KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

COMPLEX NUMBERS

INTRODUCTION
A complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and y. It is written as 𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦)
or 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦, where i = √−1 is known as imaginary unit. Here, x is called the Real part of
z and is written as “Re (z)” and y is called the Imaginary part of z and is written as “Im(z)”.
If x = 0 and y ≠ 0, then 𝑧 = 0 + 𝑖 𝑦 which is purely imaginary.
If x ≠ 0 and y = 0, then 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖 0 = 𝑥 which is purely real
Hence z is purely imaginary if its real part is zero and is real if its imaginary part is zero.
This shows that every real number can be written in the form of a complex number by taking its
imaginary part as zero. Hence the set of real numbers is contained in the set of complex numbers.

POWERS OF 𝒊:
We know that 𝑖 = √−1 ,
𝑖 2 = 𝑖 × 𝑖 = − 1, 𝑖3 = 𝑖2 × 𝑖 = − 𝑖 ,
𝑖 4 = (𝑖 2 ) 2 = (− 1) 2 = 1, 𝑖 5 = 𝑖 × 𝑖 4 = 𝑖 etc.
Even power of 𝑖 is either 1 or −1 and odd power of 𝑖 is either 𝑖 or – 𝑖.

EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBER:

If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 then, 𝑥1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖 𝑦2 Comparing real and imaginary parts 𝑥1 = 𝑥 2 and
𝑦1 = 𝑦2
This shows that two complex numbers are equal if and only if their corresponding real and
imaginary parts are equal.

CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER:

If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦 is a complex number then its conjugate or complex conjugate is defined as
𝑧 = 𝑥 – 𝑖 𝑦. Also 𝑧 𝑧̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦) (𝑥 – 𝑖 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Note: To write the conjugate of a complex number, replace 𝑖 by – 𝑖 in the complex number.

ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBER:

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑖 𝑦2 are two complex numbers. Then
(a) Addition: 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑖 𝑦2 )
= (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )

Applied Mathematics – I 1
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

(b) Subtraction: 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑖 𝑦2

= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )

(c) Multiplication: 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 ) ∙ (𝑥 2 + 𝑖 𝑦2 )

= (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑥 2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 𝑥1 ) [ 𝑖 2 = − 1]

𝑧1 𝑥1 +𝑖𝑦1 (𝑥1 +𝑖𝑦1 ) (𝑥2 −𝑖𝑦2 ) 𝑥1 𝑥2+𝑦1 𝑦2 (𝑦1 𝑥2−𝑥1𝑦2 )

(d) Division: = = ∙ = +
𝑧2 𝑥2 +𝑖𝑦2 (𝑥2 +𝑖𝑦2 ) (𝑥2 −𝑖𝑦2 ) 𝑥22 +𝑦22 (𝑥22 +𝑦22 )

GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

1. Argand’s Diagram:
We know that the real numbers can be represented by point on a line in such a way that
corresponding to every real number, there is one and only one point on the line and
corresponding to every point on the line, there is one and only one real number. Y
Similarly, we can represent a complex number as follows:
Consider a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, where 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑖 = √−1. (𝑥, 𝑦)
(0,𝑦)
Draw the coordinate axes. Since 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 can be represented by
X’ X
the point (𝑥, 0) on the X-axis. O (𝑥, 0 )
Y’
Since 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑦 can be represented by the point (0, 𝑦) on the Y-axis.
Then the point (𝑥, 𝑦) represents the complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, i.e., 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = (𝑥, 𝑦)
Such a representation of complex numbers by points in a plane is called Argand’s
diagram.
The horizontal x-axis is called the real axis, vertical y-axis is called the imaginary axis and
xy-plane is called complex plane.
We observe that the point representing a complex number can be on any of the coordinate
axes or in any of the quadrants. The complex number 𝑧 = 0 + 0𝑖 i.e., the zero complex
number is represented by the origin.

2. Geometrical Meaning of Modulus and Argument:

If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 is a complex number, then the modulus of 𝑧 is |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Y
Let the point 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) represents the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑂𝑃
|𝑧|
Hence, modulus of 𝑧 is the distance of the point P from the 𝑦
X’ 𝜃 X
origin where P represents the complex number 𝑧 in the plane. O 𝑥
Y’
Applied Mathematics – I 2
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

And is denoted by |𝑧| or mod (z)

Again, OP makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive direction of X-axis.
𝜃 is called the amplitude or argument of the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 and is denoted by
arg (z) or amp (z).
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
∴ sin 𝜃 = | and cos 𝜃 = | | , |𝑧| ≠ 0 ∴ tan 𝜃 = , if 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑧| 𝑧 𝑥
𝑦
Hence, |𝑧| = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 & arg (𝑧) = 𝜃 = tan −1 ( )
𝑥

Note: The value of 𝜃 which satisfies both the equation x = r cos 𝜃 and y = r sin 𝜃, gives
the argument of z. Argument 𝜃 has infinite number of values. The value of 𝜃 lying between –𝜋
and 𝜋 is called the principal value of Argument.

POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

Let a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be represented by the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) .
Then 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑖s called the modulus of the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Y
and is denoted by |𝑧|.
Thus |𝑧| = |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑃(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
If the ray OP makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive X-axis, then this
𝑦
angle 𝜃 is called the argument of 𝑧 and is denoted by 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 (if 𝑧 ≠ 0)
𝜃
From the figure 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑧 is given by the equations: X’ 𝑥 X
O M
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
cos 𝜃 = = = and sin 𝜃 = = =
|𝑧| √𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑟 |𝑧| √𝑥 2+𝑦2 𝑟

∴ 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

Hence 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 can be written as 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖(𝑟 sin 𝜃 ) = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ) Y’
This is called polar representation of 𝑧, where 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝜃 = tan −1( 𝑦 ⁄𝑥)

Polar form of 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 for different sings of 𝒙, 𝒚 :

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be a complex number
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ) be its polar form. Then modulus of 𝑧, i.e., |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and
amplitude of 𝑧 is 𝜃.
We have find to the value of 𝜃 for different signs of 𝑥 and 𝑦, i.e., for different position of the
point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) . The point 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) may be in the first, second, third or fourth quadrant.

Applied Mathematics – I 3
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

Remark:
1. To find the amplitude of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, if 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) does not lie in the quadrant but it lies on
either of the coordinate axes
(i) If 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on positive side of X-axis, i.e., 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 = 0 (e.g. 𝑧 = 3), then amp (𝑧) = 0
(ii) If 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on negative side of X-axis, i.e., 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 = 0 (e.g. 𝑧 = −3),
then amp (𝑧) = 𝜋
(iii) If 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on positive side of Y-axis, i.e., 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 > 0 (e.g. 𝑧 = 5𝑖),
then amp (𝑧) = 𝜋⁄2
(iv) If 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on negative side of Y-axis, i.e., 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 < 0 (e.g. 𝑧 = −5𝑖),
3𝜋
then amp (𝑧) =
2
(v) If 𝑧 = 0, then 𝑟 = 0 and amp (𝑧) is not defined
2. We may be tempted to take tan 𝜃 = 𝑦 ⁄𝑥, if 𝑥 ≠ 0. But this will not give us unique value of
𝜃. If tan 𝜃 > 0, then 𝜃 may be in the first or third quadrant and if tan 𝜃 < 0, then 𝜃 may
be in the second or fourth quadrant. Hence, it is not advisable to take tan 𝜃 = 𝑦 ⁄𝑥 or
𝜃 = tan −1( 𝑦 ⁄𝑥).
𝑥 𝑥
Therefore, we have to obtain the value of 𝜃 using the equations cos 𝜃 = = | | and
𝑟 𝑧
𝑦 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = = |𝑧|
𝑟

Case (i): If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0, then 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies in the first quadrant.
𝜋
In this case 0 < 𝜃 <
2

Case (ii): If 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0, then 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) lies in the second quadrant.
𝜋
In this case < 𝜃 < 𝜋
2

Case (iii): If 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0, then 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies in the third quadrant.
3𝜋
In this case 𝜋 < 𝜃 <
2

Case (iv): If 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0, then 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) lies in the fourth quadrant.
3𝜋
In this case < 𝜃 < 2𝜋
2

EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

We know 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃. Using polar form , 𝑧 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
This is called exponential form or Euler’s form of a complex number 𝑧. 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Thus we have three forms of a complex number
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 (Cartesian form) 𝑧 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) (Polar form)

Applied Mathematics – I 4
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 (Exponential form)
Note: 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃, 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
1 1
Hence, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = (𝑒 𝑖𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )
2 2𝑖

PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBER:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
1 1
(a) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑥 = (𝑧 + 𝑧̅) (b) 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑦 = (𝑧 − 𝑧̅)
2 2𝑖

(c) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) = z̅1 + z̅2 (d) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝑧1 . 𝑧2 ) = z̅1 . z̅2
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧 𝑧
̅̅̅
(e) ( 1) = 1
𝑧2 𝑧2
̅̅̅

(f) 𝑧𝑧̅ = |𝑧|2 = |𝑧̅|2 since |𝑧| = |𝑧̅| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

(g) |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 | & arg ( 𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = arg (𝑧1 ) + arg (𝑧2 )
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 . 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 = (𝑟1 𝑟2 )𝑒 𝑖 (𝜃1+𝜃2 )
Comparing with exponential form
|𝑧1 𝑧2 | = 𝑟1 𝑟2 = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 | And arg.(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = arg (𝑧1 ) + arg (𝑧2 )
𝑧 | 𝑧1| 𝑧
(h) | 1| = |𝑧2|
& arg ( 1) = arg (𝑧1 ) − arg ( 𝑧2 )
𝑧2 𝑧2

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2

𝑧1 𝑟1𝑒𝑖𝜃1 𝑟
= = ( 1 ) 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1− 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2𝑒𝑖𝜃2 𝑟1
Comparing with exponential form
𝑧 𝑟1 | 𝑧1| 𝑧
| 1| = =| And arg ( 1) = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 =arg ( 𝑧1 ) − arg (𝑧2 )
𝑧2 𝑟1 𝑧2| 𝑧2

Applied Mathematics – I 5
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES:

(1+𝑖 )3
1. Express 𝛼 = (2+𝑖 )(1+2𝑖 )
in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. Also find 𝛼 2 .
(1+𝑖 )3 1+3𝑖+3𝑖 2 +𝑖 3 1+3𝑖−3−𝑖 −2+2𝑖
Solution: 𝛼=( = = =
2+𝑖 )(1+2𝑖 ) 2+4𝑖+𝑖+2𝑖 2 2+4𝑖+𝑖−2 5𝑖
−2+2𝑖 𝑖 −2𝑖+2𝑖 2 −2−2𝑖 2 2
= 5𝑖
.𝑖 = 5 𝑖2
= −5
= 5 + 5𝑖
2
2 2 4 8𝑖
𝛼 = ( (1 + 𝑖 ) ) = (1 + 2𝑖 + 𝑖 2 ) =
5 25 25

2. Find the value of 𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 − 12 when 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖

Solution: Since 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 i.e 𝑧 – 1 = 2𝑖
∴ (𝑧 − 1) 2 = 4𝑖 2 ∴ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 = −4
∴ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0
When express the give expressions in terms of 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5.
For this we divide the given expressions by 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5
Expressions = ( 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5)( 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3) + 3
= 0 (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 3) + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3

3. Find the modulus and the principal argument of

3 −1
(1+𝑖 √3) (1+𝑖 ) −2 (√3+𝑖 )
2

Solution:
3 −1 3
(1+𝑖 √3 ) (1+𝑖 ) −2(√3+𝑖 ) (1+𝑖 √3) 1+𝑖3 √3−3(3) −𝑖3√3
𝑧= = =
2 2(1+𝑖 )2 (√3+𝑖 ) 2 (1+2𝑖−1)(√3+𝑖)
8 2 2 2
∴ 𝑧 = − 2 (2𝑖 )( 3+𝑖 )
= − 𝑖( 3+𝑖 )
= −𝑖 3−1
= 1−𝑖
√ √ √ √3
2 1+𝑖√3 2(1+𝑖 √3) (1+𝑖 √3)
= ∙ = =
1−𝑖 √3 1+𝑖√3 4 2

Applied Mathematics – I 6
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

1 √3
= 2+𝑖 2

1 √3 1 3
∴ 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = , 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √ + = 1
2 2 4 4

1 √3 𝜋
cos 𝜃 = 2 , sin 𝜃 = 2
∴ 𝜃= 3
𝜋
∴ Modulus 𝑧 = 1, Amplitude 𝑧 =
3

4. Find the square root of 21 − 20𝑖

Solution: Let 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = √21 − 20𝑖
∴ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) 2 = 21 − 20𝑖 ∴ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 = 21 − 20𝑖
Equating real and imaginary parts 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 21 and 𝑥𝑦 = −10
−10 2 2 2 −10 2
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑥
in 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 21 We get, 𝑥 − ( 𝑥
) = 21
100
∴ 𝑥2 − = 21 ∴ 𝑥 4 − 100 = 21𝑥 2
𝑥2

∴ 𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 2 − 100 = 0
∴ (𝑥 2 − 25)( 𝑥 2 + 4) = 0 ∴ 𝑥 2 = 25 or 𝑥 2 = 4
Since 𝑥 is real 𝑥 2 = 25 ∴ 𝑥 = ±5
−10 −10
When 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 𝑥
= 5
= −2
−10 −10
When 𝑥 = −5, 𝑦 = 𝑥
= −5
=2
∴ √21 − 20𝑖 is 5 − 2𝑖 or −5 + 2𝑖
𝑎 𝑏
5. If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 3√𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, prove that + = 4 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑥 𝑦
3
Solution: 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = √𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ∴ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
∴ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑖𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑖𝑦 3 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖 (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
Comparing real and imaginary parts 𝑎 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑏 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
Applied Mathematics – I 7
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

𝑎 2 2 𝑏
𝑥
= 𝑥 − 3𝑦 , 𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑏
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 ) + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

6. Find the complex number z if

𝜋 2𝜋
arg (𝑧 + 1) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg (𝑧 − 1) =
6 3
Solution: Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑧 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦
𝜋 𝑦 𝜋
We are given that, arg(𝑧 + 1) = 6
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥+1 ) = 6
𝑦 1
∴ 𝑥+1 = tan 30° = ∴ √3 ∙ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
√3
2𝜋 𝑦 2𝜋
We are given that arg(𝑧 − 1) = 3
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥−1 ) = 3
𝑦
∴ 𝑥−1 = tan 120° = −√3 ∴ 𝑦 = −√3𝑥 + √3
We solve the two equations to get 𝑥 and 𝑦
∴ √3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 …….(1) −√3. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 3 ……….(2)
Adding both equations, we get, 0 = 4𝑥 − 2 ∴ 𝑥 = 1⁄2
3 √3
Now √3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 gives √3. 𝑦 = ∴𝑦=
2 2
1 √3
∴ 𝑧 = 2+ 2
𝑖

7. Find two complex numbers such that their difference in 10i and their
product is 29.
Solution: Let 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are two complex numbers such that,
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 10𝑖 and 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 29
(𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )2 = ( 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )2 − 4𝑧1 𝑧2 = (10𝑖 ) 2 + 4(29)
Applied Mathematics – I 8
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

= −100 + 116 = 16
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | = 4
∴ 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 are roots of quadratic equation
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0
i.e. 𝑥 2 − (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 )𝑥 + 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 0 i.e., 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 29 = 0
−(−4)±√ (−4) 2 −4(1)(29) 4±√ −100 4±10𝑖
Solving 𝑥 = 2 (1)
= 2
= 2
= 2 ± 5𝑖
∴ 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑖
8. If 𝑧1 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼 , 𝑧2 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin𝛽 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
1 𝑧 𝑧2
( 1− ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝛼 − 𝛽 ).
2𝑖 𝑧2 𝑧1
𝑧 cos 𝛼+𝑖 sin 𝛼 𝑒𝑖𝛼
Solution: We have 𝑧1 = cos 𝛽+𝑖 sin 𝛽 = 𝑒𝑖𝛽
= 𝑒 𝑖 (𝛼−𝛽)
2

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝛼 − 𝛽 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽 )
𝑧2 cos 𝛽+𝑖 sin 𝛽 𝑒𝑖𝛽
∴ = = = 𝑒 𝑖(𝛽−𝛼) = 𝑒 −𝑖 (𝛼−𝛽)
𝑧1 cos 𝛼+𝑖 sin 𝛼 𝑒𝑖𝛼

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) − 𝑖 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽 )
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 2 𝑖 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽 ). Hence, the result
2 1

2
9. If 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃, prove that (i) 1+𝑧
= 1 − 𝑖 tan(𝜃 ⁄2).
1+𝑧 𝜃
(ii) = 𝑖 cot ( ).
1−𝑧 2
2 2 2
Solution: (i) 1+𝑧
= 1+cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃 ⁄2)+2 𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2) cos(𝜃 ⁄2)
1 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)∙(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)+𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2)) = 𝜃
𝑖( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)∙𝑒 2
𝜃
−𝑖( )
𝑒 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)−𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2)
= = = 1 − 𝑖 tan(𝜃 ⁄2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)

Applied Mathematics – I 9
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

1+𝑧 (1+cos 𝜃)+𝑖 sin 𝜃

(ii) 1−𝑧
= (1−cos 𝜃)−𝑖 sin 𝜃
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜃 ⁄2)+2 𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2) cos (𝜃 ⁄2)
=
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜃 ⁄2)−2 𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2) cos (𝜃 ⁄2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)+𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2)
= .
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃 ⁄2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃 ⁄2)− 𝑖 cos (𝜃 ⁄2)
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)+𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2)
= cot ( 2 ) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃 ⁄2)− 𝑖 cos (𝜃 ⁄2)
𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)+𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2)
= cot ( 2 ) . −𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃 ⁄2)− 𝑖 cos (𝜃 ⁄2)
𝜃 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)+𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2)
= cot ( 2 ) . −𝑖 [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 ⁄2)+𝑖 sin(𝜃 ⁄2) ]
1 𝜃 1 𝑖 𝜃 𝜃
= −𝑖 . cot ( 2 ) = . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2 ) = 𝑖 cot ( 2 )
−𝑖 𝑖

10. If (1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃 )(1 + cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 ) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, prove

𝜃 𝑣 3𝜃
that (i) 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 (ii) 𝑢
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )
Solution: We have to find 𝑢 and 𝑣.
Now from data (1 + cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃 )(1 + cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃 ) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣,
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
∴ [2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( ) + 2 𝑖 sin ( ) cos ( )] [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 2 𝑖 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ] = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2 2 2
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
∴ 2 cos ( ) [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )]. 2 cos 𝜃 [cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ] = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2 2 2
𝜃
𝜃 ( )
∴ 4 cos ( 2 ) cos 𝜃 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖 2 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
3𝜃
𝜃 𝑖( )
∴ 4 cos ( ) cos 𝜃𝑒 2 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2
𝜃 3𝜃 3𝜃
∴ 4 cos ( 2 ) cos 𝜃 [cos ( 2 ) + 𝑖 sin ( 2 )] = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝜃 3𝜃
Equating real and imaginary parts 𝑢 = 4 cos ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) and
2 2
𝜃 3𝜃
𝑣 = 4 cos ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
Applied Mathematics – I 10
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

𝜃 𝑣 3𝜃
∴ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )

11. If 𝑧1 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin 𝛼 , 𝑧2 = cos 𝛽 + 𝑖 sin 𝛽 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

1+𝑧1 2
0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < 𝜋⁄2 find the polar form of 1−𝑖 𝑧1 𝑧2
1+𝑧1 2
Solution: Expression = 1−𝑖 𝑧1 𝑧2

Dividing the numerator and denominator by 𝑧1 we get Expression

(1⁄ 𝑧 )+𝑧
= (1⁄ 𝑧 1)−𝑖𝑧1
1 2
1
Putting 𝑧1 = cos 𝛼 + 𝑖 sin𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑧1
(cos 𝛼−𝑖 sin 𝛼 )+(cos 𝛼+𝑖 sin 𝛼 ) 2 cos 𝛼
Expression = (cos 𝛼−𝑖 sin 𝛼 )−𝑖(cos 𝛽−𝑖 sin 𝛽 )
= (cos 𝛼+sin 𝛽 )−𝑖 (sin 𝛼+cos 𝛽 )
2 cos 𝛼
= 𝜋 𝜋
[ cos 𝛼+cos ( −𝛽 )]−𝑖 [sin 𝛼+sin( −𝛽)]
2 2
2 cos 𝛼
= 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽
2 cos ( + ) cos( − + )−𝑖2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + ) cos (− + )
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽
But cos (− 4 + 2
) = cos ( 4 − 2
)
cos 𝛼
∴Expression = 𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽
cos ( − )[cos( + )−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( + )]
4 2 4 2 4 2
𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼. sec ( 4 − 2
)] [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 + 2
) + 𝑖 sin( 4 + 2
)]
= 𝑟[cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin𝜃]
𝜋 𝛼+𝛽 𝜋 𝛼−𝛽
Where 𝑟 = cos 𝛼𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 4 − 2
) and 𝜃 = 4
+ 2

12. If 𝑧1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 are any two complex numbers, prove that

|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = 2[|𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 ]
Solution: Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

Applied Mathematics – I 11
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

∴ |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 = |( 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )|2

= |(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )| 2 = ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + ( 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2
Similarly, | 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + ( 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) 2
and | 𝑧1 |2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 |𝑧2 |2 = 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
l.h.s. = | 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |2 + |𝑧1 − 𝑧2 |2
= ( 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 + (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + ( 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) 2
= ( 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦12 + 𝑦22 + 2𝑦1 𝑦2 ) +
(𝑥12 + 𝑥22 − 2𝑥1 𝑥2 ) + ( 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 − 2𝑦1 𝑦2 )
= 2 [𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 ]
Now, r.h.s= 2[| 𝑧1 |2 + |𝑧2 |2 ] = 2[𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 ]
∴ 𝑙. ℎ. 𝑠 = 𝑟. ℎ. 𝑠

13. If |𝑧 − 1| < |𝑧 + 1|, prove that Re 𝑧 > 0.

Solution: We have |𝑧 − 1| < |𝑧 + 1|
∴ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 1| < |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 1|
∴ |(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑖𝑦| < |(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑖𝑦|
∴ √(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 < √(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2
∴ (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 < (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2
∴ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 < 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2
∴ −2𝑥 < 2𝑥 ∴ −4𝑥 < 0 ∴ 4𝑥 > 0 ∴𝑥>0
∴ The real Part of 𝑧 > 0
14. If 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1 and 𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 = (1 + 𝑎) 𝑧 Prove that
𝑎+𝑖𝑏 1+𝑖𝑧
= .
1+𝑐 1−𝑖𝑧
(𝑏+𝑖𝑐) 𝑖𝑏−𝑐
Solution: By data, 𝑧 = (1+𝑎)
∴ 𝑖𝑧 = 1+𝑎

∴ By componendo and dividendo,

Applied Mathematics – I 12
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

1+𝑖𝑧 1+𝑎+𝑖𝑏−𝑐 (1+𝑎−𝑐)+𝑖𝑏 (1+𝑎+𝑐) +𝑖𝑏

1−𝑖𝑧
= 1+𝑎−𝑖𝑏+𝑐 = (1+𝑎+𝑐)−𝑖𝑏 . (1+𝑎+𝑐) +𝑖𝑏
[(1+𝑎+𝑖𝑏) −𝑐] .[(1+𝑎+𝑖𝑏 )+𝑐] 1+𝑎2 −𝑏2 +2𝑎+2𝑖𝑏 +2𝑎𝑖𝑏−𝑐2
= =
[(1+𝑎+𝑐) −𝑖𝑏][(1+𝑎+𝑐) +𝑖𝑏] 1+𝑎2 +𝑐2 +2𝑎+2𝑐+2𝑎𝑐+𝑏2
2 2 2
Since by data 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1,
in the numerator, we put 1 − 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2
and in the denominator, we put 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1
1+𝑖𝑧 2𝑎2 +2𝑎+2𝑖𝑏+2𝑎𝑖𝑏 𝑎(𝑎+1)+𝑖𝑏(1+𝑎) (1+𝑎)(𝑎+𝑖𝑏) 𝑎+𝑖𝑏
1−𝑖𝑧
= 2+2𝑎+2𝑐 +2𝑎𝑐
= 1 (𝑎+1)+𝑐(1+𝑎)
= (1+𝑎)(1+𝑐)
= 1+𝑐
= 𝑙. ℎ. 𝑠

SOME PRACTISE PROBLEMS:

1. Express the following in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

(2+𝑖 )(1+2𝑖 ) (2+3𝑖 )2
(i) 3+4𝑖
(ii) 1+𝑖
3+5𝑖 1+𝑖
2. Find the complex conjugate of (i) 1+2𝑖 (ii) 1−𝑖
4 3 2
3. Find the value of 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 46 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 + 2𝑖
4. Find the modulus and the principal argument of
(2−3𝑖 )(5+3𝑖)
(i) −1 + √3. 𝑖 (ii) 3−2𝑖
5. Find the real part, imaginary part, modulus and argument of
(4 + 2𝑖 )(−3 + √2𝑖 )
6. Express the following in polar form and find their arguments
(i) √3 + 𝑖 (ii) sin 𝜃 + i cos 𝜃
7. If 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝑧2 = 2 − 𝑖, 𝑧3 = 3 + 2𝑖, find
𝑧1−𝑧2−𝑖 𝑧3 𝑧
(i) |
𝑧1+𝑧2+𝑖
| (ii) |𝑧2 − 𝑧1|2 + |𝑧3 − 𝑧1|2 (iii) 𝑧1
+ 𝑧2
3

𝑧1 𝑧 1
(iv) 𝑧1
− 𝑧1 (v) (𝑧2 +𝑧3)(𝑧2 −𝑧3)
(vi) (𝑧2 − 𝑧2 )5
1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑥2 −𝑦2
8. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, prove that (𝑧 + 𝑧) = 2 (𝑥2 +𝑦2 )

Applied Mathematics – I 13
KJSCE – SVU COMPLEX NUMBERS SEM-I

𝑧 𝑧
9. If 𝑧 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑎 sin 𝜃, prove that (𝑧 + 𝑧) = 2 cos2 𝜃
𝑧−1
10. Prove that |𝑧−1| = 1
1
11. If 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛽 = 𝑎−𝑖𝑏, prove that (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2)(𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ) = 1.
1 1
12. If + = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑎, 𝑏 are real, express b in terms of 𝛼, 𝛽
𝛼+𝑖𝛽 𝑎+𝑖𝑏

13. If 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = √𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, prove that (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

14. If 𝑎𝑟𝑔. (𝑧 + 2𝑖 ) = 𝜋⁄4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑔. (𝑧 − 2𝑖 ) = 3𝜋⁄4 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧

Applied Mathematics – I 14