CITING AND

REFERENCING
Citing
 A TERM AND ITS DEFINITION
Example:

Citation is the process of quoting a passage,

book, or author as evidence for or justification
of an argument or statement, especially in
scholarly work.

-Thomas Eric C. Paulin, 2021

 Defined by an author
PRIMARY DATA

Defined by an author and cited by

another person in his/her own text
SECONDARY DATA
 What you need in citing:
1. The author’s surname
2. The year the text was published

Example:
1. Paulin
2. 2021
 3 Ways to Cite:

1. At the beginning of the

text
2. At the end of the text
3.On either sides of the text
Citing at the beginning of the text:

According to Paulin (2021), citation is the process of

quoting a passage, book, or author as evidence for or
justification of an argument or statement, especially in
scholarly work.

Other verbs:
As stated by Paulin (2021),…
Paulin in 2021 defined citation as…

forwarded, suggested, proclaimed, reiterated, emphasized,

cited, etc.
 Citing at the end of the text:

Citation is the process of

quoting a passage, book, or
author as evidence for or
justification of an argument or
statement, especially in
scholarly work (Paulin, 2021).
 Citing on both ends of the text:

According to Paulin, citation is

the process of quoting a passage,
book, or author as evidence for
or justification of an argument or
statement, especially in scholarly
work (2021).
Referencing printed books
 Complete name of the author
Example: Emily Hasler

Format: Surname, Initials.

Hasler, E.
 Year the book was published
Example: 2018

Format: (Year).

Hasler, E. (2018).
 Complete title of the book
Example: The built environment
Format:
Capitalize ONLY the 1) First letter and 2) Proper Nouns.
End with a period
Italicize

Hasler, E. (2018). The built environment.

 Publication company
Example: Liverpool University Press
Format: Publisher.

Hasler, E. (2018). The built environment. Liverpool University Press.

Referencing e-books
 Complete name of the author
Example: Anna Burns

Format: Surname, Initials.

Burns, A.
 Year the book was published
Example: 2018

Format: (Year).

Burns, A. (2018).
 Complete title of the book
Example: Milkman
Format:
Capitalize ONLY the 1) First letter and 2) Proper Nouns.
End with a period
Italicize

Burns, A. (2018). Milkman.

 Publication company
Example: Faber & Faber
Format: Publisher.

Burns, A. (2018). Milkman. Faber & Faber.

 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Example: https://amzn.to/2ObKrVf
Format: URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Burns, A. (2018). Milkman. Faber & Faber. https://amzn.to/2ObKrVf

Referencing printed newspaper
articles
 Complete name of the author
Example: Jeremiah Luis Red

Format: Surname, Initials.

Red, J.L.
 Date of the newspaper
Example: September 12, 2019

Format: (Year, Month Date).

Red, J.L. (2019, September 12).

 Title of the article
Example: Turning a blind eye

Format: Same as book title format, but not

italicized

Red, J.L. (2019, September 12). Turning a blind eye.

 Name of Newspaper
Example: The Lycean Journal

Format: (Italicized) Name of Newspaper,

Red, J.L. (2019, September 12). Turning a blind eye.

The Lycean Journal,
 Page number(s)
Example: Page 29 and continued at 34-35

Format: For single page, use p. For multiple pages,

use pp. For cut articles, use comma (,).

Red, J.L. (2019, September 12). Turning a blind eye.

The Lycean Journal, p. 29, pp. 34-35.
Referencing online newspaper
articles
 Complete name of the author
Example: John Davidson

Format: Surname, Initials.

Davidson, J.
 Date of the newspaper
Example: January 9, 2018

Format: (Year, Month Date).

Davidson, J. (2018, January 9).

 Title of the article
Example: Samsung vows to add artificial
intelligence to everything it does

Format: Same as book title format, but not

italicized
Davidson, J. (2018, January 9). Samsung vows to
add artificial intelligence to everything it does.
 Name of Newspaper
Example: Australian Financial Review

Format: (Italicized) Name of Newspaper.

Davidson, J. (2018, January 9). Samsung vows to

add artificial intelligence to everything it does.
Australian Financial Review.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Example: http://www.afr.com/
Format: Format: URL or DOI (Digital Object
Identifier)

Davidson, J. (2018, January 9). Samsung vows to

add artificial intelligence to everything it does.
Australian Financial Review. http://www.afr.com/
Referencing printed journal articles
 Complete name of the author
Example: Thomas Eric Paulin

Format: Surname, Initials.

Paulin, T.E.
 Date of publication
Example: 2020

Format: (Year).

Paulin, T.E. (2020).

 Title of Article
Example: The benefits of having sex.

Format: Same with newspaper article title format

Paulin, T.E. (2020). The benefits of having sex.

 Name of Journal Article
Example: The Preacher

Format: Italicized,

Paulin, T.E. (2020). The benefits of having sex. The

Preacher,
 Volume and Issue Number
Example: Volume 2 Issue 12

Format: Volume (italicized) Issue (Not italicized),

Paulin, T.E. (2020). The benefits of having sex. The

Preacher, 2(12),
 Page Number
Example: pages 46-47

Format: Same with newspaper format

Paulin, T.E. (2020). The benefits of having sex. The

Preacher, 2(12), 46-47.
Referencing online journal articles
 Complete name of the author
Example: Carrie Ruxton

Format: Surname, Initials.

Ruxton, C.
 Date of publication
Example: 2016

Format: (Year).

Ruxton, C. (2016).
 Title of Article
Example: Tea: Hydration and other health benefits
Format: Same with newspaper article title format

Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health

benefits.
 Name of Journal Article
Example: The Primary Health Care

Format: (Italicized),

Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health

benefits. The Primary Health Care,
 Volume and Issue Number
Example: Volume 26 Issue 8

Format: Volume (italicized) Issue (Not italicized),

Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health

benefits. The Primary Health Care, 26(8),
 Page Number
Example: 34-42
Format: Same with newspaper format

Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health

benefits. The Primary Health Care, 26(8), 34-32.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Example: https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162

Format: URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health

benefits. The Primary Health Care, 26(8), 34-32.
https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162
Referencing YouTube Videos
 Complete name of the author
Example: Scribbr

Format: Surname, Initials.

or Author’s Screen Name.

Scribbr.
 Date of the video
Example: August 20, 2020

Format: (Year, Month Date).

Scribbr. (2020, August 20).

 Title of the video
Example: Develop a theoretical framework in three
steps

Format: Italicized, [Video].

Scribbr. (2020, August 20). Develop a theoretical

framework in three steps [Video].
 Title of the website
Example: YouTube

Format: Capitalized.

Scribbr. (2020, August 20). Develop a theoretical

framework in three steps [Video]. YouTube.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Example: https://youtu.be/4y1BAqOnhMM
Format: URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Scribbr. (2020, August 20). Develop a theoretical framework in

three steps [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/4y1BAqOnhMM
Referencing Websites
 Complete name of the author
Example: Boyan Slat

Format: Surname, Initials.

Slat, B.
 Date of the website
Example: April 10, 2019

Format: (Year, Month Date).

Slat, B. (2019, April 10).

 Title of the page
Example: Whales likely impacted by Great
Pacific garbage patch.
Format: Italicized.

Slat, B. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by

Great Pacific garbage patch.
 Website name
Example: The Ocean Cleanup
Format: Not italicized.

Slat, B. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by

Great Pacific garbage patch. The Ocean
Cleanup.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Example:
https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-
likely-impacted-by-great-pacific-garbage-patch/
Format: URL or DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Slat, B. (2019, April 10). Whales likely impacted by

Great Pacific garbage patch. The Ocean Cleanup.
https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/whales-
likely-impacted-by-great-pacific-garbage-patch/
 Most Notable
Changes in the APA
7th Edition (2020)
• (APA in-text citation) For sources with three or
more authors, use the first author's surname
in text, and abbreviate the rest of the list with
"et al."
et al. is an abbreviation for Latin expression
“et alia” meaning, “and others”
• Example: (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker,
2018)

(Taylor et al., 2018)

 • Use surnames and initials for up to 20
authors. List the first 19 authors and the
last one, using an ellipses (...) to show
that some authors have been omitted
(do not use an ampersand &).

Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B.

B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T.
P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W.
L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A.
B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H.
(2018).
 • The publication location is no
longer included in the reference.

Wrong: Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly

effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Correct: Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly

effective people: Powerful lessons in personal
change. Simon & Schuster.
 • URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved
from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The
website name is included (unless it’s the same
as the author).
Wrong: Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th
edition: The most notable changes [Blog
post]. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-
style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
Correct: Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th
edition: The most notable changes. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-
edition-changes/
 • For ebooks, the format, platform, or device
(e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the
reference, and the publisher is included.

Wrong: Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British

and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle
version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-
2
Correct: Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British
and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites.
Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-
481-2473-2
 NOTES:
• For sources with two authors,
separate using “&”

Paulin, T.E. & Domingo, A.

 NOTES:
• For sources with no month or
date indicated, use n.d. meaning
“no date”

James, E.L. (n.d.). Fifty shades of Grey.

Vintage Books.
 NOTES:
• For sources with no author
indicated, put the title of the
article in its place.

The benefits of having sex. (2020). The

Preacher, 2(12), pp. 46-47.
 NOTES:
• When writing the reference “list”,
items should be arranged in
alphabetical order.
• In each reference item, all the
lines AFTER the first line are
indented.
Format mandated by

APA
American
Psychological
Association
end.