C O N T EN TS .

I N T R O D UC TION ,
Pa p e r 3 ; P e n c il 3 ; L i m i t ing L ine s 4 ; Use O f T ri a n gl e
, , , , 4
P RE L I M IN ARY E X ERC IS ES ,

E x e r c i s e 1 5 ; E x e r c i se 2 7 ; E x e r c i se 3 8
, , , , .

F O RM S O F G OT H I C L E TT ER S ,

S PAC ING O F L E TT ER S ,

CONST RUC T I ON O F TIT L E S ,

R u le f o r S p a ci n g L ines ,

L O W ER CA S E L E TT ER S
-
,

S L ANT L E TT ER S ,

M od ifi c ation o f Gothic Letters ,

I N KING ,

R O MA N L E TT ER S A N D F IG U RE S ,

Ita l i c R oman ,

O L D E NG L IS H G ERM A N TE X T A N D R O U N D W R I TING
, , ,

M IS CE L L A N E O U S S TY L E S ,

O R N A ME NT ATION ,

CON C L U S ION ,
 P R E F A C E .

TH I S little b oo k is p ublis h ed i n t h e belie f th at in every sch o ol w here techn ical dra w i ng

is t a ught t h e re is ne e d O f a tex t b oo k se t ti ng f o r t h t he e /c m m t a ry p r i n c i p l e s Of t h e fo r ma ti o n
-

o f letters o f their c o mbinati o n t o fo m w o rd s

, a n d o f the arrange m e n t o f word s
r
,
i n ti t le s .

That s uch a sys t em fo r u se i n such sch oo ls shou l d begin wi t h the most elem e ntary work
, , ,

ever y teacher o f t he su bject knows .

Th e fea t u res t o w hich a t tention is invited are

I Th e p re l imi n ary exercises w h ich O ff er p re p aratio n i n manu al skill a nd in esti m a tion
.

O f val ues .

2 .The absence O f rules and arbitrary e x p e d i e n t s and i n t heir p l ac e r e a s o n s f r o m w hich ,

the s t udent m ake s his o w n ru les .

3 V
. ariety as mu ,c h as i s c o nsis t ent w i t h thorough p ractice in f u n da menta l styles th o u gh ,

p ossibly at c o st Of lo gica l arran gement .

4 T
. h e Pl a tes w h ich are illus
,
t rati o ns o f p rinci p les set f o r t h i n the t ext q u i t e as mu c,h a s

d efinite exercises f o r p ractice .

T h layi n g o ut Of exercises in de t ail t hus maki n g it p ossible f o r i ns t ru ct o r s w h o have

5 . e ,

charge Of lar ge c l asses to give thei r attention t o m a tt ers o f i n s t ru cti o n Th e studen t s p ro ’

gre ss als o is measu red by his a dapt ation t o the w ork

, , .

M o st o f the matte r has been given to fi rst year studen t s i n engi neeri ng at Tu ft s C ol l ege ,

w ith s u ch r e su l t s as w arrant t he be l i e f t hat t he sys t em leads t o rapidity as w el l as to excellence

o f execu t i o n .

I exp ress my i n debtedness to Prof Gardner C A ntho ny o f th is C o l le ge f o r v al u able

. . ,

su gge s ti o ns .

T u f t s C o l l e ge M ass A u gu s t 18 F RAN K T D A N I EL S .

95
.
, . .
, , .
 I .

l NT R O D U C T l O N .

S UC H l et t ering as a drafts man is cal l ed u po n t o d o must be done n o t o n ly w ell b ut

, ,

r a pidl y T o secu re ei t he r sp ee d o r well bal a nced p ro po rti o n the student must be trai n e d t o
.
-
,

d o g oo d l i ning f re e 1mm" and t o e s timate accu rate ly b oth distan c e and directi o n Th e
, .

f oll o w i ng exercises are designed t o secu re such resu lts .

M any combina t ions of l i nes and letters are very dece p tive t o the e ye hence the i m p o s s i
,

b i l i t y o f gi v ing ru les an d the necessity o f le a rning the reas o n s f o r su ch d ece p tive a pp earan ces
,

a nd thei r p roba b le a mou nt fo r any give n case Go o d lett e ring re q u i res care f u l attentio n to
.

m a tter s of s m a llest detail .

Th e remark s u p on each exercise sh o uld be read care f ul l y be f ore p ractice is b egun a nd ,

s u gge s tion s fo l lo w ed I t i s the care f uln es s Of p ra c tice rather tha n its am o u nt that i s o f valu e
. .

Th e elementary th ings are f e w but the y must be learned fi r s t an d th o r o ughly

,
.

PA P ER .
-
sh o uld be a g o od q uali t y o f dra w in g p a p er Th e best German p a p er wil l
This .

do f o r p en ci l w o rk F o r i nking a hard s m o oth su rface is rec o mmended

.
, ,
Th e exerci s es a re
.

i ntende d to g o u po n sheets 7 X 10 inches w ith o ne i nch margi n all arou nd The sh ee ts

,
.

shou ld be tacked t o a s ma l l dra w in g b o ar d w ith lo ng edges horiz o ntal .

P EN C I L — Th e best draw i n g pencils mu s t be used grad e H b eing the best a da p te d

,

t o gener a l work . Th e care o f t he p o in t is o f p ri m e i m po rta n ce W ith a sh a r p kni f e cut aw ay

.
 4

“
the w o od beginn ing the cut an i nch back from the end leaving at least 2} i nch o f the lead
, ,

bare The p oint cann o t b e p ro p erl y finished wi t h t he kni f e b u t mus t be gr o u nd u po n a p iece

.
,

o f fin e sand pap er fastened t o a fl a t st ri p o r be tt er stil l u p o n a fi le su ch as i s s o ld fo r that

,

p u r p ose R u b th e p e nci l u po n the file h o lding the latter i n the left hand Th e po int mu s t
.
, .

b e l ong sm o o t h and c o nical bu t n o t q uite s o shar p a s can b e made H old the p encil abo ut
, , , .

2 % inches fr o m the end and b e carefu l that the fo refinger i s but s l ightly bent
, E xercise a .

constant car e n o t t o p i n ch the p e nc il o therwise the muscles w ill s oo n tire and g o od l i nes can
,

n o t b e made R ol l t h e p encil s l ightl y o f ten e n ou gh t o p re v ent the p oint being w o rn fl at

. .

Si mrp e n f re q u e n t l y .

L I M ITING L I N ES .
— The s e
are ru l ed line s t o li mit the hei ght o f l etter s A T s q uare i s .

m ost c o nvenient f o r d ra w ing th e m They a re nece ssary but u ndesi rable adj u ncts t o the w ork ;
.

und e sira b le b ecause their p resence lends a s l ightly distorted ap p e a rance t o some l etters .

They must be dra w n l ight fine an d accu ra t el y p arallel Th e C hise l p oi nted pe n cil i s b e s t "
.
, ,

for d r awin g th e m but the c o ne point wi ll do if i t be rolled in t he fingers as the l i ne p ro

,

g re ss e s
,
thus pr o du cin g it Of u niform thickness .

W hen it is n ecessary to erase p art o f a l i miting line it must be d rawn i n agai n befo re ,

w ork is done at that p lace .

A TR I A NG L E w ill be u s efu l fo r testi ng the di rection o f l ines .

A S CA L E sh o ul d be used t o l ay o ff distances b et w een l imiting lines and fo r tes t ing dis ta nc e s

t h at have b ee n esti mated .
 II .

P R ELl M l NA R Y E X E R C I S ES .

P L A TE 1 .

D ra w l imiting l in es accord ing t o figu res gi ven E a ch l ine o f ea ch exerci se wi ll e xt e n d

.

a cros s the sheet l eavi n g a margi n O f one inch al l a rou n d ; thus e ac h exer c ise wi ll fil l a s heet o f
,

p r ac ti c e pap er .

E X E R CI S E L

L IN E 1 . E STI MA TION OF D I S T A N CE A ND D I REC TION . M a ke

a do t u p o n the u pp er
l i n e wh e re the exer c i s e w il l b egin then anoth e r ve rticall y be l ow this u p on th e l ower li n e
, .

Dr a w from the up p er to the l o wer p o int a fi ne l ight li ne w i t h o n e s troke o f the pencil G O

,
.

o v er the l ine a s m a n y ti mes as may be neces s ary to make it s tr a ight and firm N o w pl a ce .

an o th e r pai r O f p oint s a t an estim a t e d d istance of 7; i n c h fro m t he fir s t pair and d r a w th e s ec o nd

1

l i n e A fter ha v in g dr awn three o r fou r line s te s t to s ee that they a re vertic al a nd

.
, , i nch
a p a rt I f n o t d o not era s e them b ut s eek t o corre c t in fo llo w i n g lines I n t he l atter half o f
.
, , .

th e exerci s e try to d i s pen s e with the points u p o n l im itin g l ine s .

L IN E 2 . D r a w in pai r s A da sh o n t h e up p e r l ine fo rms a pai r wi t h the o n e b e l ow it

. .

Dr a w up p er line fir s t a n d fin i s h o n e p a i r before be gi n ning an o ther

, .

B e c arefu l th a t p a i rs are at the correct d i s t a nce apart H er e t he w id t h of a s p a ce I s

.

c o m p a red w i t h the l eng t h of a l i n e .

 6

LI N E 3 . M a ke
the a ng le be tw ee n horizontal and v e r t i cal lines s harp a nd de c ided S om e .

di ffi c u l ty wi ll b e experie n ce d i n es ti m a ting t he distanc e fro m L to T a s we mu s t h e re pas s ,

from th e l ow e r to the u pp er l in e W h e n the L is fi ni s h ed pl a ce a p oint vertic a l l y a bove i t s

.

right h a n d l i mit a nd f r o m thi s es ti m a t e the dis tanc e to the be gi n ning o f the T

, .

N oti c e th a t w hen these l ett e r s a re of the s am e wi d th th e T l o o k s mu ch th e na rrower

, .

LI N E 4 .
— Thi s i s a v al u ab l e e x e r c i s e in c o mp a ring a
, rtical with a hori z o n tal di s t a nce
ve .

Point wh e r e l ow e r end of fir s t l in e wi ll b e Point vertic al ly ab o ve this a n d to th e right u p on

.
,

U p per l i ne poi n t a di s t a n ce e q u a l t o d i s ta n ce b e t w e en l imiti n g lines .

J oi n l as t point w ith fi r s t a t a s i n g l e s troke I n fin i

. s hin g up l ine s d o n o t do it by a s erie s
o f s hort s tro k e s or hitche s but l et the m be as long a nd fr e e as p o ss i b le
"
.
,

LI N E 5 —
. A l itt l e mo re d i ffic u l t th a n the la s t b ec a u se t he di rectio n
, l ine s i s c o n tr a ry to
o f
co mmon exp e ri e n c e . D raw fro m th e top do w nward r es ti n g the h a nd u p o n the p a per we l l
,

ab ov e th e l ine .

L IN E 6 — Thi s mu s t be v e ry ca r e fu ll y pointed as fo ll ow s " O n the lo wer l i ne e s ti m a te the

.
,

extr e m e w i d th of fi gu r e inch a n d b i s ect i t P o int u po n upper l in e vertic ally ab ove b isect

, , .

i ng poi n t ; or a s q u a r e m ay fi r s t be v ery l ightly ou t li ne d a n d it s u pp er s ide b i sec te d .

Th e la tter h al f of th e exerci se m ay co n s ist of V S .

N oti c e th a t when height a nd wi d th are eq u al the height app e a rs greater .

L I N E 7 — This
. line i s fo r ad d itio n al p ractice up o n such of t he ab o ve work as s h a l l
h a ve p ro ve d m os t d i ffic ult .
 7

E X E R CI SE 2 .

Thi s exercise sh o u l d be p oi n ted in a manner similar to that used i n E xerci s e 1 Det a i l ed .

d ire c tion s wi ll not be needed Be c a refu l w hen it is p oss i bl e to p oint the w h o l e of a com bin a
.

ti o n of l ine s b efore dra w i ng an y o f them for the p resence of l i ne s e sp eci a l ly di a gona l o r

, ,

c u rved one s gre a tly mod ifie s ou r e s tim a te of di rec t ion a nd di s tan c e
, .

L IN E l — O m it pointing i n l a tter ha l f of exerci s e b

.
, ut dra w the vertical l ine s fi r s t , fin i s h
i ng each letter b efore b egi nn i n g the next .

L IN E 2 .
— D r a w vertical l ines first bi s ect u p on ,
the lo w er li n e a nd add othe r mem b ers .

D r a w fro m t o p down w ard .

L IN E 3 — I n p ointi ng thi s be carefu l that the c o rner s

. o f a are marked ou t that the
s q u a re ,

l etter may not a pp ear to ti p forward o r b a ck w a rd . Try a fe w withou t p ointing .

L IN E 4 ,
— D istances here must b e carefu ll y e s ti m a ted be f ore any l in e s ar e dr a w n . Co m
p are appa rent widths of V
’
s and X s ’
.

L IN E 5 —
Draw t h e vertical l ine ; p o in t fo r the top o f u pper i nclined l i ne then for its
,
,

—
l o w er end two fif t h s u p the vertical l i n e Draw the inc l ined l i ne and p oi n t f o r the la st l ine
-
.
,

w hich j oin s the seco n d at one th ird its le ngth from l ower end
-
.

L IN E 6 — V
, ery l ight l y o utline the rect a ngle which will c o ntain the W ; bi s e c t u pp er and
l o w er s ide s a nd bi s ect e a ch O f thes e d ivi sion s u po n the l o wer li ne ; j o in po i nt s
,
A fter a few .

h a ve b een m ade dis p e n se wi t h vertical sides o f rectangle but place a ll poi nt s as lo ng as nec
, ,

e s sary .

N ote th at a l tern ate l ines are p ar a llel Co m p are ap p arent w idths o f M s and W s
' ’

. .

LI N E 7—A . dditi o n a l p r a ctice .

 F O R M S O F G O T H I C L E TT E R S .

P L A TE 2 .

Be f ore c o mmen c i ng the w ork o f thi s p late it w ill b e necess a ry t o co nsider so me o f t h e

ge n eral pri n cipl es go verning the f orm s of l etter s .

Fir s t of all the y m u st h a ve an ap pe a rance o f s tability I n s o me l e tters as F T and P

. , ,

i t i s no t p os s i b le to avoid a t op heavy e ff ect but i n genera l t h e c orrect for m i n t h i s res p e c t i s

-
, .

s ecu r e d
1 By ma ki ng the u pp er part o f t he l e t t er n a rr o wer t h a n t he l o wer as Sho w n i n Fig . l ,

2 . B y pla ci n g some horizont al m e m b er s ab o ve the c entre as i n t he H Fig , . 2, Pl a te 10 .

3 . By a c o m b in a tion of the abo ve as i n th e E B a n d S F i g 3 Pl a te 10

, , , .
, .

The s e co nsider ation s app ly to figu r es as we ll a s t o l e t t e r s

‘

N o t on l y mu s t the gen e ra l f o r m of eac h l ette r be attended to b u t it w i ll be fou nd th a t th e

,

good appe a r a n c e o f a com b ination of l etters w il l de m a n d t h a t so me o f the m b e l a rg e r th an

oth e rs .

I n l in e 6 E xerci se 1 P la t e 1 it was no t ed th at t h e widt h of the figu re se e m e d l e ss th a n

, , ,

its height A lso th a t i n E xer c i s e 2 t h e W alt h o u g h re a l ly wider tha n the M s eem e d h a r dly
.
, ,

as wid e Re f e r n o w to Fig 4 Pl a te 10 Th e E and O are o f ex a c t l y the sa m e height a nd

. .
, .
 10

wid t h yet t h e O l o o hs smalle r th a n the E ; not o n l y narr o w e r b ut Sh o rter

, It appears from
.

thi s that le tter s compo s ed o f c u r ve s are a ff ected a s a re t h o s e m ad e u p o f i ncli n ed str a ight l ine s ,

Th e re a s o n for these deceptive a pp e a r a nces i s a p sych o l o gical o ne ; u nder cert a i n condi

ti o ns the mental p i c tu re o f w hat i s seen through the e y e s is di s torted and n o am o u n t o f kn o w l
,

ed ge o r e xpe rience en abl es u s t o s et the s e err o ne o u s i m p re s si o n s ri ght .

Th e gen e r al p rin c i p le may b e studi ed to advantag e fro m Fig 5 Pl a t e 10 . , .

Th e wi d th o f the s q uare t a ke n any w he re is it s a vera ge wi d th a nd th e r e is n o d e c e p ti o n as

,

t o thi s dimensi o n . The s eco n d figure th o ugh re al l y o f the same w idth a t b ase a s the s q u are
, ,

gi ves th e i m p re s sio n that it i s n arr o w er This is due t o the e ff ect o f vary ing w idth s The ey e
. .

ca nnot sep a r a te th e w i dt h at bas e f r om wi d ths t aken al l al o n g fro m base t o t o p bu t tries to ,

—
ac ce p t th e ir a ve rag e for the extr e me w idth a n d p a rt ly su cceed s .

Th e sa me thing h as a l read y b een e xhi b ited b y the 0 i n which a gain the wi d th i s vari , ,

ab le But the 0 i s appa re n t ly c ontracted in height as we ll a s i n width and f o r ex a ctly the

.
,

sa me r eas on H e n ce we m a y s ay in general that w h e n t h e h e i gh t o r w i dt h of a l e t t e r i s c o n

.

s l a n t ly c h a ng i n g t h e ey e s e e h s t o a v e r ag e t h e v a ry i n g h e i gh t o r w i dt h a n d th e letter mus t b e
,

m a de high e r o r wi d er o r b o th to c o u nter b al a nce the resul t N O genera l rule c an b e gi v e n

, , .

fo r the a m o u nt Of s u ch i ncr eas e s i nce it wi ll v a ry u nder d i ff e ren t condition s eve n in the sa me

,

l etter .

I n th e M an d W it i s a lway s evi d ent that the y o ccu py m o re s p ace h o riz o nta l ly th a n f o r

i n st a n ce the E though they a l w ay s o ccu p y m o re than is a ppa rent ; but i n the O C A V e t C
. , , , . .
,

the i ncre a se must be o nly enough t o m a k e the letters app ear the sa me size a s E H N etc . , . .

S o me exce p ti o n s to the ab o v e ru l e must be m a de as i n th e case o f th e B

, I f the lette r
.

be s o wi d e as c o mpared w i t h it s hei ght that p o rti o ns O f t h e t o p and bott o m l ines a re str a igh t
 I I

an d h o riz o n t a l as i s generally t he c a se n o i ncrease in height is necessary Th e width needs

, , .

n o i ncrease p artly becau s e o f the straight l ine w hich

, li mits it a t the le f t but p rincipal ly ,

b ecause o f the middle h o riz o n t al line w hich bre a ks the o u t li ne i nt o t w o l oo ps each w ide r th a n
, ,

it i s high N o tice that the D having a Sing l e cu rve fo r i t s right hand sid e stands i n greater
.
, ,

need o f inc rease o f width than d o es the B W i t h the gener al p rinci p l es i n mind the s t udent
.
,

w il l d o mu ch better to cultivate a nd rely u po n correct ap p earance th an t o seek ar bitrary rule s .

A co mplete al p h a bet w il l n o w be studied taki n g t h e letters i n gr o u p s and n o ti ng the

,

p ecul i a rities o f each .

The s e G o t h ic letters t h o ugh o f t he si m p lest s o rt exe m pl i f y m o st O f t he essen t ial f eatu res

, ,

O f all s t yles .

Th o se letters w h o se w idths a pp ear w hat they really are may be called normal w idth let
,

ters o r si m pl y n o rmal and fo r p resent p ractice may be d ra w n s q uare i e w ith w idth an d

, , ,
"
. .

height e q u al Th e c o nt a i nin g s q uare m a y be l igh t ly sketched i n bu t po intin g w il l b e su fficient

.
,

in m o st c a ses .

Fre q uent measu rement o f esti mated dista n ces must be made Th e n o rmal w idth marked .

u po n the edge o f a card wi ll b e usefu l f o r th i s p u r p o s e .

S uggesti o ns f o r p o inting and i n so me case s fo r o rder of str o kes wi ll be seen u po n the

,

p la te W hen d o tted l ine s are given w ith po i nting they sh o uld be s ketched i n b efo re the letter
.

i s begu n ; w here d ra w n u po n a fi nished l etter t hey si mply call attenti o n t o s o me fea t u re o f the
l ett e r .

E .
U pp er h o riz o ntal li ne sh o rter than lower and middle line a lit t le ab o ve cen t re
, .

F S hort h o rizont a l l ine a lit t le abo v e centre .

 I 2

H oriz o ntal l i ne a bo ve centre .

A sthi s letter o ccu pies pr a ctic ally n o s pa ce h o rizont a l ly it w il l l o o k cr o w de d w he n

writ t e n w ith o thers u nle ss gi ven c o nsider a ble s p a ce .

T . A l itt l e w ider than the n orm al bec a u s e t h e on ly l ine determ in in g its wi d th is cut in
two by the vertic a l a n d th e e ff ect i s s o meth ing betwe e n the w h ol e l i n e and ei t her Of
,

its part s .

H ighe r and wi der th a n n o rm a l and h o riz o nt al member b el o w cen t re

,
.

To p n arrower than bas e .

Con s i d era b l y w ider th an n o rma l . Draw vertic al l ine s fi rst .

Dr a w vertical li ne s fir s t .

A s wide a t to p as A is a t bas e . D raw slightly bel ow the l ine .

M u ch wider than n o rm al . A l tern a te li ne s p a r all e l . Gener a lly no i ncre a se i n height is

n ec e s s a ry .

N arrow at t op .

A b out the wid t h o f A .

S l ightly n a rr o w a t to p .

N a rr o w at t o p a n d m idd l e l i ne ab o ve centre The fi rst exam pl e o f one of the m o st .

trou bl esome cu r ves O b s erve that it is s y mme t ri c al a bo u t a horizontal l ine whic h

.
,

s hould be dr a w n if n ece s s ary A ls o tu rn p a per s o a s to look a t i t fr o m o ne s id e

. .

D . R ight s i de a semicir cl e .
 13

A b o ut three fo u rth s n orm a l

-
w idth . Lower p art a semic i rcle .

Cu rve j o i ns vertical member a l it t le b e l o w c e ntre .

U pp er cu rved po rtion n arr o w and j o ining ver t ical a t cen t re o r s l igh t l y ab o ve Th e .

tail j oi ns a t po int w here cu rve ends o r a l ittle w ay al o n g straigh t p ar t ; never o n

,

cu rve itse l f .

S traight p ar ts tru ly vertical and l o w er p art s em ici rcular .

Co m p are w i t h ot h er letters to give p r op er increase in Size .

S l ight c o ntraction i n w idth o f u pp er p art .

H o rizont al l ine o nly a l it t le bel o w centre .

I n this s q u are 8 th ere is a little a t the m iddle w h ich is p ractica l ly straight and h o ri
z o n t a l and is above centre Th e u pp er p art als o is narr o w ed
. Th e u p per a n d t he .

lo w er p art is each s v m m e t ri c a l ab b u t its o w n h o riz o n t al axi s w hich dra w i f need e d , ,

and end each cu rve tan gent t o a vertica l l i ne Th e sec o nd sta ge sh o w s h o w t h e

.

cu rve di ff ers fr o m the c o rresponding p art o f the O .

F IG URE S C arefu l p ractice here ill make ot her and m o re di fli c ul t styles much easier
’
. w .

2 . M iddle po rti o n s l ightly belo w centre Cu rve at l o w er left hand o f small rad ius
.
-

that cu rved p art w i ll end i n a vertical line .

3 . A p o rti o n Of the S wi th a sl ight addi t i o n .

4 . A b o ve the line and O f extra w idth .

 14

5 Curved part of gener o u s s ize and sym metrica l ab o u t a h o rizon t a l axi s .

6 . Th e general outl ine s ym metrica l ab o u t a vertical axis and the l o wer clo s ed ,

a h o riz o nta l o n e W ith the s e c onditi o ns the 6 is n o t e x a ct ly u pon t h e

.

the 0 .

7 . Lo w e r li ne may be straight .

8 . Th e S w ith s o me addition s .

9 . Th e cl o sed pa rt is here c o ntr a cted o th e r w ise l ike , 6 i nverted .

Athe 0 5 et c are but s l ightl y w idened they

s , , .
, w i ll fo r c o nvenience be classed as
norma l letters and w e m a y make this cl a ssific a ti o n
,

1
. N o rmals .

2 . N arr o w I , an d J .

3 . S lightl ywi dened A T V , , , , Y .

4 . M u ch w ide n ed M , .

5 . V er y much w idened W , .

S o me letters w il l need add iti o nal p ractice oppo r t un ity , fo r wh ich i s O f fer e d at b o tt o m o f
sheet .
 I S

IV .

S PA C l NG OF L ET T E R S .

It has a lready b een said that d i ff erent c o m b i n ati o n s o f l ines and l ett e rs lead t o di ff erent
e ff ects Befo re b egi nn ing t o p u t l etters to ge t her w e sh a ll need to notice s o me cases in p o i n t
. .

I n li ne 3 E xercise I i t w as sh o w n tha t the T s and L s see m to be arr a nged i n p a i rs ; yet

, ,
’ ’

the dist a nce between a ny t w o m e a s u re d h o r i z o n t a l ly i s t he same as b et w ee n a ny o ther tw o I n .

e s ti mating the distanc e from T t o L we loo k a t o nce t o t he up p er l in e and a ll s e em s a s it

re a lly is ; but in the c o mbin at ion L T w e l oo k fr o m the lo w er line where L end s t o the u p per ,

—
where T b egins Thi s give s an erroneou s idea o f the re al d istance me as ured horiz o nt a lly
.

between them I n s uch a c o mbi n a ti o n therefo re the s pa ce must b e redu ced Th e b egi n n ing
.
, ,
.

of the T might even b e vertically ab o ve the end of t he L This c o ntractio n o f s p ace may .

oc c u r when the lett e r s i n q uesti o n have the s p a ce betw een the m measu red u po n the s a me l im
iti ng l ine as sh o wn i n Fig 6 Plate I O H ere L and A shou l d be separated b ut l i t tle because
,
.
, .
,

-
“
their t o p s a re s o f a r a p art an o ther exam p le o f the eye a veraging value s Th e A and M .
,

are sep a r a ted a l i t tle fu rther and t h e M and E still fu rther .

A tten t i o n has alread y been called t o the fact t hat t h e I must have more than the o rdinar y
s pac e This is es p eciall y true w hen the neare s t p art o f a n adj oi ning letter i s a straight li n e
.

p aralle l to the I a s i n H I G H and is s till m o re m a rked i n H I LT

, ,
L etter s wh o se sides ar e
.

c u rve s may be ra t her n ear t hei r neighb o r s .

 17

The tit l e for a drawing c o nce rnin g a machine o r s tru ctu re s hows the n a me o f the m ac hine
o r structure ; dec la res wheth e r it is a ge n er a l d r a win g o r o ne c o n t ain i n g d et a ils se c ti on s o r
"

, ,

elev a ti o n s ; ha s the sca l e a n d d ate ; a n d s o m eti me s the n ame o f the engi n e er c o r po r a tion o r , ,

c o m mi ss i o n
.

A s a stu dy o f t h e combi n a ti o n Of words t o form such a t itle take t he fo l lo wing

Det a i ls Of S te a m C rane N O 15 S ca l e 3 i n =t ft 1896
. . . . .

The thing of fi rst import a nce is t h a t the d r a wing relates to S T EAM C RA N E N O 15 hence .

th es e words wi ll b e m a de co n s picu o us by bei ng form ed o f c o m p ara t ivel y l a rge letter s Th a t .

the dr awin g Shows D ETA I L S O F t he Cr a n e i s t he f ac t O f next imp o rta n ce Th e w ho l e wil l b e .

arr an ged s o mething l ike t hi s

D ET A I L S OF

S T EA M C RA N E N o . 15 .

S C A LE 3 I N = l . FT
18 9 6 .

The fi r s t th i n g in l aying thi s o u t u p o n the drawing w o u l d b e t o fix u p on the po sitio n a nd

si z e O f l et t er s for the p rincip al l ine These w o uld d e p e n d u p on size o f sheet spa ce av a i lab le
.
,

for tit l e and pu rp o se o f dr awi ng

, .

S up po se TB in c h t o h a ve been se l ected as height o f letter s in

‘ ’ “S te a m C rane N O 15 . .

Th e h e i ght f o r Det a i l s o f m a y b e 16 inch fo r the s cale 7; i n c h a n d f o r the date 13 in c h

"
5 “
,
1 3
.

The spa ce between lin c s must als o be fix e d u p o n b efo re the li miti ng l in es can be l aid
d o wn a s a ll o f th e m Sh o u l d be be f o re a n y l e tt ering is d o ne
, .
 18

A go o d general ru l e is — M a h e t h e sp a c e b e t w e e n two j
ad ac en t l i n e sof w o r ds equa l to t h e

h e i gh t the sh o rt e s t l e tt e rs i n ei th e r
f
o .

Thus i n the abov e ex a mp le the s p a c e b et w een the first t w o l i nes wi ll be 155 i nch which is ,

the h eight Of the letters for Detail s o f and o ther s p ace s w il l be in a c co rdance with the r u le
,
"
.

Th e whole is p l ainl y i ndi ca ted in Plate 3 which m ay n o w be mad e .

H avi ng dra w n a l l li miti ng l ine s do the p ri nci pal p art of t h e tit l e b eginn i ng it a t the pl a ce
, ,

“
in d ic ated Th e letters are s t 1l l s q uar e a nd spaces bet ween w o rds s o mething less th a n the
.

norm a l wid t h of letters .

H a ving fi ni s hed this line i n a s a ti s factory m a nner find the centre o f its length and throu gh,

it d raw a faint vertic a l l i ne ab o ut w h ich the rem a inder O f the title must be s y mmetri c al A t
, .

p re s ent the method w ill be t o c o u nt t he lett e rs i n e ac h li n e a nd set O ff h al f o f th e m as m a r k i ng

the middle Of the l ine I n doi ng this ho w ever w e mu s t give due w eight t o th e e ff ec t o f
.
, ,

s paces b etween word s and t o l e t ters much w ider o r n a rr o wer than the n o rma l
, T a king .

“Det a ils of we s h a l l see that o f the ni ne letters the I is the middle one it s n a rro w ne ss
"
, ; ,

therefore w ill n o t need t o be c o nsidered There are n o l etters O f great width the T a nd A
,
.
,

b ei ng sl igh t ly w ide But the end o f the T may b e vertically above the be ginning o f the A
.
,

t hus t a king u p the e ff ect o f their extra w idth Th e s p ace bet w een w ords then i s the only .
, ,

thi ng really needing co nsideration A S this c o mes i n the la tter ha l f Of the l ine it s e ff ect wi ll
.
,

be to s hi f t t h e beginning o f the line t o the left by a n am o u nt e q ua l t o one hal f the width O f -

the S p ace S O that I i n stead o f bein g the centre o f the li ne w il l b e fo rced a litt l e t o th e l e ft
. , , .

Draw in the l atter hal f o f the li ne first ; measu re its length fro m t h e verti c al centre l i ne ,

and l ay O ff this distance a t the left o f the centre li ne ; this w il l be the p o int at wh ich to b e gin
“
the w o rd Deta ils I n the same w ay w ork in the s cale a nd date S evera l tri als m ay b e
.
"
.

n e c e ssary in the scale as it is m uch b roke n and c o nse q u ently di fii c u l t t o estim a t e

,
.
 19

I n case o f a long l ine the left h a nd h a lf w ould have t o b e made b a c k w a rd t o insu re g o od

-

s p ac i n g M uch pr a ctice is ne c es sa ry t o s ucc e s s f ully j o in the ha l ves o f a l i ne e a c h h al f b ei n g

.
,

d rawn for w ard u n les s a s i n thi s c as e the l ine is s h o rt I n working b a ckward the letter s mu s t
, , , .

be carefu l l y p oi nted o r thei r inclo s i ng rect a ngl e s sk e tched otherwi s e t his p a rt o f the li ne wi ll
, ,

pro bably o ccu p y more than i t s proper sp ac e .

Looking a t the t i tle as a wh o l e it is seen to b e a l itt l e more th a n fou r ti me s a s l ong as

wid e Th is i s not a good p rop o rtion ; the remed y i s either to reduce the width of lett e r s i n
.

th e pri n c ipal l in e o r t o s pre a d the l ine s fa rthe r apa rt The former woul d be b ett e r here thou gh
.
,

the l att e r wou l d be j u s tifi ab l e and s hou ld b e re s ort e d to rather tha n maki ng the letters i n long
,

lin es s o n a rrow a s t e i nj u re their appe a r a nce Th e s p read ing a p a rt of li nes i s av o ide d as

.

giving a r a gge d disass o ci a ted a pp earance to th e tit l e as a whole

, .

V I .

LOW E R -
CA S E L ETT E RS .

P L A TE 4 .

The gener a l remarks c o ncerni n g c ap itals a pp ly in these smal l or lower case l etters S kil l
-
.

in making the 0 w ill b e O f gre a t s erv i c e here as i ts cu rves o c c u r in 50 very m any Of t h e let
,

ter s I n out l i ni ng cu rved memb e r s im a gine th a t the co mp l ete 0 is to be m a de I n the b d

. .
, ,

g p
,
and,q the o va l part s h o uld be made as a c o mplete closed cu rve i
, n de p endent Of the
strai ght pa rts N ote that t he el e me n ts o f a l l letters a re very si m p le being o n l y the O and
.
,
 20

the s t raight li ne ; h o w ever the straight l in e mu s t b e straight and mus t j o i n the cu rves s m oo thly
, .

I n add i t i o n n o te the f ol l o wi n g po i n ts w hich are true fo r mo s t s tyles o f l o wer case l e t t ers

,
-

The b d f h k and I extend ab o ve the ot her letters ; their height i s that o f ca p itals w i t h
, , , ,

whi c h they wou l d be written .

Th e g j p q a nd y ext e nd be l ow as fa r a s b d etc do above

, , , , ,
.
, .

Th e t is bet w een the s hort a nd s tem l etters i n height .

Th e re m a i n i n g l e t t e rs a re a bo ut three fif t h s the height o f c ap it a ls a nd stem letter s

-
.

The s e c ond and third l i n e s o f the shee t a re t o be repeti t io n s o f the fi r s t .

Figure s when wri t ten with both c ap ita ls a nd l o w er case letters sh o uld have the he i g h t o f
-

ca pit a l s w hen ther e a re but f e w of them or w hen they p lay an i m p or t an t p art W hen nu m e r
,
.

ou s as i n t abl es they may h ave the height o f t

, , Cl e a r n e ss is the all i mportant thing a nd
.
-
,

mu s t not be sa crificed I n the exer c i s e a t the bottom o f the Plate the s p aci n g o f lin e s i s stil l
.
"

in accordance w ith the genera l ru l e

.

V II .

S LA NT L ETT E R S .

P L A TE 5
.

A sto the pr o per am o u nt Of inc l inati o n to give the s la nt l etters there is di ff e rence o f ,

opin i o n Th a t here recom mended is s hown on the Plate and is Obt a ined as f o ll o w s
.

Dr a w a horizonta l l ine a n d at i t s right hand end ere c t a vertical From the vertex o f the
,
-
.

an g l e thu s formed lay O ff three u nit s u p on the horizonta l l ine and eight o f the s a me u n its u pon
 2 1

the vertic al The l i ne j oin ing the t wo poi n ts thus pl a ced will giv e the p ro p e r sla n t This
. .

c orres p on ds t o a n a ngle o f a bout 69 2 5 with the horizont a l A t thi s a n gle a re to be d r a w n

-
0 ’
.

a ll l i ne s wh ich i n the u pright l etters a re vertical th e h orizont a l l i ne s s u ff ering no ch a n ge i n

,

d irection .

A tri a ngle worked u p on the T s q u a re bl a de will be fou n d usefu l i n testi n g sl an t .

D r aw the fi rst tw o l i ne s o f l etters po inting if nece ss ar y a n d testing the sl a n t o ft e n The

, .

wi d th of n orm al l etters is about seve n eighths their height Before try ing letter s co ntaining curves
-
.
,

a s p e c i a l s tu dy O f the O is nece ssa ry . Dr a w a ccu r a te l y a s y m metric a l u p right O a s shown u s i ng

, ,

i n s tru m e nt s i f n e cessar y Divide the vertic a l a xi s i nto several p a rt s wo rking e a ch w ay fro m

.
,

it s m id dle a nd throu gh each poi n t of division dra w i ndefi n ite l ines to the right Cro s sing
, .

th es e l ines dr aw a s l ant l ine N ow u p o n the e d ge o f a sl ip of p ap er me as u re O ff the dist a nce s

.

a b
, ,
e tc a nd mark them o ff from th e s la nt li ne e a ch s i d e as at a a nd b
.
, ,
’
J
’
oin. the poi nts
thu s p rod uced a nd the p rop e r form for the incli n ed 0 w i ll re s u l t .

N oti c e c a refu l ly that th e s la nt l i n e is not an a xis o f sy m metr y a n d the gener a l e ff ect with
,

reference t o t h i s l ine i s th a t of a c l osed cu rve who s e u pp e r right a nd low er left h a nd portion s -

a r e ful l a nd wel l rou n d ed w hile th e upper le f t an d lo w er right h a nd portion s are rather fl at

,
-
.

N o tice to o that the highest a nd low es t p oi nt s o f the cu rve a re o n the sl a nt l i ne

, , .

The s e ch a racteri s tic s s hou l d b e s tud ied thor o ughl y a nd the O pr a ctic e d u ntil it can b e
m a d e well f o r nearl y al l the cu rve s u s e d i n the s l an t letter s are po rtion s of it M uch ass i s t
,
.

a nc e in fo rm ing l etter s co nt a i n ing cu rves may b e h a d by first l ightl y o ut l ining the 0 th e n ,

t a ki ng s uch p a rt s o f it as a re n e e ded ; even the s is but a s lig h t modifi ca ti o n o f i t .

Co n s tru c t
the exercise s i n their order a lw ays esti mating d irection a nd occasi o nall y testing
, ,

by c o mp a ri s o n with s lant l ine .

 22

M O D I F I C A T I O N O F T H E F O R EG O I N G ST Y L E .

P L A TE 6 .

B y sl ight changes the G o thi c le tters m a y be m ade i nt o another sty l e i n e ff e c t a t l eas t ,

.

The ch a ng es i n the capit a l s co n s i s t m a i n l y i n the ad d iti o n o f s h o rt h o ri z o nt al l i ne s called

,

ceri ph s or s pu r s to fi ni s h o ff th e e nd s o f u p right l i ne s a s i n the H a n d U and i n e xtend

"
,
"
,

ing s om e hori z o nta l l ines acro ss the upright s a s in B F a nd L A f e w Sh o rt l in e s

, ,
.

upon the slan t are a dded as at th e e nd s o f S a nd Z .

The lo wer case l etters are mor e d i ff i cu l t Their s u cc e s sfu l executi o n depend s u pon
-
.
,

1 . Th e c u rve s being the i ncl i ne d 0 or the p r op er po rtion of i t

, .

2 . Th e s purs be in g s tr a ight and h o riz o nt a l .

3. Th e u p ri ghts b ein g str a ight ti ll the cu rve in which so m e o f them en d is re ally re ac hed .

N otice th a t i n no c a se excepting (1 d oe s the s p u r extend t o the r i gh t o f it s u p right

, , .

4. The sl a n t b eing u n i f o r m .

Th e cu rve with w hich a d h an d m a n y o thers end m ay b e studied t o a dvant a ge i n l i n e

, , ,

6 w here i n th e wor d d ri l led i t i s s hown th a t this cu rv e is such as if c o ntinu ed wi l l j oin

"
, , ,

sm o oth ly th e next l etter .

The o r d er i n which p a rts o f l ett e r s a re m a de is from l e f t to right M ake sp u r s b e f o re

.

upright s r a i s i n g the p e n ci l fr o m th e p a per b etween the tw o strokes i f necessar y i n o rder t o

, , ,

avoid a rou nd e d u n i o n o f them .

 3

The 8 a nd 9 a re l ikel y t o pr o ve troubles o me Th e o rder O f str o kes is i ndicated i n th e

.

fifth l i n e the d i recti o n o f each b eing d o w n w a r d Ea ch s e p arate p o rti o n of letter s a nd figu re s

, .

sh o u ld be made a t a si ngle stro k e and there sh o ul d be un ifo rm thickn e ss o f l ine .

V ery carefu l p ractice o f t h is sty le is rec o m mend e d not o nl y becau s e o f its great usefu l
,

ness t o the d r a f t s m a n bu t als o b ec a use it is the fou n d ati o n of the di ffi cul t Ro m a n typ e
, .It is
n o t a da p ted t o l a rge letteri ng but finds i t s greatest useful ness i n notes etc
, , . W he n m uc h m at
ter i s to be pu t i nt o a smal l s p ace the pl ai n er fo rm is better as shown in the l a s t l ine I n th is
,
.

a n d other sheets o f slan t letters dra w accu ratel y a sla n t l ine in the u pp er l eft h a n d c o rner
,
-
.

Thus far w e have s t ud ied upright and Slanted G o thi c l e tters both c ap it al s a n d l o w er cas e
, ,

and their m o difi e d fo rm s This Pl a te i s a revi e w of the s e a nd will also i n troduc e i nkin g Be
.
,
.

carefu l t o get each line of the title s symmetrical a b o ut th e verti c al centre l i n e which i n the s e
, ,

cases sh o ul d be d r aw n fir s t and i n the ce n tre o f the sheet

, , .

It ma y here be s aid that the hi ghe s t skill i n spaci n g consists i n ability to say where a l ine
s hall b egin s o that w hen written thr o u gh fr o m begin ning to end it s hall b e b i s ected b y th e
,

centre l ine Th e w o rds a re firs t w ritten o ut o n a s li p o f p a per s o th a t i n so m e for m th e w hol e

.

l i n e may be befo re t he eye at once Thi s sh o u ld be attempted i n the shor t l i nes of su cceed i ng
.
.

titles.
 6
. S u ch l etters as are Sho w n i n the la s t l ine a re to be made w ith a si n gle s tr o ke o f the
pen w i t h n o s h a di ng G i l l o t t s 4 0 4 is a s fine a pen a s sho ul d be u s ed The bal l p oi nted
’ "
. .
,

p e n s are u sefu l w hen it is d esi red t o m a ke this s o rt o f lette r l arge o r p romi nent .

7. It will b e fo u nd e a sier t o make good li nes w hen dr aw ing downw a rd to w a rd the bod y
, ,

and a t first the p ap er may be tu rne d s o a s to d r a w horiz o ntal li nes i n that w ay b u t ability t o
,

dra w them w ith the p a p er in p r op er po sition sh o u ld be cu ltiv a ted N ever tu rn the p aper whe n
.

m a kin g l o wer c as e l etters .

8. W hen the title i s fini s hed and the i nk th o r o u ghly dr y erase the l i mi t i ng and o ther
,

p e ncil l ines a nd look the w o rk o ver care f u ll y f o r p l a c es which m ay ne ed to uchin g u p

, .

Th e di mensio n s fo r the sec o nd ti t le a re the s a me a s th os e f o r the first l i ne f o r l i n e

,
.

For f arther p ractice the fo l l o wing exam p les m a y b e taken the student t o make th e p r op er
,

a rrangemen t o f par t s

It i s considered b a d t as te to combine b oth u pright and s lant le t ters i n the title p r o per but ,

app e nded n o tes may di ff er i n th i s respect a s sho w n i n the fir s t titl e o f Plat e 7

, .

S e e re m a rk s o n u nder s cori ng P age 3 1

, .
 IX .

ROM A N L ETT E RS A N D F I G U R ES .

P L A TE 8 .

Thi s
is the mo s t exactin g st y le a nd h a rde s t t o d o re a l l y w ell . Th e f o ll o wing po ints
re a d befo re pra c tice i s begu n s h ould be o f great as s i s t a nce "
1 . WI DTH S .
— In
the Goth ic letters the C F a nd H are o f p racticall y the sa me w idth
, ,
.

O ne poi n t of di ff erence b etwee n th a t sty l e and the Ro man i s th e ad di t i o n in the la tter of the
s pu r s al re ady mentio ned i n c o n nection w i t h Pl a te 6 These i n cre a se the t o t a l hori z o nt al dis
.

t a n c e oc c upie d by the l etter s Th e Ro man C h a s no s uch spu r and hence n o i ncrea s e i n

.
,

width ; th e F ha s spu rs which i ncre a se the w i d th a t the left o nly whi le t h e H h as a n incre a se ,

at bo th l eft a n d right Thu s we have three d i ff erent wid t h s among what we called the n o rm al
.

w idth Gothi c l ett e r s Th e W M a nd others o f extra width are s ti ll given su ch e x tr a W idth

.
, , ,

with the a dd iti o n o f th e s pu r s beside The s pu rs therefore m o dify sp a c i n g r a th e r than

.
, ,

e ss e n t i a l f o rm

2 . L IG H T A ND H EAV Y L IN E S — A ll horizo n tal members a re fine o r hai r l i ne s ex ce pt

in the and 7
2, 5 .

A l l vertic a l l ines a re he a v y except in the N the fir s t m ember o f M an d t he right sid e

, ,

o f U . A l l i ncli n ed li ne s extend ing u p w a rd t o the ri ght are hair l ines except i n Z a n d 7 A ll .

i n cl ined l i n e s e xtendin g u p w a r d t o th e l eft a re he a vy .

 2 7

3
. TH E S P U R A NDJ U N C TI N
I TS
O W I T H M EM BER S Th e s pu r mu s t b e a .s t rictly h a i r
l i ne a nd a ccu r a t e l y horizo nt al
,
To l e a ve a d efi nite angle where it j o i n s mem b ers w o u ld give
.

a n u np l e as i ng s ti ff n e s s t o th e let ter s he n ce a c u rve i s i ntr o du c ed which i s t a ng e n t t o ve rt i c a l

, ,

b ut n o t t o h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s The c o rrect form is s h o wn a t (a ) Fig 9 Plat e 10 a nd the inc o r

. .
, ,

rect for m s a t (h ) This cu rve must be small a nd mu s t never be dr a w n t o th e end o f th e s pu r

.
, .

It i s w el l i n p r ac tice t o dr a w fi r s t the m e mbers and s pur s complete t hen a dd the curve , .

4 . CUR V E D MEM BER S N eglect o f these is Oftene s t res po n s i bl e f o r s poi l i n g R om an l etter s

. .

The O is stil l the lette r t o be mo s t ca refu ll y s tu d ied al l t h a t w as sa id of the G othic 0 ,

a p pl y i ng here But n o w the s ides o f the l etter are thickest at thei r mid dle and r ap i dly t a per
.

e a ch w a y fr o m th a t po i n t To s ecure the c o rrect form first d r a w the o ut l ine as f o r as the

.
,

Goth ic 0 m a ki n g it w el l r o unded at the s ides the n a dd t h e in s id e l ines U n less the l ett e r i s

, , .

ver y wide as compared w ith it s height these i n s ide l ines are p erfe c t ly s t ra i g h t sl ightly e as ed a t ,

t hei r en d s by cu rves Pr o gres s ive stage s are s h own i n Fig 10 P la te 10 M a ke S p eci a l p r a e

. .
,
.

t ice of the l etter be f ore b egi n ni n g Pl a te 8 that the chara c t e ristics O f it s c u rves m ay b e
,

c a rrie d into other cu rved letter s A s s ome l etters mu s t be higher a nd w ider than other s s o
.
,

m ust t h e c u r ve d m e mb e rs f
o R o ma n l e t t e rs b e t h i c h e r at t h e t h i c hest p a rt t han a re t he h e a vy
s t ra i g h t m e mb e r s .

5
. h eavy mem be r s s tra i ght or cu rved join o r cro ss e a ch o ther exc ep t in the Y
N O t wo , , .

Thi s mu st be c a r e fu ll y o b s erved i n s uch p lac es a s the right Side of B R and 3 , , .

6 . The s e c o n d me m b er o f M and N la p s o ver the to p o f the fir s t mem b er and the s p u r ,

a t th i s p o i nt i s dr a wn at the l e f t o nl y .

7 . TH E W To bri ng a l ternate member s p a r all el re q ui re s a s p ecia l s tud y Fig 12

. . .
,

P l a te 10 p resent s s e veral s ta ge s w hich sho w th e fo ll owi n g o rder of p roce d u r e

,
 2 8

( a and b ) .P o in t the s p ace to be o ccu p ied and s t ar t ou t the first member gue,
ss i n g at its
d ir e ctio n .

( )
c . Bi s ect ( po i n t 5 ) o n u pp er l ine the f re e sp a c e b etween the first memb e r a nd p o int 2 ,

and p lac e 6 vertica l l y b elo w 5 .

( )
d . Bi s ect the dist a nce fr o m 6 t o 3 i n po i nt 7 and
,
dr a w first a nd s econd member s .

( )
c .From 2 dra w th e fourth member p ar al le l t o the se cond and ,w ork i n the thi r d ,

w hich wil l b e p a r a llel t o the fir s t .

S i m ilar precaution s are ne c es s ar y in the M i n o rder th a t the middle p o int upon the l ower
,

l ine s h a l l b i s ect the free S pa ce bet w een the first a n d fo u rth m e mber s .

Th e title at the bo ttom o f the Sheet may be i n ked fi rst h a vi n g care f ully o utlined the let
,

ters i n penci l G i l l o t t s 303 p en is rec o mmended L eav e t he a l p h a bet and fig u res i n p e n c il

.
’
.

o utl ine .

I TA L I C RO M A N .

P L A TE 9 .

Th e sl a nted or It al i c Ro m a n i s much u s ed in tit l e s a n d fo r m a rki n g la rge fea tu res o f map s

, ,
.

F o r n otes and s m a ll p o rtion s o f pla n s a n d title s it i s writt en r a th e r n a rrow and w ith a sla n t o r,

“r ak e o f a bout
"
Th es e f orm s a r e s how n i n the Pl a te .

The lower cas e l e tt e rs wi ll p rove th e m o re di ffi cult Th e c u r ved m e mber s a re fo rm e d as

.

de s crib e d ab ov e fo r the 0 B e ca refu l th a t th e i n s ide l i n e s o f cu rves a re u pon th e s l a nt The

. .

cu rves which end s o many o f the l ette rs a re like tho s e u s ed f o r the sa me p u r p ose i n Pl at e 6 .

The s e it wil l be re m e mb e red are a p art of the 0 as shown i n first l in e o f Pl a te 9 I t w as sa id

, ,
.
 29

i n c o nnec tion with t h e l e tters of P late 6 th a t the y a r e th e fou n da tion f o r the Ro ma n s t yle .

Th e d ev e l op ment of the d fr o m the o ut l ine f orm ther e sho w n m ay be se en i n Fig 11 Pl a te 10 . , ,

an d al l the le tt e r s m ay b e b u ilt u p i n a s imi la r w ay .

Th e i dea l w ay o f writi ng thi s t y p e i s to s h ad e i n the le tt e r s with s i n gle s tr o k e s of the p e n .

Th i s r e q u ir e s mu c h p r a ctice and s hou ld not be a ttempted till s kill i s g a ine d in for m a nd sl ant
,

by o ut l i n in g e ac h s i de O f he a vy line s a nd filli n g i n a s for capit a l s .

Th e l as t t w o l ine s m ay be inke d .

F o r a d d iti on al p r a ctic e the foll o wing m ay be m ad e into a tit l e

C
gé a fl / o
/ g m o
fl fl an /o % a /e 9 0 0 /f "a.

W e "
C
ét m m no
'

n . m m a / 4
5
7 4 f a te .

O LD ENG LISH , G ERM A N T E X T , A N D RO U N D W R I TI N G .

P LA TE 11 .

Th e O ld E nglish and German Te xt a re very sel do m used exce p t in di p lomas certificates , ,

etc Th e German Text h o w e ver i s the fo und a tion o f “Ro u nd W riting Th e p oints t o be
.
, , .

n o ted i n th ese s tyles a re th a t

1 . Lines extendi ng u p w a rd t o t h e right are hair line s .

2 . Line s exte n ding up w ard t o the l e f t are very he avy .

3 . V ertical li nes are mediu m heavy .

 30

'

Th e g o verni n g idea may be lear n ed best b y shar p eni n g a p e n c i l o r crayon to a blu nt C hisel
p o int a n d using i t in su ch a pos iti o n that i ts p roj ec t io n u po n the paper is at 4 5 w ith the l i mit
°

ing l i ne s N o w when the p o i nt is m o ved u p ward t o the right o r do w n w a rd t o the le f t the l ine
.

pr o duced dep e nd s u p o n the t h i c h n e ss o f the po in t ; w hen m o ved d o w nward t o the right the
l ine is as th ick as the p oi nt i s w i de ; w hen m o ved ver t ic a ll y there re s ult the med iu m heavy
l ine s
.

I n the Germ a n Te xt the t o p s o f long upright pa rt s m ay b e finished in t wo di ff erent w ays ;

,

,
—
the se a re sho w n i n the H ca p i t al and l o w er ca s e ma n y o f the l etters may b e m a de m o re
.

fa n c ifu l b y conti n u i n g curves as sh o w n i n th e 8

, .

N o t a ll the l ine s of the Text as here s h own c a n b e pr o duce d w ith the chisel po i nted p enc i l
-
,

b ut a modific a tion cal l ed Ro u nd W riting can be s o fo rmed Th is s ty l e m ay b e d o ne very

.

r a pidl y w h en su ffi cientl y p r ac ticed S p e ci a l pens are o n the market which a re he l d as de s cribed

, .
,

a bove f o r pencil o r cray on The y a re much l ike stu b p en s b u t h a ve S p eci a l ly form e d po int s
.

a n d a re fu rnished with a n a tt a ch ment w hich i s a reserv o i r fo r i nk feed ing it s l o w ly t o the poi n t

,

thus making the fin e l ine s po ss ib l e I n or d er to w rit e th is as a ru nni ng h an d som e o f the

.

he a vy line s mu s t be made o n the u p s troke U nle ss the pen w o rks very w el l it i s d i ffi cu l t to

.

pr o du c e good li nes in th i s w ay a nd it may b e better to make a l l h e avy l ines with the down strok e
, ,

thou gh th i s will nec e s s itate the fre q uent l ift ing o f the p en fr o m the p a per The vertic al l i ne s
.

a re likel y to pro ve trou b le s om e as the hand is n o t i n a fav o rable po s iti o n Th e fi gu re s m a y b e

.

se en i n P l a t e 12
.

Th e student w h o wishe s t o b ec o me p r o ficient i n Ro u nd W riting Should m ake a s pe ci a l

stud y o f it from a w o rk e sp eciall y dev o ted to t he subject .
 XI .

M I S C E L L A N E O U S S TY L E S .

P L A TE 12 .

Th i s Pla t e
s how s s o m e s peci a l styl es w hich need but b rief c o m m en t .

NO 1 .B ack h anded o r M a rking L etters This s tyl e i s easil y done w it h a fi ne fl exi bl e

. .
,

p en s pri n ging th e ni bs S O as to p rodu c e the he a vy l in es b y Si ng l e s tr ok e s

, .

No 2 S u it abl e fo r a rchitectu r a l d rawi ngs

. . A c oa r s e pen i s b es t as a ll s tr o kes s hould be
.

m ade withou t S h ad ing a nd n o line s s hould be gone over m o re th a n on c e

, .

No 3 Th i s as fa r as ca p ita ls a r e c oncerned i s the It a li c R om a n with Short s p ur s and

. .
, ,

wi th ke r ns n e ith e r v e rti cal n or u pon th e ge n er a l Sl a nt of the letter . The sla nt i s th a t Shown i n

Pla te 5 Th e l ower cas e l etter s di ff er considera b l y from a n y p reviou sly s hown I n a d ditio n
.
-
.

to g en er al o ut l ine s n ote th a t letter s re a ch i n g to the t o p li ne have the u s u al s pu r whi l e tho s e

,

reac hi n g o n ly t o the mid d le l ine h a ve cu rve s i nste ad ; th e cu rve s a re rather sharp l y turned ,

and th e S hading i s ca rried j u s t a r o u nd them the letters resembling the R ou nd W riting i n th i s

,

re s p ec t This s ty le is n o t ada pted to r a pid e xecuti o n a n d ca n h a r dly b e rec o m m e n d e d wher e

.

mu c h le tt e ring i s to be d o n e .

A t th e b otto mo f the Sh e et a r e Sho w n a f e w gr o ups O f wor ds the la st t w o bei ng u nde r

,

sc ored . I t is q u ite c om m o n t o dr a w h ea v y b l ac k o r r ed line s b ene a th w ord s i n n o te s a n d

re m a r ks u p o n worki n g d r a wing s Th e y Shou ld al wa y s be d ra w n at le as t 51? i nch b e lo w t h e
.

l i ne and s hou ld be bro k e n w hen n ec e ssa r y t o a v oid cr oss ing letter s whi c h ex t end bel ow t h e
 O rnament a l f ea t ures are usu a lly sym metric a l ab out s o me axis ; i n d esigni n g dr a w this a x i s
,

first a nd sketch i n the h alf of the or n a ment lying to o n e side o f i t ; l ay a p iece o f tra c ing

p a p er over a nd trace the work u po n,it usi ng a mediu m s o ft pencil

. N o w tu rn the tracing
b o tt o m s ide u p on the ot her Side o f the a xi s bringi ng the tr a c e d p o siti o n of t h e a xi s i nt o it s
,

fo rme r positi o n and with a h a rd point g o o ve r th e lines thus tr a n s f erring them to the p a per
, , .

The whol e ma y n o w b e s trengthen e d i n penci l and if fo u nd sa tisfa cto ry i n k ed N ever i n k

, , .

o n e half o f a n orn a m ent be f or e the o ther hal f is fi rml y pencil l ed

-
.

M u c h el a b o r a tion should b e a voi de d . Combin a tion s o f str a ight l i nes o f d i ff erent width s
are u s u a l l y s u ffi cient fo r b order s
. V ery l a rge m a p s re q u ire th a t s o me area be o cc u p i e d b y the
b o rder ; the n cu rved li ne s m ay b e i ntr o duced o ther w ise t oo m a n y str a ight li n e s or too gre a t
, ,

sp aces b e tw e e n li ne s w o uld be ne cessa r y .

CO N C L U S I O N .

W hi le simple s tyl es an d a rr a ngeme n ts o f letter s a re m os t c o m m o n an din gener al i n b e s t

taste the studen t is a d v i s ed t o mak e a c o ll ec tion O f more elab o r a te fo rm s The p a g es o f
, .

magaz i n e s a nd peri o di cal s w ill fu rni s h mu c h in thi s l i n e ; and whi l e n o t a ll th a t is pri nted is
wo rt h y o f i mit a ti o n s u c h a c o lle c tion i s l ikel y a t s ome time t o pr o ve v e r y v a l u a ble
, .

It is c om mon to get a n erron eo u s i dea of wh a t i s me a nt by r a pi d ity i n le tt e ri n g N o s uch .

pe e d a s i s r eac hed i n or d in a r y writing s hou ld b e a i m ed a t i n a ny st yle . Ra ther ke e p i n mi n d

1mt fir s t o f al l the c o rrect fo rm o f l etters mu s t b e s e c ured d o i ng them al w ays fr ee h a nd a nd
,
-
 34

with as mu ch deliberati o n as is n e ces sa ry O n e sh o uld ai m at t he ac c u r ate p lacing Of l ine s

. ,

thus kee p i ng free fro m necessity of e ras u res rathe r th an at rap id ity o f m o tion A fter a c are
, .

fu l pr a ctice o f th e s ty les sh o w n in th e P la tes the student Sh o uld begi n t o pr a ctice si mple s t y l e s

w ith the p en al o n e u s ing the pen c i l on ly t o d raw the l i mitin g l i n e S thes e s hou l d ne ve r be
°

omitted eve n th o u gh b ut one word is t o be f o r m ed I n d o ing l o w er c a se l et t er s ex p er t l e t ter

, .
-

er s so metime s o mit the t op l ine but the o ther t w o sh o u l d al w ays be u sed

, .
P L AT E
P L AT E 5
P L AT E 6
P L AT E 8

E U RV EY

M OU N
"
18 9 6