Table 3. Differences between nucleus and nucleoid Nucleus It is larger in size. It has a covering of double membrane envelope. Nucleolus is present in it. Its DNA content is equal to two or several DNA molecules. Its DNA is associated with histone proteins to form chromatin. TUTE It is comparatively smaller in size. A covering membrane is absent. It lies free in the cytoplasm. Nucleolus is absent in it. Its DNA content is equal to a single DNA molecule. : In it histones are absent. DNA of a nucleoid is often naked.wanes we Sete Ua geese eens: Table 5. Cell organelles and inclusions A. Living parts of a cell Oe ee : ma membrane 1. Cell wall (plants only) Cytoplasm 2. Vacuoles (i) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3. Granules (cell inclusions) (a) Smooth ER (b) Rough ER (ii) Mitochondria (iii) Golgi apparatus (iv) Ribosomes (v) Lysosomes (vi) Centrioles (animals only) (vii) Plastids (plants only) NucleusBox 5. Advantages of selective permeability Selective permeability of plasma membrane ensures that 1. The useful molecules enter the cell 2. The metabolic intermediates remain within the cell, and 3. Secretions and wastes leave the cell. ‘Thus, selective permeability of the cellular membranes enables the cell to maintain homeostasis, i.e., a constant internal environment inspite of the changes outside:it. ‘The substances generally drawn in the cell includes: (1) raw, materials for metabolism, i.e., food, water, salts and oxygen; and (ii) regulatory substances, e.g., vitamins and hormones. The substances generally ousted of the cells include: ( ‘the products of metabolism, namely nitrogenous wastes and carbon dioxide; and (ii) secretions sucky as proteins, proenzymes, hormones, milk, tear, mucus, immunoglobulins (antibodies), etc.Let us take a glass beaker or a glass tumbler half filled with clean water. Put a few drops of blue i or any coloured fluid into the beaker or tumbler. What do you observe? Does the water in the beaker o1 tumbler gets uniformly coloured throughout at once? to a region where its concentration is low.Figure 15. Representation of diffusion which is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration(more O, in water) diffusion into cell (less O, in cell) O, used up in respiration (mote CO, in cell) diffusion out of cell (less CO, in water around the cell) Figure 16. Diffusion of oxygen (O,) and carbon dioxide (CO,) across the plasma membrane of Amoeba (an unicellular organism) Ul s. 1. h ) sugar [ solution . f / water 2 / semi- \ 1 permeable}, / membrane } * “water sugar solution water molecules water molecules at higher at low concentration concentration Figure 17. Experiment to explain the process of osmosisHypertonic solution Figure 18. Effect of differé solutions on plant cells =1. If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher ater concentration than the cell, i.e., if solution is a very lute solution, the cell will gain water by osmosis. Such dilute solution is called hypotonic solution. at lin meaeiemeinamnta,0 TL RK ‘oss the plasma _ Peete ace While water molecules are free to pass ac ter the cell than membrane in both directions, more water will en! he cell. In leave. The net (over all) result is that water enters " flated or such a situation, cell is likely to swell up, i.e., become rm a turgid (Figure 18A). Such swollen RBCs may ultimately burst, + haemolysed. (Figure 19B). 2. If the medium surrounding the cell is of exactly the same water concentration as the cell, there will be no net movement © water across the plasma membrane (Figure 18B and Figure 19A). Such a solution is called isotonic solution (e.g., Ringer’s solution is an isotonic solution for the animal cells). In this case, water crosses the plasma membrane in both directions, but the amount going in is the same as the amount going out, so there is no overall movement of water. In such a situation, the cell will maintain the same size. 3. If the medium has a lower concentration of water than the cell, i.e., if it is very concentrated solution, the cell will lose water by osmosis. Such a concentrated solution is called hypertonic solution. In this case too, water crosses the plasma membrane in both directions, but this time more water leaves the cell than enters it. Therefore, the cell will shrink. In this situation, plant cell is said to be plasmolysed (Figure 18C and Figure 26D) and animal cells (Red blood cells) is said to crenated (Figure 19C).Goneantrated salt ke a hen’s egg and remove the egg shell by putting the solution n diluted hydrochloric acid (HCI) solution. ‘The shell of an made up mainly of calcium bicarbonate. A thick outer called shell membrane), now encloses the cgg. Put thi ‘ed egg in pure water and observe after 3-5 minutes. ill observe that the egg swells because water enters the by osmosis. n another set of experiment, place a smilar processed egg ncentrated salt solution and observe for 5 minutes. You serve that the egg shrinks. The egg shrinks, since water Figure 20. Deshelled hen’s eggs showing endosmosis (A) and exosmosis (B) dried raisins and apricots in pure water and leave them for some time (Figure 21). Then place them concentrated solution of sugar or salt.-Each gains water and swells when placed in pure water due to ysmosis. When such swollen raisins/apricots are placed in the concentrated solution, each of them loses and consequently shrinks again(due to exosmosis). raisins water G re 21. Dried raisins placed in water to demonstrate endosmosis and exosmosis mples of osmosis. Unicellular freshwater organisms and t plant cells tend to gain water through osmosis. Absorption ater by plant-roots (i.e., by root hairs) is an example of losis. (Figure 22). soil thin film particle of water Figure 22. Absorption of soil water by root hair through osmosisTable 6. Differences between diffusion and osmosis occur in any m occurs only in liquid medium. 2. The diffusing molecules may be solids, liquids 2. It involves movement of solvent molecules only. or gases. i 3. Semipermeable membrane is not required. Semipermeable membrane is required. 4. It is dependent upon the free energy of 4. Though it is the diffusion of solvent molecules only, the molecules of diffusing substance only; yet influenced by the presence of other substances presence of other substances in the system (solutes) in the system. is of no importance. 5. An equilibrium in the free energy of 5. Equilibrium in the free energy of solvent molecules diffusion molecules is achieved in the is never achieved. system.. It occurs in plant cells. oat 2. It lies outside of the cells. It is nonliving and quite thick in plant cells. It is rigid. ' It is generally permeable. It is formed of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Its major function is to provide protection and strength to the cell. Table 9. Differences between cell wall and plasma membrane Away ea Pe MCLE It is found in both plant and animal cells. It lies on the outside of animal cells and inner to cell wall in plant cells. It is living and quite thin. It is flexible. It is selectively permeable. Itis formed of lipids and proteins and small number of small carbohydrates (i.e., oligosaccharides). Its major function is to hold cellular contents and control passage of materials in and out of the cell.