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blue-mountains-fact-sheet
blue-mountains-fact-sheet
QUICK FACTS
Blue Mountains City has 27 towns and villages spread over 100km; 70% of its area is World Heritage listed National Park
Blue Mountains National Park was declared in 1959, its total area is 247,000 Hectares
Blue Mountains National Park is also a major part of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area –an area of over 1
million hectares of wilderness – consisting of this and several adjoining National Park areas which was awarded world
heritage status in Nov 2000 as an area of ‘outstanding geographic, botanical and cultural significance’.
Major Towns are Glenbrook, Springwood, Wentworth Falls, Leura, Katoomba, Blackheath
Population: 79,225 (as of 2013)
Distance from Sydney to Katoomba: By Car: 110kms Rail: 2 hrs from Central Station, Sydney to Katoomba
The region can be accessed by road (via either the Great Western Highway or the Bells Line of Road) or by rail from Sydney.
Climate is Cool temperate Average temperature in Katoomba: Summer (Dec-Feb) 13 - 24°C, (Winter Jun-Aug) 2 - 10°C.
FLORA
The native plants of the Blue Mountains have adapted as a result of its particular geology and climate. Many plants of the
Blue Mountains are found nowhere else in the world. It is estimated that there are over 1000 species of plant in the Blue
Mountains. The rugged landscape has meant development has been nowhere near as extensive as in other parts of
Australia and the impacts of man have not been as noticeable. This proved to be a very important reason for granting the
Blue Mountains National Park its deserved World Heritage status
There are several types of plant communities in the Blue Mountains. The most widespread plant communities in the
mountains are the open forests which can be subdivided into two groups: the "Tall open forests" located in the sheltered
slopes and gullies on the bottom of the valleys and the "Open forests" located on the ridge tops.
Both of these forest communities share a lot of similarities: the eucalyptus trees are the dominant tree species and they
both have an understory of vegetation. The understorey of the Open forests has a rich and very diverse array of flowering
plants which flower throughout most of the year.
Other less prevalent plant communities in the Blue Mountains include the swamp and the temperate.
FAUNA
More than 400 different kinds of animals, including 265 bird species, live within the rugged gorges and tablelands of the
Greater Blue Mountains. These include threatened or rare species of conservation significance, such as the spotted-tailed
quoll, the koala, the yellow-bellied glider, the long-nosed potoroo, the green and golden bell frog and the Blue Mountains
water skink. It is also home to over 4000 species of moths and butterflies. Outstanding biodiversity and flora and fauna of
conservation significance and their habitats are a major component of the World Heritage values of the area.
It might seem hard to believe but one of the main threats to the native plants of the Blue Mountains is their collection by
people, so please do not pick or remove any plant or flower whilst on our guided nature walks in the Blue Mountains.
.
www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au to view profiles and photos of all threatened plant and animal species in
NSW – find by habitat or region
GEOLOGY
Starting with the sea
The story of the Blue Mountains begins some 300 million years ago. The landscape was mainly quartzite, heavily folded and
faulted by earlier earth movements. It's this ancient rock, which can be up to 470 million years old, on which the Blue
Mountains stand. The mountains were built from sediment deposited by ancient rivers. A movement in the earth meant
that the quartzite landscape was flooded by a shallow sea from the east. Streams flowing into this sea carried huge amounts
of sediment, which were deposited in horizontal layers. Later, these layers formed rock beds of shales, siltstones and
mudstones. In swampy areas around the margins of the sea, piles of dead vegetation were buried under the sediment. They
would eventually become seams of coal. All in all, about 500 metres of marine sediments were laid down at this time -
between 250 and 280 million years ago.
The shales are buried under a sandy basin - A new phase began with the Triassic Period, 250 million years ago. Large rivers
began dumping vast quantities of sand on top of the shales, burying them. Throughout this burial process, the weight of the
accumulating sediments caused the layers to sink, creating a basin.
Sand collected in the basin, which continued to subside. As the deeper beds were buried, they were forged into hard rocks
by heat and pressure. Above them, the first layers of sand formed the Narrabeen sandstones (about 200 m thick). The sands
that followed formed the Hawkesbury sandstones. They were about 300 m thick.
Rising, splitting rocks build a plateau - About 170 million years ago, the sands stopped being deposited. Forces in the earth
started pushing the rock strata upwards. The hard rock layers on the bottom bent and flexed, but the sandstone above
them fractured into a series of vertical cracks called joints.
Eventually, the rock layers rose into a broad plateau (and they may still be rising). The plateau was highest on its western
edge, and sloped down to an abrupt downturn at its eastern edge. You can see this today, in the low escarpment just west
of Penrith and the Nepean River.
HISTORY
There are many sites throughout the Blue Mountains that are of both cultural and historical significance to Aboriginal
people.
For Australia’s indigenous people the natural and cultural heritage is integral to the environment. The natural heritage is
the physical landscape – plants, animals, mountains and rivers. This landscape is also imbued with human associations,
stories, myths, personal histories and emotions.
Aboriginal people have lived in the Blue Mountains for many thousands of years. The region incorporates significant parts of
the traditional lands of the Gundungurra and Darug tribal groups.
Aboriginal heritage extends well beyond archaeological sites, rock engraving and rock shelter art. It includes natural
landscape features, ceremonial, mythological or religious areas, massacre sites or other places with which Aboriginal people
maintain a strong spiritual or historical association.
The Blue Mountains and surrounding plateaus contain a rich diversity of Aboriginal sites. A rock shelter on Kings Tableland,
Wentworth Falls, dates Aboriginal prehistoric occupation back to 22,000 years.
Research and discovery of Aboriginal sites has centred on developed areas, that is, alongside walking tracks or close to
residential development. The large extent of relatively unexplored terrain potentially contains a wealth of important
Aboriginal sites. Large areas have not been the subject of systematic survey or the recording of Aboriginal history. These
areas may contain sites which are not currently known.
The Aboriginal People of the Blue Mountains invite you to share their unique home.
www.gundungurra.net.au for aboriginal culture and history on the Gundungurra Tribal Council website.
www.murumittigar.com.au for aboriginal culture of the Darug people.
Gregory Blaxland, a wealthy free settler with a property near St Mary's, approached fellow grazier William Lawson and the
young William Charles Wentworth to go with him on a land-finding expedition across the Blue Mountains (they hoped to be
rewarded with land grants for their efforts). Despite Governor Macquarie's objections, and with a party that included four
servants, five dogs and four packhorses, they set out from St Marys in May 1813.
They decided to follow the mountain ridge-tops, and quite by chance chose the main ridge of the Blue Mountains (where
the railway and Great Western Highway now run). Doggedly hacking their way through thick bushland, they climbed higher
and higher. At times they struggled along steep and narrow paths, with sheer precipices on either side. At one point they
found themselves trapped by an impassable barrier of rock, and were forced to retrace their steps.
But they eventually made it. After 17 days, they arrived at Mount York and looked down on the fertile plains of the Western
Tableland (at the time, the plains were blanketed in rich forest, but they were soon to become grasslands). When Blaxland,
Wentworth and Lawson returned to Sydney, they were widely praised. Each was given 400 hectares of the new land out
west.
A few months later in November 1813, Governor Macquarie sent surveyor and artist George Evans out west. Evans's
mission was to plan a road across the mountains, and to explore the country that lay further west. Crossing the Great
Dividing Range, he descended down into the valley onto the Bathurst Plains, discovering the west-flowing rivers there, and
continued 150 kilometres further west to the future site of Bathurst, Australia's first inland city.
Evans had surveyed the road; William Cox was given the job of building it. In July 1814, Cox took a convict gang of just 28
men into the mountains. They laid 160 kilometres of road in just six months - an amazing feat for such a small team, in such
difficult conditions, using primitive equipment. For their efforts, the convicts gained their freedom.
www.midmountainshistory.org.au for information on aboriginal culture and mid mountains history
www.infobluemountains.net.au/history for information on the exploration of the Blue Mountains, its roads and railways
and its built and industrial heritage.
www.bmcc.nsw.gov.au for detailed population and demographic data - The social and community profiles provide local
area maps and interesting snapshots of each area at town/village level
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@nrp.nsf/lookup/LGA10900Main+Features12005-2009 for the Australian Bureau of
Statistics site – access data through local government areas
TOURISM
The area is widely renowned and extensively used for sight-seeing, bushwalking, rock climbing, canyoning and other
outdoor recreation activities. It is one of the most consistently popular holiday regions of Australia. The breathtaking scenic
beauty, nostalgic appeal and opportunity for relaxation attract more than 2 million visitors each year. At an average altitude