable joint, Sphinx.
synarthrosis. Όθο ἄρθρωσις. σφυγμο-ειδῆς: ἰ[ὲ6 a pulse,
σύν-δεσµος. (δέω): that which sphygmoid.
binds logether, & band, bond; σφυγμός: - throbbing, the beal-
a binding together, 86 σὺν- ing of the heart, the pulse.
δεσις. σφύζω (σφυγ): throb, beat, pul-
Ἐσυν-δέσμωσι: α δίμάϊηρ ἰο- sale.
gether, syndesmosis. σχῆμα, ΒΘΏ. σχήµατ-ος (ἔχω):
σύν-θε-σις (τίθημι): @ pulting the way a thing holds itself,
together, synthesis. form, figure, ap pearance, bear-
συν-βθε-τικός (ribnu): able to put ing, character, plan, scheme.
together, constructive,synthetic, σχίζω (σχιδ): split, cleave.
συν-είστημι: 56 ἰοροίδαγ, δίαηά σχίσμα: @ ceft, split, division,
together. schism.
σύν-οδος (ὁδός): a coming lo- σχισματ-ικὸς: like a schism,
gether, mecting, synod. schismatic.
VOCABULARY 89
Ἐσχιστο-γλωσσία: ¢ congenital τομή (τέμνω): a cubling, a surgi-
Jfissure or cleft of the tongue. cal operation; what ἰς cut off,
*oxworé-kuros: a split cell, schis- a stunip, a section.
tocyte. τόμος: α cul, slice, section;
oxeerés: split, cleft, divided, part of a book, volume, tome.
divisible; schist. τονικός (révos): relating lo ten-
σχολάζω (σχολαδ): have leisure, ston, or tone, tomnic.
attend lectures of a philosopher, τόνος (τείνω): a stretching, ten-
devote onc’s self to learning. sion, tone, tune.
σχολαστικός: inclined [ο learn- Tokuwés: of or for the bow,; τοξικὸν
ing; a scholar, scholastic. dbpuakov: poison for smearing
σχολἠ: leisure; leisure spent in arrows,; toxic, toxin.
learning, learned discussion, τόξον: ἃ ῥοιν.
lecture; the place of lectures
and discussions, school. romkds: relaling to a place, local,
topical.
T témos: place, position, part, pas-
sage in a book, topic.
τακ-τικός (τάσσω): able fo ar-
range or draw up troops, re- τραγικός: of a goat, or of goals;
lating to the arrangement of tragic. See 7paypdia.
soldiers, -tactical; τακτικά: τράγος: a goat.
mallers relating to the arrange- τραγφδία (from τράγος and
76111 ο} troops, tactics. ἀείδω, sing, ἀοιδός, singer):
tafis: an arranging of troops, goat-song, tragedy. The
battle αγγαν, arrangement, Greek tragedy grew out of the
order, arranging, taxis. old dithyrambic songs which
τάσσω (ταγ): ανγαπρέ, pul in were sung by a chorus of
order, assign to a post. satyrs, or goat-like creatures,
τάφος: a grave, lomb, and so could be called goat-
song. The name tragedy was
τεΐίνω (τεν, ταλ: strelch.
a survival from the early
τέκτων: carpenter, builder, work- times and was retained after
man, craftsmain. it was no longer appropriate
Τέλος: οπά, completion, purpose. in its etymological sense.
τέμνω (τεμ): cuf. The Greek tragedy of the
réxvn: art, skill, craft, trade. classical period was a very
τῆλε: far, afar. serious composition and did
not have a chorus of goats or
τίθηµι (θε): put, place. satyrs, except in an after-
Τιτάν: e Titan. piece, or farce, which closed
Ῥιτανικός: like ¢ Titan, Titanic. the day’s performances.
οο EVERYDAY GREEK
τραχύς, fem. τραχεῖα: rough. by him. The hyacinth, a

9 Tpaxela <dprypia>: the flower said to have sprung
windpipe, trachea. from the blood of Hyacinthus.
τρέπω: furn. ὑγίεια: health.
Tpépw: nourish, nurhure, Uyre-vos: healthful, healthy, hy-
rpi-: prefix meaning {iree, being ρἰεπίς; ὑγιεινὴ <téxyn>: the
the stem of 7pets, three. art or science of health, hy-
Ἔτρι-γωνο-μετρία: lriangle-neas- giene.
wrement, trigonometry. ὑδατίς, ΡΕΠ. ὑδατίδ-ος (ὕδωρ): α
Tpi-ywvos: having three angles, drop of waler; in med. a
triangular; in the neuter, ¢ watery vesicle, a hydatid.
triangle. ὕδρα: @ water-serpent, hydra.
Tpi-mous, gen. Tpi-wod-os: laving ὑδραυλικός (ὕδραυλις): of water-
three feel, three-legged; a three- ῥίβεσ; ὑδραυλικὸν ὄργανον: Δ
legged stool, or table, a tripod. musical instrument with pipes
rpowator (Tpow®): a monument operated by the movement of
or sign which marked the water,a waler-organ, hydraulic
spot where the enemy was orgen. Hence English hy-
draulic.
routed, ¢ trophy.
Tpowh (Tpéww): alurning; lurn- ὕδρ-ανλις (ὕδωρ-[-αὐλός, α pipe):
ing back of the sun, solstice, a musical instrument con-
tropic; @ turning, or routing sisting of pipes made to sound
of the enemy, rout, defeal. by means of moving water, a
water-organ, same as ὑδραυλι-
τρόπος: @ lurn, way, manier;
κὀν ὄργανον. See section 134.
α turn of speech, figure of
speech, trope. Ἐδρο-στατικός (ἴστημι): Παυΐπς
τύπος (τύπτω): ἃ blow, impres- to do with stending waler,
ston of @ blow, tmnprint, mark, hydrostatic.
character, form, original form, ὑδρο-φοβία: horror of water,
type. hydrophobia.
τύπτω (τυπ)ὴ: sirike, beal. ὑδρο-φόβος (φοβέομαι): laving
rlpavvos: king, tyrant. a horror of water.
TUpds: cheese. ὑδρο-φόρος (φέρω): - water-
carrier; hydrophore.
Y ὕδωρ, βΕΠ. ὕδατ-ος: water. In

compounds the stem usually
Ὑάκινθος: Hyacinthus,a legend- takes the form ὑδρ- before
ary vouth beloved by the god vowels and ὑδρο- before con-
Apollo and accidentally slain sonants.
VOCABULARY οι
ὑμῆν, gen. buév-os: a thin skin, Umorelvw and agrees with the
membrane; thehymen. Ὑμήν, noun γὙραμμή, ¢ line. ἡ ὑπο-
Hymen, the god of mar- Τείνουσα ypapuf means liter-
riage. Hence ὑμέναιος, τοεί- ally “the line stretching under.”
ding-song, hymenaens. Eng. ὑπο-τείνω: streich under, subtend.
deriv. hymeneal.
"ὑπο-τροφία (τρέφω): under-
buvos: @ song of praise to gods nounrishment, hypotrophy.
and heroes, a hymn.
ὑπο-χόνδριος: wunder lhe carti-
ὑμν-ῳδία (Geldw): hymn-singing, lage of the breastbone; neut.
hymnody. ὑποχόνδριον, lhe part of ithe
vmép: over, above, beyond, be- body immediately under or
vond duc measure. below the cartilage of the breast-
ὑπερβάλλω: ἰπνοιο beyond, ex- bone.
ceed; throw beyond the mark, bptr (bmot-év, one): under one,
γο to excess. together; a sign for joining
ὑπερβολή: excess, exaggeration, two words into oue, a hyphen.
hyperbole, hyperbola.
*
ὑπερ-τροφία (τρέφω): over- Φ
nourisionent, hypertrophy.
ὕπνος: sleep. ¢ay (root of second aorist
ὑπνόω: ῥπὶ ἰο sleep. φαγεῖν, ἰο οαὶ): εαὶ, (ἱευρη».
Ἐὔπνωσις: a stale of sleep, hyp- φαινόμενον (φαίνομαι): τοΛα! is
nosis. shown or appears, anything
manifestto the senses, phenom-
ὑπνωτικός: οαπδῖπρ sleep, hyp- enon.
notic.
φαίνω (pav), mid. and pass.
ὑπό: under. φαίνομαι: show, manifest; be
ὑπό-θεσις (τίθημι)ὴ: α placing showi, show itself, appear.
under, what is placed wnder, φάλαγξ, σοη. φάλαγγ-ος: line
a foundation, supposition, hy- of battle, phalanx; also α
pothesis. rouind piece of wood, a roller,
ὑπο-θετικός: ο/ the nature of a the bone between two joints of
lrypothesis, hypothetical. the fingers and toes, plural pha-
ὑποκριτής: an actor, pretender, langes.
hypocrite. *pavepo-yauos: having visible
ὑπο-τείνουσα (τείνω): strefching marriage, phanerogamous; α
under, sublending, hypotenuse. phanerogam.
This form is the feminine φανερός (φαίνῳω): shown, visible,
of the present participle of manifest.
92 EVERYDAY GREEK
φαντάζω (lengthened form from φιλ-ανθρωπία:. ἴουε ο[ human

daivw): make visible, make to beings, lnumanity, benevolence,
appear; mid. and pass. dar- philanthropy.
raopar: become visible,a ppear, φιλ-άνθρωπος; loving mankind,
take o an appearance, appear bencvolent, humane, philan-
like, assume the appearance thropic.
of. φαντάζω ἁπά its deriva-
tives often have in them the φιλέω: love, be fond of, be a
suggestion of an unreal, or Sfriend to.
deceptive, appearance unlike φίλ-ιππος (ἵππος): ἰσυῖπρ ἄοτσες,
¢alvw which 1s used of real, fond of horses; Philip.
or actual, manifestations. φιλό-δημος: ἰουπε the people.
φαντασία (φαντάζω): appear- φιλό-λογος: ἰσυΐπρ speech or
ance, ἐμιασίπαϊίοι, fantasy, words, fond of literature; a
fancy. student of language and litera-
φάντασμα: that which has ap- ture, a philologue, philologist.
peared, a phantasm, ¢ phan- φιλο-μαθῆς (μάθος, μανθάνω):
tom. fond of learning; a person who
*$arracuayopla: an asscmblage is fond of learning, a philo-
of phantasms, ¢ phantasma- math.
gory. Pidos: friend, lover.
φαρμακεία: the use of drugs, φιλο-σοφία: love of wisdom, phi-
pharmacy. losophy.
Pappakev-tikds: relating to drugs φιλό-σοφος: α lover of wisdom,
or pharmacy, pharmaceutic. philosopher.
φαρμακεύω: drug, administer φλέγω: burn, flame, blaze.
drugs, deal in drugs.
φλέψ, gen. φλεβ-ός: a vein.
φάρμακον: ἃ drng, medicine,
ὁλόξ, ΕΕΏ. φλογ-ός (φλέγω): α
philler, poison.
flame, blase, phlox.
φαρμακο-ποιία (ποιέω): drug-
φοβέομαι: be afraid, fear.
makiny. pharmacopeia.
ῴῥόβος: fear, dread, terror.
φάρυγξ: the throat, the pharynx.
oot Bos, fem. φοίβη: pure, bright,
φάσις (ἴον φάν-σις ἴγοτη φαίνω,
radiant; used as an epithet of
stem ¢av): ap pearance, phase.
Apollo and his twin sister
φέρω: bear, carry, bring. Artemis, so that Apollo was
φημί (φα): say, afirm. often called ®oifos, Phoebus,
φθέγγομµαι: wulter a sound, speak and Artemis $oi37, Phoebe.
lond and clear. dpiyua (Ppioow): fence, screen,
φθόγγος: a sound, voice. defence.
VOCABULARY 03
φράζω (ppad): show,tell, declare. χαράσσω (xapax): scratch, fur-
φράσις: ublerance, expression, row, engrave.
phrase, phraseology. χάσμα: @ yaioning, @ chasm.
φράσσω (φραγ): build a fence, χείρ: hand.
Jence in, fortify. Ἔχειρο-μαντεία ({μάντις): [ογίιπς-
φύλαξις: @ watching, guarding, lelling from the hand, palmis-
phylazis. try, chiromancy.
φυλάσσω (φυλακ): guard, pro- χειρουργία (Epy, work): a work-
tect. ing with the hand, handicraft;
φύλλον: @ leaf. in medicine, operating with
the hand, surgery, chirurgery.
φθλον: a race, a tribe.
xeLpoupyikbs: relating to surgery,
φυσικός: relating to nature, nalu-
ral, physical. surgical, chirurgical.
χειρουργός: α lhandworker, α
φυσιολογία: study of nature, nat-
surgeon, chirurgeon.
ural philosophy, physiology.
χίµαιρα: a she-goat; a fabulous
φυσιολὄγος (φύσις -
Ε λέγω): 016
monster part lion, part goal,
who discourses about nature, and part serpent; hence Lng-
α natural philosopher, a physi- lish chimera, and chimerical.
ologist.
χλωρός: light grecn, green.
φύσις (φύω): growing, what
x0brn (xéw): a funnel.
grows, nalire.
χόνδρος: groal, grit, lump,
φυτόν: that which has grown, a
gristle, cartilage.
plant, a tree.
φύω: βγο . χορδή: a gul, a string made of
gut for a lyre or harp, a chord,
φωνή: σοµ νοῖσε. α εοτᾶ.
φῶς, βεΗ. ᾠωτ-ός: light. χορός: @ dancing place, a dance,
φωσ-φόρος (φέρω): light-bearing; @ band of dancers and singers,
α light-bearer. Eng. deriv. a chorus, choir.
phosphorous.
χριστός (χρίω): anointed; ὁ
Χριστός, the anointed one,
Christ.
X xpiw: anoint.
χαίτη: hair, especially long fow- χρονικός: relating to tme; ο
ing hair, long duration, chronic.
xdos: chaos. Χρόνος: Lime.
χαρακτήρ (χαράσσω): a mark, χρυσός: gold.
wmpress, stamp, character. xpdua: color, chrome.
94 EVERYDAY GREEK
Ψ Q
ψάλλω: fwang a bow string, o987 (contracted ἵοττα οἱ ἀοιδή
play a lyre, or harp. from aeldw, sing): somg, ode.
ψάλμα: @ tune played on the ᾠδεῖον: place of song, music hall,
odeum.
harp, or lyre.
GBéw (08): push, thrust, shove.
Wakuos: a song sung to the music φόν: εβρ.
of the harp, a psalm, ὥρα: 5εα5ο71, πουτ.
ψεῦδος: a falsehood, lie, doubs (GBéw): a pushing, thrust-
ψυχή: breath, life, soul, spirit, ing, shoving.
neind. *Qouwas: a pushing, osmosis.
VL INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
144. The Greek words are intended to suggest the deriva-

tion of the English words which they follow. These Greek
words and the words related to them should be looked up in
the vocabulary by anyone who wishes to trace the derivation
of the English words. The numbers refer to sections in this
book.
acme, akuf anatomy 75, dvaToun
acoustic, dxoveTikds anecdote 83
acrobat, ékpoPartis ancmometer ἄνεμος, μέτρον
acrobatic ἂΠΟΙΠΟΡΕ, ἀνεμώνη
aeronaut 34, 79, afp, ναύτης angel 10
aesthetic 43, ὃά, αἰσθητικός anglosperim, ay-yetor, amépua
ἀσποδί]ο 4τ, ἀγνωστικός anodyne 53
ασοηῖτε, ἀγωνιάω anomalous, ἀνώμαλος
agony, ἀγωνία αποτοδβῖν, ἀνωμαλία
agronomy 121 anonymous, ar-, ὄνυμα; 566 ὄνομα
αἴπις, ἐλεημοσύνηῃ antagonism 96 (f)
alphabet 1 απίασοπίοί ο6 (/), ἀνταγωνιστής
amethyst, ἀμέθυστος antagonistic g6 (f)
amoeba, ἀμοιβή antagonize 96 (f), avraywriio
amorphous 107 μαι
amphioxus, ἀμφί, ὀξὺς απατοεῖς, ἀντί, ἄρκτος
amphitheater 5ι, τοο, ΠΠ (ὁ) anthem, avrigwros
anabolic 117, ἀναβολικός anther 38
anabolism 117, ἀναβολισμός anthophorous, &rfos, ¢pépw
anacmia (anemia), ἀν-, αἷμα anthropoid 94
anaesthesia 77, drawctyoia anthropology, &rfpwmos, λέγω
anaesthetic 53, 84 anthropomorphism, . ἄνθρωπος,
απαϊροοία, ἀναλγησία μορφή
απα]ορο5 τ20, ἀνάλογος antidote 42, 51, 83
αΠπα]γοῖδ 7 7, ἀνάλυσις antinomy 121
analytic, analytical 84 antistrophe, ἀντί, στροφή
anarchy 116 antithesis 111
anathema 51, ἀάνα, τίθηµι antithetic rrx
9s
90 EVERYDAY GREEK
απΠίονίῃ, ἀντί, το ξικός astrologer 85, 86, 100, III (a),

apathetic 53, 118 102, 124
apathy 118, ἀπάθεια astrological 124
apheresis 101 astrologize 103
apology 51, ἀπολογία astrology 86, 102, 103, 124
apostasy 51, 112 astronomer 121, 103 note
apostate 112, dwoorh7ys astronomize 103
αροδί]ο, ἀπόστολος astronomy 103, 121
αροείτορ]ς, ἀποστροφή asylum, dovhos
apothecary 111 atheism, ᾱ-, θεός
apothegm, dmépfeyua athlete 76
aptera, a-, πτέρον atmosphere, ἀτμός, σφαῖρα
arachnida, épéxvy atom, drouos
archaeologist 116 atrophy, ἀτροφία
archaéology 116 authentic, adferrikds
archaic 116 autobiography, αὐτός, βος,
archangel 116 γράφω
archetype 116 autocracy 131
archiblast 116 autocratic, adrés, kphros
architect 116 autograph 47
architectonic 116 automatic, abropatds
archives 116 automaton, abréuaros
ἁτοίϊς, ἄρκτος autopsy 45, abToyia
argon 135 αχίουι, ἀξίωμα
argonaut 79 azygos, ἄζυγος
aristocracy 47, 131
aristocrat 131 barbarian ¢6 (f)
aristocratic 131 barbarism 77, 96 (f)
arithmetic 32, 92, 96 (b) barbarize 77, 96 ()
artery, aprnpla baritone (barytone), Bapdrovos
arthritis ο3, 110 barometer, B&pos, uétpov
arthropoda, ἄρθρον, π.οὓς base, basis 36
arthrosis 73, 110 Bible, BiBNiov
article 48 bibliotheca 111, βιβλιοθήκη
ashestos, dsBesros biographer 85, 86
ascetic, ἀσκητικός biography 86
aseptic 53 biologize 127
aspirates 64 (1) biology, Blos, λέγω
aster, ἀστήρ Ὀϊοποτηίος, βίος, νόµος
asteroid 94 bishop 139, éwioromos
asthenia, dolévera botany, Beréry
asthma, ἆσθμα brachiopod, Spaxiwy, ποὺς
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 97
bronchia 1o chord, xops%

bronchitis 93 chorus 22
bucolic, βουκολικός Christ, xplw, xptoTbs
butter, BotTvpor chronic, χρονρικός
chronology, χρόνος, λέγω
calisthenics 53, ka\\i-, cfévos chronometer, xpovos, pérpov
εα ]]σταρ]ιν, καλλι-, γράφω chrysanthemum, xpvoés, avfepor
εαἶγκ, κάλυξ εἰααλορῆΏνὶ, κλάδος, φύλλον
canon 34 cleptocratic 131
carcinoma, καρκίνος εἱερί ογηαηία, κλέπτης, μανία
cardiac go climax 34
carpophore, καρπός, φέρω clinie, κλινικός
catabolic 117 coelenterata, κοῖλος, ἔντερον
catabolism 117 coclomata, kelhwua
catalepsy, κατάληψις εο]οορίοτα, κολεός, πτέρου
catalog ὅτ, κατάλογος colon, κῶλον
cataract g1, kaTapaoow comedy, kwpwdia
catarrh 71, κατάρροος comet, κοµήτης
catastrophe 5τ, καταστροφή comic, κωμικός
category, κατηγορία comma, xéuua
cathedral, xafépda conmpound words 62, 98 Π.
Catholic, καθολικός εοταὶ, χορδή
εα πεὌ]ς, καυστικός Corinth 89
cauterize, καυτηριόζω Corinthian 8¢
εεππείοτυ, κοιµη-τήριον corruptions 139
cenotaph, κενός, τάφος cosmetic g6 (b)
center, κέντρον COSMOZONY, kbouos, γίγνομαι
σΒμδείορσπαίπα, χαέτη, γνάθος cosmopolitan 32
chaos, xaos COSINOS, κόσμος
chaotic cotyledon, κοατνληδών
character, xapakrp crasis, κράσις
characterize crater 76
chasm, xaopa crisis 41, 77
chirography 34, xelp critic 30
chiromancy τοῦ, χειροµαντεία critical 41
chirurgery 135 Crocus, Κρόκος
chirurgical 135 crypt 83
chlorophyll, xhwpés, φύλλον cryptogam 83
οποαποονγίο, χοάνη, κύτος cryptogram 471, 83
choir, xopos ογνυεία], κρύστολλος
chondrectomy, xérdpoes, &, réure ctenophore, κτείς, φέρω
chondrotome, xévdpos, réurw σαθς, κύβος
οὃ EVERYDAY GREEK
cyclamen, kvxhéuwos diastatic 112

cycle, κύκλος diastem 112
ονἨπάος͵ κύλινδρος diathesis 111
Cynosure, Kuvds-ovpa diathetic 111
Cyrus 22 didactic, §iddokw
cyst, cystis, κύστις dicresis 101
cystectomy, ktares, éxTéuve diet 30, diarra
ενίε, κύτος dilemma 53, δίλημμα
ενίοδίαδΕ, κύτος, βλαστός diocese, διοίκεσις
cytogenesis, kfiTos, γένεσις diosmosis, 6ué, ὠσμός
cytoplasm, k0tos, πλάσµα diphtheria, écpbépa
diphthong 12, 53.
dacryrrhea, dakplppoia αἱρίοτηα, δίπλωµα
deacon, éiaxovos diplomat
deleterious, dn\éopar diplomatic
demagogic 133 diptera, éi-, πτέρον
demagogue 133 dogma 34, 132
demagogy 133 dogmatic 132
democracy 131 dogmaltism 132
democrat 131 dogmatist 132
democratic 38, 131 dogmatize 132
demon 34 dose 42
denominative 6ο double consonants 64 (4)
dermatology 34 doxology 132
despot, δεσπότης drachm, §paxum
despotic drama 34, 41, 78
despotism drastic, dpaoTikds
deuteroplasm, edrepos, mhaoua dryad, δρύς
(ἰον]ὶ τ30, διάβολος dynamic 36, 44
αἰαάθτο, διάδηµα dynamite, δύναμις
αἀἰασοπαῖ, διάγωνος dynamo (dvnamo-electric ma-
α]αστατ, διά, γράφω chine), δύναμις
ἀῑδ]θοῖ τ20, διαλέγοµαι dynasty 44, δυναστεία
dialectic 12¢ dysentery 53, dus-, évrepor
dialogue 120 dyspepsia 41, 53
diameter 51
diaphanous 119 cceentric ὅ5τ, ἐκκεντρικός
diaphragm s1 ccho, Hxw
diarrhea, διάρροια eclectic 130
diarthrosis 110 eclogue 130
diastase 112 ecology, olxos, Neyw
diastasis 112 economic 121
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION οο
economics 121 epiblast, éwi, βλαστός

economist 121 ερῖς, ἐπικός
economize 121 ερίᾳοτηϊς, ἐπὶ, δήμος
economy 20, 104, 121 epidermis ὅ5τ, ἐπί, δέρμα
ecstasy 112 epigram 51, 78, éwiypauua
ecstatic 112 epigrammatic, émiypappar-ikos
-ectomy, ἐκτομῆ, ἐκτέμνω ορισταρΏν, ἐπιγραφή
egoism 49 epileptic 65
egoistic 49 epilepsy 101
egotism 49 epilogue 129, éwiloyos
egotistic 49 epiphyte 83
εἰασί]ο, ἐλαστικός Episcopalian, érigkomos
electric 136, ἥλεκτρον ερϊεοάς, ἐπεισόδιον
electrolysis 41 εροῖ]ε, ἐπιστολή
electro-magnet, ἤλεκτρον, Μαγ- epitaph 51, ἐπί, τάφος
νῆτις epithem 111
elegiac, ἐλεγειακός epithesis 111
elegy, é\eyeloy epithet 83, 111
elephant, é\egas epitome, émiroun
emblem 117 ερίζοδη, ἐπί, ζῷον
cmbryo, éuBpvor εροοῖι, ἐποχή
emphasis 119 ergograph 135, el
emphatic 119 erythrocyte, épufipds, kiros
emporium, éumdpror esophagus, olocw, φΦαΎ
encaustic ὅτ, ἐν, καυστικὸς esoteric 52
encephalus το, ἐγκέφαλος ether, aiffnp
enchiridion 19, ἐγχειρίδιον ethics g2, ἠθικός
encomium 10 ethnic, &édvikds
επάτηϊς, ἐν, δῆμος εἰ]πποῖοσν, ἔθνος, λέγω
επάοςατρ, ἔνδον, καρπός Fugene o4
endogen 52 eugenic 43, 94
endosmosis, ἔνδον, ὥσμωσις eulogist 129
energetic 135 eulogistic 129
energy 81, 135 eulogize 129
enhydrous ὅτ, ἐν, ὕδωρ eulogy 129
enigma, aiviyua -eum 81
enthusiasm, ἐνθουσιασμμός euphony 52, 63
enthusiast, ἐνθουσιαστής evangelical, edayyéhoy
enthusiastic, é&fovoiasTinds evangelist
entomology, évrouor, Neyw evangelize, εἐαγγελίξομαι
επίοπιοδίταζα, ἔντοµον, ὄστρακον cxocarp, éw, καρπός
ες
ερ]τοτησταϊ, ἐπί, ἡμέρα exodus 51, éfodos
100 EVERYDAY GREEK
exogen 52, ἔξω, γίγνοµαι harmony, ἁρμονία

exoteric 52 hectic 65
εχοδτηοδῖς, ἐξ, ὥσμωσις heliocentric, #\os, kévrpov
heliograph 32
heliotrope 72
fancy 119
fantastic 119
Hellene 96 (f)
Hellenic 96 (f)
fantasy 119
Hellenism 96 (f)
Hellenist 96 (f)
galaxy, yalatias Hellenistic 96 (f)
gastrectomy, yaa7ip, ékroun Hellenize g6 (f)
βαδίτ]ο, γαστρικὀς hematocytolysis, αἷμα, κύτος,
Εασϊτο]ορν, γαστῆρ, λέγω λῦσις
genealogy 30, γενεαλογία hematophyte, αἷμα, φυτόν
genesis 36 hematorrhea, αἷμα, ῥέω
genetic 43 hemisphere 53
geocentric, γέα, κέντρον hemorrhage, αἱμορραγία
geode o4 hepatic 34
geodesy 114 Πορατῖίσα, ἡπατικός
geodetic 114 heresy 101
geographer 100, ITT (@), 102, heretic, alperikds
114 hermit (eremite), épnpuirys
geography 41, 102, 114 Ἠθτο, ἥρως
geologist 114 heroic, ἡρωικός
geology 114 heterodox 132
geometer 114 heterodoxy 132
geometric 114 hierarch 116
geometry 114 hicrarchy r1é
George 114 hierophant 44
Georgia 114 hippodrome 32
georgic 114 hippopotamus, {wwos, ToTapuds
geotropism, γέα, τρέπω history 30, ἑστορία
geranium, γεράριον hodometer, ὁδός, μέτρον
gigantic 34 Βοϊοοδιβί, ὅλος, καίω
glossary, γλῶσσα homogencous 38, 47, 94, 100,
Zranimar, ypaupariky ΠῚ (ὦ
grammatical, ypauuaricds homonym, éuéds, ὄνυμα, ὄνομα
graphic, γραφικός horizon, ὀρίζων
gymnasium 96 (e) horoscope, ὥρα, σκοπός
gymnast 96 () Ἠναοιπτῆ, ὑάκινθος
rymnastic g6 (e) Ἠνάδεα, ὑδατίς
ZYMnosSperm, γυμνός, σπέρμα hydr-, béwp
hydra 134 Ἰάοϊαίτν͵ εἰδωλο-λατρεία

Ἠγάτγαπρου, ὕδωρ, ἀγγεῖον Ἰάν], εἰδύλλιον
hydrant 134 idyllic, εἰδυλλικός
hydrate 134 Ίτεπο, εἰρήνη
hydraulic 134 end note Ἰτοπῖς, εἰρηνικός
hydro- 134 iris, Ipis
Ἡγ ἀτοσγοῖ, ὕδωρ, κύστις -ism g7
hydrogen, ὕδωρ, γίγνοµαι isotherm, ἴσος, θερμός
hydromedusa, ὕδωρ, Μέδουσα -ist g7
Ἡγ ἀγοτηείεγ, ὕδωρ, µέτρον -islic 97
hydrophobia 134 -itis 03
hydrophore 104 -ize 95, 97
hydrostatic 112, 134
hydrotomy, ὕδωρ, τέµνω kaleidoscope 38
hygiene 30, ὑγιεινός
Ἠγταεπορίοσα, ὑμήν, πτέρον labials 64 (1)
ΏντηαΗ, ὕμνος laconic, Aakwvikds
Ἠγτηποᾶγ, ὑμνῳδία larynx 34
hyperbole 51, 117 lemma, λῆμμα
hypercritical 51 lethargy, ληθαργία
hypertrophy, dmép, 1pédw leucocyte, Aevkds, kbTos
hyphen, dgev lexicon 129
hypnosis, drréw liquids 64 (1), (2)
hypoblast, ὑπό, βλαστός lithograph 32
Ἠγροσποπάτ]ας, ὑποχόνδριος liturgy, hetrovpyla
hypodermic 51, ὑπό, δέρµα logic g2, 129
Ἠγροίσπυδς, ὑποτείνουσα logical 129
hypothesis 51, 111 logographer 129
hypothetical 111 logography 129
hypotrophy, Umo, τρέφω Ίγτε, λύρα
Ίγτῖς, λυρικός
-ic go
-ical g1 magic, μαγικός
ichthyology 36 malacostraca, ualakds, do7pakor
ichthyohagous 45 mania 108
Ἱεοπος]αδί, εἰκών, κλάω maniac 108
-ics 92 marlyr, uéprus
idea 30 mausoleum 81
Ἰάϊοτη, ἰδίωμα mecharic 30
idiomatic megaphone 47
idiosyncrasy, {§woovyspagia melancholy 47
11οἳ, εἴδωλον melodrama, uéhos, dpdua
το2 EVERYDAY GREEK
melody, pedwdia monarchy, μοναρχία

mesentery, uegertépLoy monk, μοναχός
mesoblast, uéaos, BhaaTds monogram 78
mesocarp, μέσος, καρπός mornolith 32
Mesopotamia, μέσος, ποταμός πιοποροῖψ, µονοπωλία
metabolic 117 τποποσναΡ]ε, µόνος, συλλαβή
metabolism 117 monotone 46
metacarpus 51, καρπός monotonous 100, I11 (¢)
metallurgy 135 Morpheus 107
metamorplic 107 morphine 107
metamorphose 51, 107 morphosis 107
metamorphosis 107 muscum 22, 81
metamorphous 107 music 74, 92
metaphor, µεταφορά mutes 64 (1)
metaphysics τ4ο, μετά, φυσικά mycetozodn, ulkys, ζῷον
metathesis 111 myelitis, pdehos
meteor, ueréwpos myelocyst, ulehos, kbaTis
meter, uérpoy τηγε]οςνίο͵, μύελος, κύτος
method 32, pera, 6865 ιηγοίοςν, μυστήριον
Methodist, method mystic, pvorikés
metonymy, μετά, ὄνομα myth 22, 124
τηθίτϊοα], μέτρον mythic 106
metronome, μέτρον, νέμω mythological 106, 124
metropolis 100, 11T (ὁ) mythologist 8s, 86
miasma, μίασμα mythology 86, 106, 124
miasmatic, µιασµατικός
microbe, µικρός, βίος naiad, Natds
microscope 47 DAICISSUS, vapriaaos
microtome 41, 47 narcosis 96 (¢)
mime 109 narcotic g6 {(c)
mimeograph, pcpéouar, ypadew nauseca, ναυσία
mimesis 109 nautical 79
mimetic 43, 109 necromancy 1o8
mimic 109 necropolis, νεκρός, πόλις
misanthrope 123 necrosis g6 {¢)
misanthropic 123 neclar, νέκταρ
misanthropy, µισέω, ἄνθρωπος nemesis 121
misogynism 123 neolithic 47
misogynist 123 neophyte 47, 83
misogyny 123 nephritis 74, 93
monarch, péves, dpxw, ubvap- neuralgia, vebpor, d\yos
χος neurasthenia, νεῦρον. ἀσθένεια
ΏΘΗΤΔΧΟΠΗ, νεῦρον, ἄξων pachyderm 34

neurocyte, veipov, kiTos pachydermous 100, 111 (c)
neurology, velpor, λέγω paedeutic g6 (d)
neuroma, vevpoy palatals 64 (1)
neuron 136 panacea, πανάκεια
neurosis, vebpov panorama 41
neurotic, vevpov pantheism 47
nomad 121 pantograph 47
nomadic 121 pantomime 109
nome 121 paradigm 67
nosology 32 paradise, παράδεισος
ποϊος]οτά, νῶτον, χορδή paradox 132
nymph, viudn paradoxical 132
paragraph s1
ochlocracy 131 Ρατα]ἰοϊ, παράλληλος
οάᾶε, ῥδή paralysis, παρά, λύω
odcum 81 paraphrase, παράφρασις
ΟἹ 94 parasite 5τ, παράσιτος
oligarch, dNiyos, dpxw parenthesis 111
-ology 86, 87, 122, 125 parenthetical 11
Olympian 8ο pathetic 118
Olympus 89 pathological 118
οὕδροτε, ῥόν, σπόρος pathology 38, 118
οροδῖ, ὁπτικός pathos 118
οροίαη, ὀπτικός patriarch Στθ
optics 45 patriarchy, πατριαρχία
orchestra, ὀρχήστρα patriot 79
organ 32, 135 aid nole pedagogical 133
organic 135 pedagogue 34, 133
organism 135 pedagogy 133
organize 135 pediatric 34
ornithology 34 pediatry, παῖς, ἰατρεία
orphan, ὀρφανὸς Ῥεπίασου, πεντάγωνος
orthodox 132 peony, wawbrios
orthodoxy 132 pepsin 41
orthography, ép0és, γράφω perianth, περί, ἄνθος
orthoptera, ὀρθός, πτέρον pericardium, mepi, καρδία
-osis g6 (¢) pericarp 5τ, περί, καρπός
0SMOSIS, ὥσμωσις perimeter 51
ostracize, doTpaki{w period, wepiodos
otology 34, οὓς. λέγω periodic, wepiod-ikés
oxygen, ofts, yiyvouat periphrasis, wepl¢paais
104 EVERYDAY GREEK
perisarc, περί, σὰρξ physics 36, 92, 136

ρετπϊδέγ]ε, περίστυλον ῬηγοϊορταρΏγ, φύσις, γράφω
peritoneum, περιτόναιον physiological 124
Ρείο, πέταλον physiologize 124
phagocyte, φαγ, κύτος physioclogy 124, 136
phalanx, ¢dhay§ -phyte 83
phanerogam 119 pirate 96 (@)
phantasm 119 piratical 96 (a)
phantasmagory 119 plague, πληγή
phantom 119 planet, mxérns
pharmaceutic g6 (d) plasm 67
pharmacopeia, φαρμακοποιία Ῥἰαοῖογ, ἔμπλαστρον
pharmacy 32 plastic 66
pharynx, ¢apvyé plethora, πληθώρη
phase 119 pleura, mhevpd
phenomenon 20, 44, 119 plutocracy 131
Philadelphia 32 pneumatic, πνευματικὸς
philanthropic 122 preumonia, πνεύμων
philanthropist 122 poem 78
philanthropy 122 poct 30, 41, 73, 76
philharmonic 122 Ῥοϊἱοτηίς, πολεμικός
Philip 122, φίλιππος Ῥοϊϊοπιγο[ς, πολιός, μύελος
philodemic 122 political 79, οο
philologist 122 politics 36, 79, 92
philology 122 polyanthous 38
philomath 122 polygamous 8o, 85, 86
philosopher 122 polygamy 8o, 86
philosophy 80, 122 γλῶσσα
Ροϊγρίοἓ,πολύς,γλώττατ-Ξ
phlebotomy 34, φλέψ, τέµνω polygon, πολύγωνος
phlox, ¢rdE polymorphous 107
phonetic, pwr, φωνέω polypus 34
Ῥλοπορταρᾶ, φωνή, γράφω polytechnic, woXis, Téxyn
phosphorous 85 polytheism 47
photograph 34 pomp 75
photographer 85, 86 pore, wopos
photography 86 practical 65, 84, 120
photosphere, ¢is, opatpa practice 120
phyllophorous, ¢ iA\\ov, ¢épw pragmatic 40, 41, 120
ρωΏγ]ίοροάα, φύλλον, ποὺς praxis 120
ΡΏνίυτ, ῥθλον prefix 58
physical 36, go Presbyterian, wpesBrepos
physician, φυσικός priest, 139, πρεσβύτερος
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION τος
prism, 7 pioua scepter 32

problem 117 scheme, oxfua
problematic 117 schism 41, 113
prognathous 32 schismatic 113
prologue 51, 129 schist 113
propaedeutic 96 (4) schistocyte 113
prophet 5τ, πρό, φημί schistoglossia 113
prophylaxis, πρὀό, φυλάσσω scholar, σχολή, Latin schola-
protagonist, mpwraywres ris, scholaris
protoplasm, wp&Tos, πλάσµα scholastic 66
Ρτοϊοχζοδῃ, πρῶτος, ζῷον scholium, ox6iwor ἔγοτη σχολή
Ῥ58]πι, ψαλμός school 30, σχολή
pseudonym 38 sclerosis 96 (ο)
pseudopodia, ψεῦδος, ποὺς sclerotic 96 (c)
psychiatry, ψυχή, ἰατρεία 56ΟΡΕ, σκοπός
psychotherapy, yux#, θεραπεία semaphore 41
ptomaine, πτῶμα sepsis 77
pyosis 96 (¢) scptic 84
pyramid, wvpauis sibilant 64 (3)
ΡΥτε, πυρή simple word 61
ῬνυτορτγαρΏν, πῦρ, γράφω skeleton 83
pyrosis ο6 (ο) skeptic 43
pyrotechnic 34 sonants 64 (1)
sophism 67, 96 (f)
rhetor 19, 76 sophist οὔ (/)
rhetoric 92 sophistic ¢6 (f)
rhetorical go spasm, σπασμός
rhinoceros, pwroképws spasmodic g4
rhinology 34 sphere, σφαῖρα
rhododendron, ῥόδον, δένδρον spheroid g4
rhythm, pvfubs sphincter, σφιγκτῆρ
rhythmical, jv8uixés sphinx, σφίγξ
root 55 5ρ]γρτηῖς, σφυγμός
sphygmograph 77
sarcasm, σαρκασμός αρίθειι, σπλήν
sarcastic, capkac Tikos εροτγααϊς, σπορά, σποράδην, σπο-
sarcoma, cdpé ραδικός
sarcophagus 45, cdp, ¢ay spore, σπόρος
satyr, gdrupos static 42, 112
scandal, oxavéalov stem 56
50Εη0, σκηνή stereoscope, στερεός, σκοπός
scenic, σκηνικός stereopticon, στερεός͵ ὁπ-τικός
106 EVERYDAY GREEK
stereotype, στερεός, τύπος tactical 115

sternum 22 tactics 115
stigma, orivua taxonomy, v s, vduos
stomach, στόμαχος technical, rexvikds, τέχνη
story, shortened form of history, telegram 78
ἱστορία telegraph 52
stratagem 133 tclephone, ke, φωνέω
strategic 133 telescope 43, 100, 111 (6)
strategy 100, III (a), 102, 133 theater 32, θέατρον
οίγορῇε, στροφή theism 32, feds
suffix 57 theme 111
surds 64 (1) theologlan 124
surgeon 135, 139 theological 124
surgery 135 theology 124
surgical 135 theorem, fewpnua
syvllable 7ο, τοΙ theoretical, fewpnrids
svlloge 130 theory, fewpla
symbol 117 theosophy, febs, σοφία
symmetry, συμμετρία, συν-- μέτ- therapentic, feparevrcds
ρον therapy, fepameia
sympathetic 118 thermometer, fepuds, μέτρον
svmpathize 118 thesis 111
svmpathy 68, 118 thoracic, θωρακοικός, θῶραἕ
symphony 68 thorax, θῶραξ
symphysis 68 -tic 84
symptom, σύµπτωμα titanic, τετανικός
εγγηροπηαίῖς, συµπτωματ-ικός tome 73
synagogue, συναγωγή tone 72, 75
synarthrosis 110 Γουῖς, τονικός
synchondrosis, oiv, χόνδρος (ορῖς, τοπικὸς, τόπος
syndesmosis, owwéo pwots ἱορορταρΏν, τόπος, γράφω
synod, σύνοδος toxic, Tofwds
synonym, oiv, droua toxin, τοξικός
syntactical 115 trachea, Tpay s
syntax 115 tragedy, τραγῳδία
synthesis 42, 77, 111 tragic, τραγικὸς
synthetic 111 trichina 34, θρὶξ
εγτίησο, σΌριγξ trichoblast 34, θρἰξ, βλαστός
system 70, 73, 78, 112 (γϊεονψοῖο, τρι-, κύκλος
systematic riz trigonometry, 7piywrouerpla
systematize 112 tripod, 34, 100, IIT (¢)
trope 75 verbal 59
trophy, rpomwatov
tropic 41, 72, 75 κιρ]ιοϊά, ξιφοειδής
tune, révos xiphosura, ξίφος, olpa
type 32, 41
[νρῖοαἰ, τυπικός, τῦπος zone, {wri
tyrannical, τυρανν-ικός, τύραν- zodlogist 8s, 86, 102
vos zoblogize 127
tyranny, rvpavy-is, Tlpavvos zoblogy 86, 102
tyrant, τύραννος zobphyte, {Gov, φυτόν
_—
PRINTED IN TEE U.S.A.

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EVERYDAY GREEK

ΤΗΕ UNIVERSITY ΟΕ CHICAGO PRESS

THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY

THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

TENTH IMPRESSION MARCH 193§

COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY

This book has grown out of my own needs in giving a brief

included. This will be especially true of the vocabulary

deep in my chapter on the formation of words, or in giving

will be the best means of fixing those principles in mind and of

Historical Sketch; The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time;

111. FormATION OF WORDS . 23

V. Worp GROUPS FOR STUDY . 42

VI InpEX aND KEY TO DERIVATION 95

small letters, or lower case letters, as they are called in modern

alphabets. The character X, which in the standard Greek

they had no letter in their own alphabet to represent its

The Romans had dropped Z from their alphabet, but when

The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time

Characters Names : Equivalents

A a alpha a asin father

Characters Names Equivalents

Ρ β rho 7 asin run

11. The vowels and diphthongs.—The vowels are pro-

v like French %, or German 4

like the English &, the smooth breathing is not pronounced at

παράδεισος, ῥατᾶ βάσις, step, foundation

Write the following words in Greek letters:

18. For the reason already explained in section 6 the Greek

instead of using the vatin spelling. In these instances ᾗ

24. The following points should also be noted in the Eng-

25. Write the following words both in Greek and in their

26. The parts of speech in Greek are the same as in English,

of feminine nouns of this declension ends in a or 7. Masculine

wpa, scason, hour ὑγίεια, health, (hygiene)

31. The second declension, or o-declension.—The stem

32. . LIST OF WORDS ΟΕ THE 0-DECLENSION

&yyehos, messenger, (angel) δρόμος, road, race-track, (hippe-

κόσμος, order, universe, world, uéTpov, measure, (meter, ther-

33. The third declension, or consonant declension.—

34. SOME TYPICAL WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION

anp, genitive aép-os, air; (aero- δρᾶμα, δράματ-ος, action, deed;

κλὶμαξ, kNupak-os, ladder, slair- ίγας, γίγαντ-ος, giant; (gigan-

35. Words with stems ending in 1, or v.—In these words the

37. Neater nouns in -os.—A special and important class

41. Verbs in -w with infinitive in -er.—

42. Verbs in -ue.—Several important verbs end in - in

43. Deponent verbs.—In Greck there are many so-called

A few deponent verbs omit the vowel o or € before the endings.

47. Some adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension

The differences in form which mark gender rarely appear

48. The article.—The Greek has an article corresponding

49. The Greek personal pronouns do not appear in English

53. Inseparable particles.—There are a few prefixes which

55. Root.—A root is the fundamental part of a word, or a

57. Suffiz.—A suffix is one or more syllables added to the

64. Following are the classes of consonants:

Surds Sonants Aspirates

In the surds the dreath is stopped by the organs of speech,

EUPHONIC CHANGES OF CONSONANTS

65. Before 7 a labial or palatal mute must be co-ordinate,

69. T, B3, or pt+o=y