LIFE PROCESSES Part - 2

CLASS X | BIOLOGY
RESPIRATION
 What is Respiration?

● The process in which the FOOD is broken

down in the cells with the help of oxygen to
release energy is known as RESPIRATION.

● It is a catabolic process.

The organic substances undergoing oxidative

breakdown during respiration are known as
Respiratory Substrates, e.g. Glucose.

Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

 Stages of Respiration

Breathing Exchange of Gages

Expiration : Passive
Inspiration : Active Process
Process
 Types of Respiration

Anaerobic
Aerobic
Respiration which
Respiration which
takes place without
uses oxygen.
oxygen.
Steps in Respiration
 Aerobic Respiration

It is a type of cellular respiration that takes place in

the presence of oxygen to produce energy.

It is a continuous process that takes place within the

cells of animals and plants.

Aerobic respiration process takes place in all

multicellular organisms including animals, plants
and other living organisms
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in the
cells. Thus, breakdown of pyruvate to give Carbon
dioxide, water and energy takes place in mitochondria.

This energy produced is stored in the form for ATP and

used by the organism. Most of the living organisms
carry out aerobic respiration.

Example: Human, Dogs, Cats, etc.

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
● Known as energy currency of cell.

● The energy released during the process of

respiration is used to build-up an ATP
molecule from ADP and inorganic
phosphate (Pi).

● The energy equivalent to 30.5kJ/mol is

released, when the terminal phosphate
linkage in ATP is broken down.

● It is this energy which is utilized by the cells

for the contraction of muscles, protein
synthesis, conduction of nervous impulses
and many other activities.
 Anaerobic Respiration

● A small amount of energy released in

anaerobic respiration as food breaks
down in the absence of oxygen

● Some prokaryotes—bacteria and

archaea—that live in low-oxygen
environments rely on anaerobic
respiration to break down fuels.

● Humans also go through anaerobic

respiration during vigorous physical
exercise.
 (i) Alcoholic Fermentation

Fermentation is another anaerobic

(non-oxygen-requiring) pathway for breaking
down glucose.

This process occurs mainly in YEAST.

Fermentation in yeast is thus used to making
cheese, beer, wine, etc (by brewing).
 (i) Lactic Acid Fermentation

It happens in Human Beings during

exercising.

When we exercise, our energy requirements

increase. As we lack to get sufficient oxygen
from the surrounding, our body has to fulfil
the energy requirement through Anaerobic
Respiration.

Lactic acid produced in muscle cells is

transported through the bloodstream to the
liver, where it’s converted back to pyruvate
and processed normally in the remaining
reactions of cellular respiration
Accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells
causes:

1. Fatigue

2. And, Muscle cramps.

 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Oxygen is present when this form 1. Oxygen is absent when this form
of respiration takes place. of respiration takes place.

2. It can be found in the cytoplasm 2. It can be found only in the

and the mitochondria. cytoplasm.

3. Glucose breaks down into carbon 3. Glucose breaks down into ethyl
dioxide and water. alcohol, carbon dioxide and
energy.

4. All higher organisms such as 4. Lower organisms such as bacteria

mammals have this type of and yeast use this type. In other
respiration. organisms, it occurs during heavy
activities.
Aerobic Respiration :

1. Plants
2. Simple Animals
3. Human Beings

When aerobic respiration involves two phases

:

1. Breathing : Intake of oxygen and giving

out CO2.

2. IRespiration :

a) Uptake of Oxygen by tissue cells

b) Oxidation of food inside cells
c) Elimination of carbon dioxide from
tissues.
 Respiration in plants differ from the
animals in 3 respects:

All parts of the plant perform respiration

individually. While, an animal performs respiration
as a single unit.

During respiration in plants, there is a little

transport of respiratory gases from one part to
other. While, respiratory gases transport over long
distances inside an animal during respiration.

Respiration in plants occurs at a slow time. While,

the respiration in animals occurs at a much faster
rate.
 Respiration in Roots:

Through Diffusion.

The root hair are in contact with the air in the soil-
Oxygen diffuses into root hairs and reaches all other
cells of the root for respiration. CO2 gas produces in the
cells of the root during respiration moves out through
the same root hairs by the process of diffusion.
 Respiration in Stems:

Stems of herbaceous plants have stomata, so,

exchange of respiratory gases takes place through
stomata.

The hard and woody stems of big plants or trees do

not have stomata. In woody stems, the bark has
lenticels for gaseous exchange.

In leaves gaseous exchange takes place by diffusion of

oxygen through stomata into the cells of the leaf.

The direction of the diffusion mainly depends upon

environmental conditions and requirements of plants.
 During the day, CO2
generated during
At night, when there is no
respiration is used up for
photosynthesis occurring,
photosynthesis, hence
CO2 elimination is the
there is no CO2 release.
major exchange activity
Instead, oxygen release is
going on.
the major event at this
time.
RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS
Different animals have different modes of
respiration. Examples:

Flatworms : Simple Diffussion over body

surface

Earthworms : Moist Cuticle of Skin

Insects : Network of tubucles (tracheal

tubules)

Fishes : Gills

Reptiles and Birds : Lungs

Amphibians like frog : can respire through

moist skin too
● Fish and other aquatic organisms use gills
to take up oxygen dissolved in the water and
diffuse carbon dioxide out of the
bloodstream.

● Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is

fairly low compared to the amount of
oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in
aquatic organisms is much faster than that
seen in terrestrial organisms.
RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
➔ In human beings, many organs take part in the
process of respiration. These organs
constitute a RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

➔ The main organs of human respiratory system

are:

● Nose
● Nasal passage
● Trachea (windpipe)
● Bronchi
● Lungs and
● Diaphragm.
Respiration in Humans
 Nostrils

Air enters into human body

through the nostrils and is
filtered by fine hairs and mucus
which line the passage.

Trachea Pharynx

Also known as WINDPIPE. It has Nasal chamber

Rings of Cartilage. These opens into pharynx.
ensure that the air-passage
does not collapse.

Larynx

Also known as
Sound Box. Located
in front of trachea.
 Lungs expand

Inhalation | Inspiration

Process by which fresh air enters the lungs.

Diaphragm becomes FLAT by the contraction of

muscle fibres. Volume of thoracic cavity INCREASES.

THE GREATER PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE BODY

CAUSES AIR TO ENTER THE LUNGS FROM MASAL
CAVITIES.
 Lungs contract

Exhalation

Process of giving out carbon dioxide.

Diaphragm relaxes and thus the volume of the

thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure of carbon
dioxide is more in lungs than in atmosphere and
thus it gets pushed out.
● From the nasal passage, air enters into pharynx and
then goes into the windpipe. Trachea does not
collapse even when there is no air in it because it is
supported by rings of soft bones called cartilage.

● The upper end of trachea has a voice box called

‘larynx’.

● The trachea runs down the neck and divides into two
smaller tubes called bronchi at its lower end.

● The bronchi are connected to the two lungs. The lungs

lie in the chest cavity or thoracic cavity which is
separated from abdominal cavity by a muscular
partition called diaphragm.

● The lungs are enclosed in a ‘rib cage’ made of bones

called ‘ribs’.
● Each bronchus divides in the lungs to
form a large number of still smaller
tubes called ‘bronchioles’.

● The pouch-like air sacs at the ends of

the smallest bronchioles are called
alveoli (singular–alveolus).

● The walls of alveoli are very thin and they

are surrounded by very thin blood
capillaries.

● It is in the alveoli that gaseous exchange

takes place.

● There are millions of alveoli in the lungs.

The presence of millions of alveoli in the
lungs provides a very large area for the
exchange of gases.
 Mechanism of Respiration in Humans

Exchange of
Breathing
Gases

Breathing:

It is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

In one breathing cycle, following processes happen:

1. Inhalation
2. Exhalation
 Lungs expand

Inhalation | Inspiration

Process by which fresh air enters the lungs.

Diaphragm becomes FLAT by the contraction of

muscle fibres. Volume of thoracic cavity INCREASES.

THE GREATER PRESSURE OUTSIDE THE BODY

CAUSES AIR TO ENTER THE LUNGS FROM MASAL
CAVITIES.
 Lungs contract

Exhalation

Process of giving out carbon dioxide.

Diaphragm relaxes and thus the volume of the

thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure of carbon
dioxide is more in lungs than in atmosphere and
thus it gets pushed out.
Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood:

● The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon

dioxide) between lung alveoli and surrounding
capillaries is known as EXTERNAL
RESPIRATION.

The wall of the alveoli is very thin and has rich

network of blood capillaries around it. As the
concentration of oxygen is higher in alveoli than in
blood capillaries during inhalation, oxygen DIFFUSE
from alveoli into the blood capillaries.

And are thus transported to all the cells in body.

Exchange of gases between cells and blood:

The exchange of gases between tissue blood

capillaries and tissue cells : Internal Respiration.

In this process :

a) Oxygen diffuses from the blood capillaries to

the body cells

b) Carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells to

the capillaries

This carbon dioxide is then transported to the lungs

from where it is pushed out of the body through
EXHALATION
 DIFFUSION AND RESPIRATORY PIGMENT

● When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion

pressure alone cannot take care of oxygen delivery to
all parts of the body.

● Instead, respiratory pigments take up oxygen from the

air in the lungs and carry it to tissues which are
deficient in oxygen before releasing it.

● In human beings, the respiratory pigment is

haemoglobin which has a very high affinity for oxygen.

● This pigment is present in the red blood corpuscles.

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is
and hence is mostly transported in the dissolved form
in our blood.
What is Residual
Volume? Why is it
important?