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Física do calor

F.S. Navarra
navarra@if.usp.br

Aline Perez aline.perez@usp.br


Monitores:
Richard Terra richard.terra@usp.br

Aline: (11) 958433054

Monitoria: 3ª feira 12:00 – 13:00 18:00 – 19:00

sala 2005 6ª feira 12:00 – 13:00 18:00 – 19:00

edisciplinas.if.usp.br

(buscar: física do calor 4300159)


Plano do Curso
27/02 Cap. 7 19/04 Cap. 10 07/06 P3
01/03 Cap. 7 23/04 Cap. 10 11/06 Exs.
05/03 Cap. 8 26/04 Exs. 10 14/06 Sub
08/03 Cap. 8 30/04 Exs. 10 18/06
12/03 Cap. 8 03/05 P 2 21/06
15/03 Exs. 7/8 07/05 Cap. 11 25/06
19/03 Exs. 7/8 10/05 Cap. 11 28/06
22/03 P1 14/05 Cap. 11
26/03 - 29/03 17/05 Exs. 11
02/04 Cap. 9 21/05 Cap. 12
05/04 Cap. 9 24/05 Cap. 12
09/04 Cap. 9 28/05 Cap. 12
12/04 Exs. 9 31/05
16/04 Cap. 10 04/06 Exs. 12
Capítulo 9

Propriedades dos gases


Lei de Boyle

Robert Boyle

Temperatura constante

Pressão do ar:

p = p0 + ⇢ g h
Quando aumentamos a pressão, o volume diminui !

pV = k Lei de Boyle k = constante


Lei de Charles

Jacques Charles
Pressão constante

V T
= Lei de Charles
V0 T0
Equação de estado do gás ideal

O -> 1 p1 = p0

V1 T1 (Charles)
=
V0 T0
1 -> a T1 = T

p1 V 1 = p V (Boyle)

V0
p0 T = p V
T0
p0 V 0 pV
=
T0 T
ppVV
= constante
= constante =
= nnR
R
TT
n = número de moles do gás
R = constante universal dos gases

J cal
R = 8, 314 = 1, 98
mol K mol K

pV = nRT
Equação de estado dos gases ideais
Trabalho na expansão isotérmica do gás ideal

Z Vf
Wi!f = p dV
Vi
Z Vf
Wi!f = p dV
Vi

nRT
p =
V
Z Vf Z Vf
nRT 1
Wi!f = dV = nRT dV
Vi V Vi V

Vf
= n R T ln
Vi
Compressão adiabática do gás ideal

T 6= 0

Q= U +W Q=0 U= W

U depende da temperatura
Experiência de Joule-Thomson

(=”filtro”)

Gás atravessa o tampão,


que reduz a pressão de Pi para Pf

“Cafeteira”
Gás passa do lado esquerdo para o direito

Nos dois lados a pressão permanece constante !

Z Vf Z Vf
Wi!f = p dV = p dV = p (Vf Vi )
Vi Vi
Lado esquerdo: We = pi (0 Vi ) = pi V i

Lado direito: Wd = pf (Vf 0) = pf Vf

W = W e + W d = pf V f pi V i T ' constante
(medida)

Lei de Boyle: pf V f = p i V i W =0
Q= U +W

Q=0

W =0
O volume variou
U =0 mas a energia
interna não !!!

U não depende do volume


U só depende da
temperatura !!! Moyses
Entalpia

H = U + pV Entalpia

dH = dU + p dV + dp V

dQ = dU + pdV

dH = dQ + dp V

Processo isobárico: dp =0 dH = dQ
Entalpia

do grego ”thalpos”
Para o pessoal
que viaja na aula
”Duas ou três coisas
que eu sei dela”
Jean-Luc Godard
Correção da Prova

Diurno
1a)
T1 T2 Q = mc T
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m = 100 Kg = 100.000 g
<latexit sha1_base64="tSpmEjw12hZm6E2YhL8kbjVypJk=">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</latexit>

L cal
c=1 o
g C <latexit sha1_base64="Uk5Vjyi9N1mtb8lsOhHrAsQO6+4=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="SiBMMfAbP7ppLKe0FBL5enbxeNY=">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</latexit>
T = 36 16 = 20o C

r1
Q = 105 . 1. 20 = 2 . 106 cal
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r2
Q = 8 . 106 J
<latexit sha1_base64="QRwnRTu5oCtoZn5YNTw6nc+sZ4Q=">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</latexit>
dQ r1
= 2⇡Lk (T1 T2 )
1b) dt r2 r1
<latexit sha1_base64="w+Db5mfQnUfbgI+Apl4FtVdkDsg=">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</latexit>

T1 T2 5
L= m
⇡ <latexit sha1_base64="54qlw/S8Ye+1ywOJWcqUMC/UH6g=">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</latexit>

J
k = 0.1
s m oC
L
<latexit sha1_base64="3Ruyaeqhb9grKVADjzLSPaOFtJc=">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</latexit>

r1 = 0.4 m
<latexit sha1_base64="9QFH6UQdRfdZ8utgCbxLT1o0YXg=">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</latexit>

r2
<latexit sha1_base64="CUIgka0umEwB/ULrIJb4KdSQqvw=">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</latexit>
r1 = 0.001 m

r1 T1 T2 = 36 ( 64) = 100o C
<latexit sha1_base64="RsS3eoGwWh8zuLD97i03gqXKuPM=">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</latexit>

r2
dQ r1
= 2⇡Lk (T1 T2 )
1b) dt r2 r1
<latexit sha1_base64="w+Db5mfQnUfbgI+Apl4FtVdkDsg=">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</latexit>

T1 T2 5
L= m
⇡ <latexit sha1_base64="54qlw/S8Ye+1ywOJWcqUMC/UH6g=">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</latexit>

J
k = 0.1
s m oC
L
<latexit sha1_base64="3Ruyaeqhb9grKVADjzLSPaOFtJc=">AAAC5nicjVLLSsNAFD3G9zvq0s1oEVxISUTQjSC6EVcKVoW2SjKdtqF5MZkIUrp2507c+gNu9VPEP9C/8M6Ygg9EJ2Ry5tx7zsydGz8Ng0w5zsuANTg0PDI6Nj4xOTU9M2vPzZ9kSS65qPAkTOSZ72UiDGJRUYEKxVkqhRf5oTj1O3s6fnopZBYk8bG6SkU98lpx0Ay4p4i6sJc6bJs5ZZfVmtLj3YNeN2O1NRbpiZ0nbK93YZecsmMG+wncApRQjMPEfkYNDSTgyBFBIIYiHMJDRk8VLhykxNXRJU4SCkxcoIcJ0uaUJSjDI7ZDc4tW1YKNaa09M6PmtEtIryQlwwppEsqThPVuzMRz46zZ37y7xlOf7Yq+fuEVEavQJvYvXT/zvzpdi0ITW6aGgGpKDaOr44VLbm5Fn5x9qkqRQ0qcxg2KS8LcKPv3zIwmM7Xru/VM/NVkalaveZGb402fkhrsfm/nT3CyXnbpPznaKO3sFq0ewyKWsUr93MQO9nGICnlf4wGPeLLa1o11a919pFoDhWYBX4Z1/w7cApn/</latexit>

r1 = 0.4 m
<latexit sha1_base64="9QFH6UQdRfdZ8utgCbxLT1o0YXg=">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</latexit>

r2
<latexit sha1_base64="CUIgka0umEwB/ULrIJb4KdSQqvw=">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</latexit>
r1 = 0.001 m

T1
<latexit sha1_base64="RsS3eoGwWh8zuLD97i03gqXKuPM=">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</latexit>
T2 = 36 ( 64) = 100o C
dQ Q 5 0.4 4 J
= = 2⇡ 0.1 3
100 = 4 . 10
<latexit sha1_base64="No09EwCfg1wtyHHYbqqErjwOD2M=">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</latexit>
dt t ⇡ 10 s
<latexit sha1_base64="l/C8gJFSzFYqDXlEI2+JhrTelvY=">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</latexit>
Q = 4 . 104 t

8 . 106 = 4 . 104
<latexit sha1_base64="q/o8lvnTCXqbtALAU0NAxKsJGvA=">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</latexit>
t

<latexit sha1_base64="/IQ67qp0kXifnH7EF1t88qyuRFc=">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</latexit>
t = 200 s
2) a) T1 = T0
Temperatura constante

k
b) p =
0 V
P0
<latexit sha1_base64="WIwkl6ucy2uHI4qDfa9+Xd4Iz2Y=">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</latexit>

1 <latexit sha1_base64="6hfOdpaxMY85dryOmtbOsgAFG8w=">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</latexit>
pV = k
P1
2
<latexit sha1_base64="LUa0ubQ1hSDFbm3j58cdUYwzakQ=">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</latexit>
p 0 V 0 = p1 V 1
V0 4V0
V1 = 4V0 <latexit sha1_base64="O14wqlA75I5Rwimg7Nju136uRQ0=">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</latexit>

p0
p1 =
<latexit sha1_base64="gzLbCbVmnRo3q0zWx/52DIy42+E=">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</latexit>
4
2) pV = k
Temperatura constante
<latexit sha1_base64="6hfOdpaxMY85dryOmtbOsgAFG8w=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="KfQUyIau7MdzNppQ9bqePQZhA8w=">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</latexit>
p0 V 0 = k
0
P0

1
P1
2

V0 4V0
Z 4V0 Z 4V0
k 4V0
c) W0!1 = p dV = dV = k ln( )
<latexit sha1_base64="hcsO5C4qEK7LJVoksGjLJi86rWM=">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</latexit>
V0 <latexit sha1_base64="Cl8HiP9q3yEGoJhE82GFQRCacTw=">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</latexit>
V0 V V0
<latexit sha1_base64="Ul5ijgAuUJOjHdHlsRPL/622Yvw=">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</latexit>

W = p0 V0 ln(4)
<latexit sha1_base64="autsu8GSg2j2jRwYPxUHN7/0oNI=">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</latexit>
Temperatura constante
p0
p1 =
<latexit sha1_base64="XzOy6NzZjIXbPSrLdnmHxSVEq5U=">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</latexit>
4
0
P0

1
P1
2

V1 V0
V0 4V0
Z V0
3
d) W1!2 = p dV = p1 (V0 4V0 ) = p0 V 0
<latexit sha1_base64="6Kw1dQRWRU0mE6PPpibUSpjGS18=">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</latexit>
4V0
<latexit sha1_base64="sllg4P+/u5UIjGDlSf1aCdDlKeM=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="tT2dRuSKWNlm38oyKdtIQboHOoM=">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</latexit>
4

3
W1!2 = p0 V 0
<latexit sha1_base64="X3WQwZ2rOTrczTTy2MMOyW7G7Ic=">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</latexit>
4
Temperatura constante

0
P0

1
P1
2

V1 V0
V0 4V0

e) Wtotal = W0!1 + W1!2 + W2!0


<latexit sha1_base64="HovQZLsH/qIgDC6NgWouZ34RVUg=">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</latexit>
W2!0 = 0
<latexit sha1_base64="KibD1fbzor51dBViWltw5mGFTl4=">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</latexit>

3
Wtotal = p0 V0 ln(4) p0 V 0
<latexit sha1_base64="1EhMjfQjVS8iNGTxckHe9FwGCjw=">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</latexit>
4
Temperatura constante

0
P0

1
P1
2

V1 V0
V0 4V0
0
g) Q0!1 =? Q0!1 = U + W0!1
<latexit sha1_base64="EV/DQ2sWExurVwL5powdA3qc4NU=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="/xRAw8RB2AYGSzJEonpd0JY2j7E=">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</latexit>

Q0!1 = p0 V0 ln(4) <latexit sha1_base64="OAD18EUZFEBQn4eYp9ATT5GHJz0=">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</latexit>


3) frio
L0 L0 L0

quente

L1 = L0 (1 + ↵1
<latexit sha1_base64="d+tcrlWZ8W2jGfbiBh2GOA9XoLo=">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</latexit>
T)

L2 = L0 (1 + ↵2
<latexit sha1_base64="YF3tq8R5vH9rtnnYOxxmFKyc6JE=">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</latexit>
T)

L3 = L0 (1 + ↵3
<latexit sha1_base64="imGXx3ezuLR6Oo3niw6qXgBE7D0=">AAAC9HicjVFNTxRBEH2MqIgfrHr00mFjgtGMPSybWQ8mRDh44IAJCyQs2fQMDUzonZnM9JAQ4s/w5s149Q94ld9g/Af4L3jdzCZ6INqT6a56Ve91V1VSmqy2Uv6aCW7N3r5zd+7e/P0HDx8tdB4/2a6Lpkr1MC1MUe0mqtYmy/XQZtbo3bLSapIYvZOcrLn4zqmu6qzIt+xZqfcn6ijPDrNUWULjzuuNcU+8FRtjKUavxJKI3PHSbWKkTHmsGKYzWtfGKrH1YtzpyjBe6fejWMhQvhnEvT6NaCDjfiyiUPrVRbs2i85PjHCAAikaTKCRw9I2UKj57SGCRElsH+fEKlqZj2t8xDy5DbM0MxTRE+5H9PZaNKfvNGvPTnmL4V+RKfCcnIJ5FW13m/Dxxis79Cbtc6/p3nbGM2m1JkQtjon+izfN/F+eq8XiEANfQ8aaSo+46tJWpfFdcS8Xf1RlqVASc/YB4xXt1DOnfRaeU/vaXW+Vj1/6TIc6P21zG/x2r+SAp1MUNxvby2HUC5c/rHRX37WjnsMzLGKJ84yxivfYxJDan/AdP3ARnAafgy/B1+vUYKblPMVfK/h2BeA7nVA=</latexit>
T)
(↵1 + ↵2 + ↵3 )
L = 3 L0 + 3 L0 T
3
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↵1 + ↵2 + ↵3
↵=
3
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Correção da Prova

Noturno
1)

Calor transforma
líquido em vapor

T1 = 100 o C
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8 mm
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<latexit sha1_base64="sAHol+AcFPhZYL8GaFCxyEiiRtI=">AAACznicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZduBovgQkpSBd2IRTcuK/QFbSnJdFqDaRKSSaGU4tYfcKufJf6B/oV3xhTUIjohyZlzz7kz914n9NxYmuZrxlhYXFpeya7m1tY3Nrfy2zv1OEgiLmo88IKo6dix8Fxf1KQrPdEMI2EPHU80nLsrFW+MRBS7gV+V41B0hvbAd/sutyVRrWq3xM4Zax+xi26+YBZNvdg8sFJQQLoqQf4FbfQQgCPBEAI+JGEPNmJ6WrBgIiSugwlxESFXxwWmyJE3IZUghU3sHX0HtGulrE97lTPWbk6nePRG5GQ4IE9AuoiwOo3peKIzK/a33BOdU91tTH8nzTUkVuKW2L98M+V/faoWiT7OdA0u1RRqRlXH0yyJ7oq6OftSlaQMIXEK9ygeEebaOesz055Y1656a+v4m1YqVu15qk3wrm5JA7Z+jnMe1EtF67hYujkplC/TUWexh30c0jxPUcY1Kqjpjj/iCc9GxRgZU+P+U2pkUs8uvi3j4QOQJ5HW</latexit>
T2 = ?
Calor atravessa o quadrado
fundo da panela lado = 10 cm
Calor necessário para evaporar um litro de água:

Isso leva 9 minutos para acontecer:

Q 540000 cal cal


= = 1000
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t 9 ⇥ 60 s s <latexit sha1_base64="0nkJUBRRdnEs+7MtMQyBt8Sng0c=">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</latexit>

Equação da condução do calor: cal


k = 0.8
s cm o C
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Q T2 T1
= kA A = 100 cm2
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t d
d = 0.8 cm
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0.8 . 100
1000 = (T2 100) T2 = 110 o C
0.8
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<latexit sha1_base64="xHB4vNxZNo2W2B97N1yv6eePdTU=">AAAC83icjVLLSsQwFD3W9/gadekmOAgKWtJBcDaC6MalgqPCjAxtzGix05Y0FYZh/sKdO3HrD7jVfxD/QP/Cm1jBB6IpTU/OveckN7dBGoWZ5vx5wBkcGh4ZHRsvTUxOTc+UZ+cOsyRXQtZFEiXqOPAzGYWxrOtQR/I4VdLvBJE8Ci52TPzoUqosTOID3U3lScc/i8N2KHxNVKvsepxztsmabeWLHndrrLnKXDNRoG+IPls+aFXZmiFWWuUKd7kd7CfwClBBMfaS8hOaOEUCgRwdSMTQhCP4yOhpwANHStwJesQpQqGNS/RRIm1OWZIyfGIvaD6jVaNgY1obz8yqBe0S0atIybBEmoTyFGGzG7Px3Dob9jfvnvU0Z+vSNyi8OsRqnBP7l+4j8786U4tGGzVbQ0g1pZYx1YnCJbe3Yk7OPlWlySElzuBTiivCwio/7plZTWZrN3fr2/iLzTSsWYsiN8erOSU12Pvezp/gsEr/jevtr1e2totWj2EBi1imfm5gC7vYQ528r3CPBzw6uXPt3Di376nOQKGZx5fh3L0Bla+b7Q==</latexit>
2) a) T1 = T0

Temperatura constante
k
b) p =
V
P1 1
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<latexit sha1_base64="6hfOdpaxMY85dryOmtbOsgAFG8w=">AAAC0HicjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZduBovgQkpaBd0IRTcuq9gHtEWS6bSG5mUyEUsRcesPuNWvEv9A/8I7YwpqEZ2Q5My595yZe68duk4sTfM1Y0xNz8zOZedzC4tLyyv51bV6HCQRFzUeuEHUtK1YuI4vatKRrmiGkbA82xUNe3Cs4o1rEcVO4J/LYSg6ntX3nZ7DLUlUJ2TtHVZnh4yxAbvIF8yiqRebBKUUFJCuapB/QRtdBOBI4EHAhyTswkJMTwslmAiJ62BEXETI0XGBW+RIm1CWoAyL2AF9+7RrpaxPe+UZazWnU1x6I1IybJEmoLyIsDqN6XiinRX7m/dIe6q7Delvp14esRKXxP6lG2f+V6dqkejhQNfgUE2hZlR1PHVJdFfUzdmXqiQ5hMQp3KV4RJhr5bjPTGtiXbvqraXjbzpTsWrP09wE7+qWNODSz3FOgnq5WNotlk/3CpWjdNRZbGAT2zTPfVRwgipq5H2FRzzh2Tgzbow74/4z1cikmnV8W8bDB+Qxklc=</latexit>
pV = k
0
P0
2
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p 0 V 0 = p1 V 1

V1 V0 V1 = V0 /4
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<latexit sha1_base64="/januzPZx/ao2lauHAb7oB7g0yo=">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</latexit>
p1 = 4 p0
<latexit sha1_base64="6hfOdpaxMY85dryOmtbOsgAFG8w=">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</latexit>
pV = k

P1 1
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p0 V 0 = k

0
P0
2

V1 V0
Z V1 Z V0 /4
c)
k V0
W0!1 = p dV = dV = k ln( )
<latexit sha1_base64="6zGIp5jZXFNzDR7hQSgnhK0DueY=">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</latexit>
V0 <latexit sha1_base64="g8P67EIEBF8F+xTBYILhQQX+GME=">AAAC7HicjVHLTttAFD24LQ2PQoAlmxERgkUVbBQJNkgR3bAMEjFICUT2ZBJGcWxrPK4UWfkEdt1V3fYHui3fgfgD+AvuDEaioArG8syZc+85M3dumEYy0657O+N8+Php9nNlbn5h8cvScnVl1c+SXHHR5kmUqLMwyEQkY9HWUkfiLFUiGIeROA1H30z89LtQmUziEz1Jxfk4GMZyIHmgiepVtw5YV8a6V/g9d3ph5p3GlHUHKuDFaFr4hL8y1vd71Zpbd+1gr4FXghrK0UqqN+iijwQcOcYQiKEJRwiQ0deBBxcpcecoiFOEpI0LTDFP2pyyBGUExI5oHtKuU7Ix7Y1nZtWcTonoV6Rk2CRNQnmKsDmN2XhunQ37P+/Cepq7TWgNS68xsRqXxL6le8p8r87UojHAvq1BUk2pZUx1vHTJ7auYm7NnVWlySIkzuE9xRZhb5dM7M6vJbO3mbQMbv7OZhjV7XubmuDe3pAZ7L9v5Gvi7dc+te8eNWvOwbHUF69jANvVzD00coYU2eV/hD/7i2omdH85P59djqjNTatbwz3B+PwAUr537</latexit>
V0 V 4 V0
<latexit sha1_base64="a3SyEwFdx7fRhNcPy1zZXdgZhq4=">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</latexit>

W0!1 =
<latexit sha1_base64="fjJecURoCci50S71yhpqi+qWmqg=">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</latexit>
p0 V0 ln(4)
d) W1!2 = 0
<latexit sha1_base64="8+rTZgp3gcodD/7lBGwTpD58KxY=">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</latexit>

P1 1
W0!1 =
<latexit sha1_base64="ZRYVK8+Vivfix7Nc0iL5Ss8qX1E=">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</latexit>
p0 V0 ln(4)

0
P0
2

V1 V0 Z V0
e) Wtotal = W0!1 + W2!0
<latexit sha1_base64="rNXxjV6yoRZj4Vi0kGOS6FIWQVY=">AAAC7HicjVHLSsNAFD2N7/qqunQzWERBKEkVdCOIblxWsA+opSRx1NAkE5KJUEo+wZ07cesPuNXvEP9A/8I7YwpqEZ2Q5Nxz7zkzd64T+V4iTfO1YIyNT0xOTc8UZ+fmFxZLS8uNRKSxy+uu8EXccuyE+17I69KTPm9FMbcDx+dNp3ek8s1rHieeCE9lP+KdwL4MvQvPtSVR3dJGszuQQtp+xvYZYZOdScGsjG2pqKojM2OsWyqbFVMvNgqsHJSRr5ooveAM5xBwkSIARwhJ2IeNhJ42LJiIiOtgQFxMyNN5jgxF0qZUxanCJrZH30uK2jkbUqw8E612aRef3piUDOukEVQXE1a7MZ1PtbNif/MeaE91tj79ndwrIFbiiti/dMPK/+pULxIX2NM9eNRTpBnVnZu7pPpW1MnZl64kOUTEKXxO+Ziwq5XDe2Zak+je1d3aOv+mKxWrYjevTfGuTkkDtn6OcxQ0qhVru1I92SkfHOajnsYq1rBJ89zFAY5RQ528b/CIJzwboXFr3Bn3n6VGIdes4NsyHj4ANl6czQ==</latexit>
W2!0 = p dV
V1
V0 3
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W2!0 = p0 (V0 ) = p0 V 0
<latexit sha1_base64="JZqysYu2Y91NUhtcr5/m6wiC210=">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</latexit>
4 4
<latexit sha1_base64="qQCMRjxE9kXUkfhDgRIDxQeTu4E=">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</latexit>

3
Wtotal = p0 V 0 [ ln(4)]
<latexit sha1_base64="Gvi4N/kJl7Q9SiRdDGozPglluao=">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</latexit>
4
g) Qtotal = Q =?
<latexit sha1_base64="Ox/96dgC+QpO3QiyZppP9VHTp0s=">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</latexit>

P1 1
Q=
<latexit sha1_base64="uFiel/5Mg+c05iUFVzoe+tGufS8=">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</latexit>
U +W

U =0 (ciclo)
0
<latexit sha1_base64="mfKE6MMNrEZz6A8fvKthD8NVR/A=">AAACz3icjVHLSsNAFD2Nr1pfVZduBovgqiRV0I1Q1IXLFkwttEWSdFqHpklIJkopilt/wK3+lfgH+hfeGVNQi+iEJGfOvefM3HvdyBeJNM3XnDEzOze/kF8sLC2vrK4V1zcaSZjGHre90A/jpusk3BcBt6WQPm9GMXeGrs8v3MGJil9c8zgRYXAuRxHvDJ1+IHrCcyRR7fYp96XDbHbEzMtiySyberFpYGWghGzVwuIL2ugihIcUQ3AEkIR9OEjoacGCiYi4DsbExYSEjnPcokDalLI4ZTjEDujbp10rYwPaK89Eqz06xac3JiXDDmlCyosJq9OYjqfaWbG/eY+1p7rbiP5u5jUkVuKK2L90k8z/6lQtEj0c6hoE1RRpRlXnZS6p7oq6OftSlSSHiDiFuxSPCXtaOekz05pE16566+j4m85UrNp7WW6Kd3VLGrD1c5zToFEpW3vlSn2/VD3ORp3HFraxS/M8QBVnqMEm7wiPeMKzUTdujDvj/jPVyGWaTXxbxsMHHIiS3w==</latexit>

P0
2
Q=W <latexit sha1_base64="b0uOM0PSM49ri8Q1bG6kYu7PMAY=">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</latexit>

V1 V0

3
Qtotal = Q = p0 V 0 [ ln(4)]
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4
3) l = l1
<latexit sha1_base64="Kx9ieJ+kf+gAjQxDhgMFo9wehoM=">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</latexit>
l 2 + l 1 = 2 l1
<latexit sha1_base64="WutwPaUjG0V5THJ16OZ8ZXjQCkg=">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</latexit>
l2
<latexit sha1_base64="+LJzZJLa/mwvyDAmpJItNUeI2yk=">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</latexit>
l=2 l1 l2
<latexit sha1_base64="+ebb1KQehvRaUuYHHsK+0l1aO1Y=">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</latexit>
l=0
2 <latexit sha1_base64="IIjZ+ArZmfeMvRXTqiM7Le0DdGs=">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</latexit>
l1 = l2

<latexit sha1_base64="uqEXkDN+9jKlDqQRzq6ZUdubuCw=">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</latexit>
l1 = l 1 ↵ 1 T

<latexit sha1_base64="uwZYAcnpXZQDlIKx3F8m+DgQTHg=">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</latexit>
l2 = l 2 ↵ 2 T

2 l1 ↵ 1
<latexit sha1_base64="EuWbEIXN7bmb2VQMoYRaC/ivZCs=">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</latexit>
T = l2 ↵ 2 T

2 ↵1
l2 = l1
↵2
<latexit sha1_base64="qtVtnGIYGOaaqkPYjl4Mv9bVivA=">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</latexit>
Fim
Entalpia

Uf Ui = (pf Vf pi V i ) (processo isobárico)

Uf + pf Vf = Ui + pi Vi = constante

H = U + pV Entalpia do sistema

Entalpia do gás é uma variável de estado !

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