PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIATION
FYBTECH SEM-I
MODULE-4
 Partial Derivatives of the first order
 Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a function of two independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
 If we keep 𝑦 constant and allow only 𝑥 to vary then derivative, if it
exists, so obtained is called the partial derivative of 𝒛 with respect
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
to 𝒙 and it is denoted by or or 𝑓𝑥 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 ,𝑦 −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
 Thus, = lim
𝜕𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

 Similarly, the derivative of 𝑧 with respect to 𝑦 keeping 𝑥 constant, if

it exists is called the partial derivative of 𝒛 with respect to 𝒚 and it
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓
is denoted by or or 𝑓𝑦 .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦+𝛿𝑦 −𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
 Thus, = lim
𝜕𝑦 𝛿𝑦→0 𝛿𝑦

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 2

 Partial Derivatives of Higher Order
 The partial derivatives of higher order, if they exist, can
be obtained from partial derivatives of the first order
by using the above definitions again.
𝜕 𝜕𝑧
 Thus, is the second order partial derivative of z
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑓
w.r.t. x and is denoted by 2 or or 𝑓𝑥𝑥 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
 Similarly, we have = 2 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 ,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕z 𝜕2 z
=
𝜕y 𝜕x 𝜕y𝜕x
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
And =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 3

 Note
(1) If 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 possesses continuous
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
second-order partial derivatives and
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
then = .
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
This is called commutative property
(2) Standard rules for differentiation of sum,
difference, product and quotient are also
applicable for partial differentiation
22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 4
 Differentiation of a function of a function
Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢)and 𝑢 = 𝛷(𝑥, 𝑦) so that 𝑧 is
function of 𝑢 and 𝑢 itself is a function of two
independent variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
The two relations define 𝑧 as a function of 𝑥 and
𝑦. In such cases 𝑧 may be called a function of a
function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
1
e.g. (i) 𝑧 = and 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑢
(ii) 𝑧 = tan 𝑢 and 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
define 𝑧 as a function of a function of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 5

 Differentiation of a function of a
function
If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢) is differentiable function of u and
𝑢 = 𝛷(𝑥, 𝑦)possesses first order partial derivatives
then,
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝜕𝑢
 = . i.e. =𝑓 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 ′ 𝜕𝑢
Similarly = . i.e. = 𝑓 (𝑢)
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝑛
 e.g. If 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 then
𝜕𝑧 𝑛−1 . 𝑎
= 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 and
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑛−1 . 𝑏
= 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝜕𝑦

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 6

 EXAMPLE-1
If 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 , prove that
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢
=
𝜕𝑥
1
− sin 𝑥+ 𝑦
2 𝑥
𝜕𝑢
=
𝜕𝑦
1
− sin 𝑥+ 𝑦
2 𝑦

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 7

 EXAMPLE-1
If 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 , prove that
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 1
Solution: We have = − sin 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 1
= − sin 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
∴ 𝑥+ 𝑦
= − sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
∴𝑥 +𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 8

 EXAMPLE-2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
 If 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2, prove that − =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
4 1− −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 Solution: Since 𝑧=
𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2
=
𝑥+𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 2
−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
=
𝑥+𝑦 2

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 9

 EXAMPLE-2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
 If 𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2, prove that − =4 1− −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 Solution: Since 𝑧 =
𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 −𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
= ; =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 2
2
𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 +𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2
∴ LHS =
𝑥+𝑦 2
2
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
= 2∙
𝑥+𝑦 2
𝑥−𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦 2
= 2∙ =4
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Putting the values of ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
RHS =4 1− −
𝑥+𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦 2
=4 =4
𝑥+𝑦 2 𝑥+𝑦 2
∴ LHS = RHS

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 10

 EXAMPLE-3
3 3 3 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 9
 If 𝑢 = log 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 , prove that 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑢 =− .
𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Solution: LHS = + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 + + 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 + + ………….(i)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 1 2 𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 −3𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑢 3𝑧 2 −3𝑥𝑦
Now, = 3𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑧 , = , =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 3
∴ + + =3 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

∵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3
Hence from (1), LHS = + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 ∙
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
−1 −1 −1
=3 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2
+ 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2
+ 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2
9
=− = RHS
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 11

 EXAMPLE-4
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
 If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , verify that = .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Solution: Differentiating 𝑧 partially w.r.t. 𝑦 we get,
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝜕𝑦
Differentiating this partially w.r.t. 𝑥 we get,
𝜕2 𝑧 1
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 ∙ log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 ∙ + 1 ∙ 𝑦 𝑥−1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 log 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 ∙ log 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥−1 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 log 𝑦
Now, differentiating 𝑧 partially w.r.t. 𝑥, we get,
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Differentiating this again partially w.r.t. 𝑦, we get,
𝜕2 𝑧 𝑦𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑦−1 +𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 𝑦−1 log 𝑥
+ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 log 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 log 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦−1
+𝑦 𝑥−1
+ 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 log 𝑦

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 12

 EXAMPLE-5
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝜕3 𝑢
 If 𝑢 = 𝑒 , prove that = 8 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
Solution: =𝑒 ∙ 2𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
= 2𝑧 ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 2𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
= 4𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝑒
𝜕3𝑢 𝜕 𝜕2𝑢
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
= 4𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 2𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
= 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 ∙ 𝑒
= 8𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑢

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 13

 EXAMPLE-6
2 4𝑡 𝜕𝜃 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜃
 If 𝜃 = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑟 , find n which will make = 2 𝑟2 .
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝜃 2 4𝑡 2 4𝑡 𝑟2
 Solution: = 𝑛𝑡 𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑒 −𝑟 + 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑟 ∙
𝜕𝑡 4𝑡 2
𝑛 𝑟2 𝑛 𝑟2
 = 𝜃 + 2𝜃 = + 2 𝜃 ……………..(1)
𝑡 4𝑡 𝑡 4𝑡
𝜕𝜃 2 2𝑟 𝑟𝜃
 Also, = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑟 4𝑡 ∙ − =−
𝜕𝑟 4𝑡 2𝑡
𝜕𝜃 3
𝑟 𝜃
 ∴ 𝑟2 = −
𝜕𝑟 2𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝜃 𝜕 3
𝑟 𝜃 1 𝜕
 ∴ 𝑟2 = − =− 𝑟3𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2𝑡 2𝑡 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝜃
 = − 𝑟 3 + 3𝑟 2 𝜃
2𝑡 𝜕𝑟
1 𝑟𝜃
 = − 𝑟 3 + 3𝑟 2 𝜃
2𝑡 2𝑡
1 𝑟 𝜃 4
 =− + 3𝑟 2 𝜃
2𝑡 2𝑡
1 𝜕 2
 ∴ 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 = − 1 − 𝑟 𝜃 + 3𝜃 …………….(2)
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2𝑡 2𝑡
𝑛 3 3
 ∴ Equating (1) and (2), we get, = − ∴𝑛 =−
𝑡 2𝑡 2

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 14

 EXAMPLE-7
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 If 𝑢 =23 𝑎𝑥 2+ 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1, Prove
𝜕 𝑢 𝜕 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
that 2 + 2 + 2 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Solution: 𝑢 = 3 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑢
Differentiating 𝑢 partially w.r.t. 𝑥, = 6 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑎 − 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥, 2 = 6𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 − 2 = 6𝑎2 − 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
Differentiating 𝑢 partially w.r.t. 𝑦, = 6 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑏 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑦, 2 = 6𝑏 ∙ 𝑏 − 2 = 6𝑏 2 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢
Differentiating 𝑢 partially w.r.t. 𝑧, = 6 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑐 − 2𝑧
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑧, 2 = 6𝑐 ∙ 𝑐 − 2 = 6𝑐 2 − 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 2 2 2
Hence, + 2+ 2 =6 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 −6
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=6 1 −6 ∵ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1
=0

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 15

 EXAMPLE-8
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 2
 If 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑟 , 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧 2, prove that + + = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑟 .
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
 Solution: 𝑢=𝑓 𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑑 𝜕𝑟
Differentiating 𝑢 partially w.r.t. 𝑥, = 𝜕𝑥 𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 𝑓 𝑟 ∙ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
= 𝑓 ′ 𝑟 ∙ 𝜕𝑥 …………… (1)
But 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
Differentiating 𝑟 2 partially w.r.t. 𝑥, 2𝑟 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥 ⇒ =𝑟
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝑥
Substituting in Eq. (1), = 𝑓′ 𝑟 ∙ 𝑟
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 ′ 𝑟 ∙𝑥
Differentiating 𝜕𝑥
partially w.r.t. 𝑥, 𝜕𝑥 2 = 𝜕𝑥
𝑓 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 ′
𝑓 𝑟 ′ 𝑟 − 1 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 ∙ + + 𝑥𝑓 ∙ 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟2
𝑥𝑥 ′
𝑓 𝑟 𝑥 ′ 𝑥
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + − 2 𝑓 𝑟 ∙
𝑟𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑥 2 ′
𝑓 𝑟 𝑥 2
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 2 + − 3 𝑓′ 𝑟 ………….. (2)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 16

 EXAMPLE-8
𝜕2 𝑢 𝑦2 𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑦2 ′
 Similarly, = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 2+ − 𝑓 𝑟 ………….. (3)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟3
𝜕2 𝑢 𝑧2 𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑧2 ′
 and = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + − 3𝑓 𝑟 ………….. (4)
𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟

 Adding Eqs (2), (3) and (4),

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
 2 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑓′′ 𝑟 3𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 + − 𝑓′ 𝑟
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟3
𝑓′′ 𝑟 3𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑟2 ′
= ∙ 𝑟2 + − 𝑓 𝑟
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟 3

2𝑓′ 𝑟
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 +
𝑟

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 17

 EXAMPLE-9
𝜕2 𝑢
 If 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is such that = 0, find the constants a, b
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
 such that − − + 𝑧 = 0.
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

 Solution: We have, from 𝑧 = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 …………… (1)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 = ∙ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 + 𝑢 ∙ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑢 …………… (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 = ∙ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 + 𝑢 ∙ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏𝑢 …………… (3)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

 Differentiating (3) partially w.r.t. 𝑥,

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ + 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 +𝑏∙ …………… (4)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2 𝑢
 But since by data = 0, we get,
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑎 ∙ +𝑏∙ + 𝑎𝑏𝑢 …………… (5)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 18

 EXAMPLE-9
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Further by data − − +𝑧 =0 …………… (6)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Putting the values from (5), (2), (3) and (1) in (6), we get,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑎 ∙ + 𝑏 ∙ + 𝑎𝑏𝑢 − − 𝑎𝑢 − − 𝑏𝑢 + 𝑢 = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 ∴ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑎− 1 + 𝑏−1 + 𝑎𝑢 𝑏 − 1 − 𝑢 𝑏 − 1 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 ∴ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦 𝑎− 1 + 𝑏−1 + 𝑏−1 ∙𝑢 𝑏−1 =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 Since 𝑢 ≠ 0, ≠ 0 and ≠0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 We should have 𝑎 − 1 = 0, 𝑏 − 1 = 0 i.e., 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 19

 EXAMPLE-10
1 𝜕2 𝑧 1 𝜕2 𝑧
 If 𝑎2𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2𝑧 2, evaluate +
𝑎2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑏2 𝜕𝑦 2
Solution: 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 𝑧 2
Differentiating partially w.r.t. 𝑥,
𝜕𝑧
2𝑎2 𝑥 = 2𝑐 2 𝑧 ∙
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑎2 𝑥
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑐 2𝑧
𝜕𝑧
Differentiating 𝜕𝑥 partially w.r.t. 𝑥,
𝜕2 𝑧 𝑎2 1 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
= 𝑐 2 𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ∙ 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑐 2𝑧 1 − 𝑧 ∙ 𝑐 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2
1 𝜕2 𝑧 1 𝑎2 𝑥2
𝑎2 𝜕𝑥 2
= 𝑐 2𝑧 1 − 𝑐 2𝑧2
1 𝜕2 𝑧 1 𝑏2 𝑦 2
Similarly, 𝑏2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2𝑧 1 − 𝑐 2𝑧 2
1 𝜕2 𝑧 1 𝜕2 𝑧 1 𝑎2 𝑥 2 +𝑏2 𝑦 2
Hence, 𝑎2 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2𝑧 2 − 𝑐 2𝑧 2
1 𝑐 2𝑧2
= 𝑐 2𝑧 2 − 𝑐 2𝑧2
1 1
= 𝑐 2𝑧 2 − 1 = 𝑐 2𝑧

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 20

 COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
 (a) Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑥 = 𝛷(𝑡), 𝑦 = Ψ(t) so that 𝑧
is function of 𝑥 , 𝑦 and 𝑥 , 𝑦 are function of third
variable 𝑡.
 The three relations define 𝑧 as a function of 𝑡. In such
cases 𝑧 is called a composite function of 𝒕.
 e.g. (i) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡
 (ii) 𝑧 = x 2 y + xy 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
define 𝑧 as a composite function of 𝑡
 Differentiation: Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) posses continuous
first order partial derivatives and 𝑥 = 𝛷(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝛹(𝑡)
posses continuous first order derivatives then,
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 21

 EXAMPLE-11
2 3 𝑡 𝑑𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑥 = log 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 , find
𝑑𝑡
Solution: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , 𝑥 = log 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
 = ∙ + ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
3 1
 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑒𝑡
𝑡
Substituting 𝑥 and 𝑦,
𝑑𝑢 3𝑡 1
 = 2 log 𝑡 𝑒 ∙ + 3 log 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
2
 = log 𝑡 𝑒 3𝑡 + 3 log 𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑡

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 22

 EXAMPLE-12
1
 If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 where 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ,
𝑡
𝑑𝑢
find
𝑑𝑡
1
 Solution: 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
 = ∙ + ∙ + ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
1
 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑒𝑡 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑡
𝑡
 Substituting 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧,
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑡 −𝑡 1 1
 = − 2 𝑒 +𝑒 + + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1 𝑡 −𝑡 1 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡
 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝑡2 𝑡

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 23

 EXAMPLE-13
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑒 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 sin 𝑡 , find at
𝜋 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=
2
Solution: 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= ∙ + ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 cos 𝑡 − 𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
At 𝑡 = , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 =
2 2
𝑑𝑧 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
Hence, 𝜋 =𝑒 0 − +0 = − `
𝑑𝑡 𝑡= 2 2 4
2

22/12/2020 MODULE-4 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 24