STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WATER

1
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES Molecular Geometry
OF WATER

Water Structure
-Molecular formula : H2O
-Molecular shape : Bent
-Covalent compound
-Polar molecule
2
 PROPERTIES OF WATER

1. Attraction to polar molecules

A. Cohesion
- known as water's attraction to other water molecules
- water's polarity lends it to be attracted to other water molecule.
- the hydrogen bonds in water hold other water molecules together
- responsible for the surface tension of water

B. Adhesion
- it is the water’s attraction between molecules of a different substance
- responsible for the capillary action of water in a narrow tube

3
2. High Specific Heat

Specific Heat – is the amount of energy that is absorbed or

lost by 1 gram of a substance to change the temperature by
1 degree Celsius

Water can moderate temperature because of its high specific

heat and high heat of vaporization

A lot of energy is needed to break down the hydrogen bonds

formed by water molecules

When bonds break, water molecules move freely and create

more friction. More friction will produce a higher temperature.
4
 Specific Heat of Water

1 calorie / g - oC

4.186 joule / g - oC

4,186 joule / Kg - oC

5
 HEATING OF WATER

As the burner warms up, energy is being added to the system.

The energy being added is first used to break the hydrogen bonds.

Once all the bonds are broken, only then does the energy go to the
molecules.

The increase in energy then makes the molecules move more and
then, the temperature rises.

6
Since temperature is a measure of the average movement of molecules
in water, when we first add heat, there is no rise in temperature because
the energy is breaking the bonds.

Only once the bonds are broken and the energy starts increasing the
movement of water molecules ( friction ) does the temperature rises
( to boiling ).

So water has a unique ability to absorb heat without a corresponding

rise in temperature.

7
8
 APPLICATION OF HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER

During daytime, sand gets heated more quickly compared to water. The air
layer associated with sand becomes hot and rises up. This causes the sea
breeze to move towards the land.
9
During night, as the sand cools much faster than water, the air layers
above the water are hotter than the air layer above the sand. Therefore
they rise up and land breeze moves toward the sea.
10
3. High Heat of Vaporization

Heat of Vaporization - is the amount of heat energy needed to change

a gram of liquid into gas
Units : joule / gram ( J / g )
calorie / gram ( cal / g )

- the property of water that is responsible in moderating temperature

- water needs a lot of energy to break down the hydrogen bonds

- the evaporation of water off a surface causes a cooling effect

11
MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER ( Hv )

Hv = 40.66 kJ / mol or 40,660 J / mol

Equation : q = nHv

q – total heat or energy needed to change the liquid into vapor

n – number of moles of liquid
Hv – molar heat of vaporization

12
Sample Problem : How much heat is needed , in joule / mol , to vaporize 500 g of
water ? Hv of water = 40,660 J / mol

Solution :

q= nHv
= ( 500 g / 18g/mol ) ( 40,660 J / mol )
= 27.78 mol ( 40,660 J / mol )
= 1,129,534.8 J

13
4. Lower density of ice
- hydrogen bonds of water molecules form ice crystals
- ice is less dense than water because of the hydrogen bonds
being apart

5. High polarity
- water is a polar molecule
- water forms hydrogen bonds, making it a powerful solvent
- example:
In dissolving salt in water, water molecules surround salt
molecules and separate Na+ from the Cl- by forming hydration
shells around the two individual ions.

Note: polar dissolves polar 14

15
 TYPE S AND PROPE RTIE S OF SOLIDS

Solid - form of matter which possesses rigidity and hence

possesses a definite shape and a definite volume.

2 Main Properties of Solids

- with strong intermolecular forces and short internuclear
distance due to close packing of constituent particles
- constituent particles don’t possess translator motion but can
oscillate only around their mean position
•

16
Internuclear Distance

Translation motion

17
 GENERAL CHARACT ERIST IC OF SOL IDS

- have definite shape, mass and

volume
- rigid and incompressible
- have high density

18
 TYPES OF SOLIDS

A. Crystalline Solids
- constituent particles possess a regular orderly arrangement.
- considered as true solids
- all solid metals, nonmetals and compounds come in this category
examples:
NaCl (rock salt), Sucrose (sugar), Diamond, Quartz

B. Amorphous Solids
- constituent particles don't possess a regular orderly arrangement
examples:
rubber, glass, pitch, polymers of high molecular mass, quartz glass

19
20
21
 MAIN PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONSTITUENTS PARTICLES- In

a crsytalline solid, the particles (ion, molecule, or atom are
arranged in definite geometric pattern in the three dimensional
network. This is known as long range order. This arrangement
repeats periodically over the entire crystals. Due to this
arrangement, they have short range as well as long range order.

22
2. MELTING POINT- The crystalline solids have a sharp melting
point, so possess definite heat of fusion.

3. ANISOTROPY- In a crystalline solid, the properties like electrical

conductance, refractive index, thermal expansion, etc., have different
values in different directions.
- This type of behavior is called Anisotrophy and the
substances with this property are called ANISOTROPIC.

23
4. CLEAN CLEAVAGE WITH KNIFE- A crystalline solid gives a clean
surface after cleaving it with knife rather than an irregular breakage.

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS- have well-defined edges and faces,

diffract x-rays, and tend to have sharp melting points .

CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

1. Ionic Solid
2. Molecular Solids
3. Covalent or Network Solids
4. Metallic Solids

24
 2. METALLIC CRYSTALS
1. IONIC CRYSTALS
-are solids with closely packed atoms hold
- a crystalline form of an ionic compound.
together by electrostatic interactions and
They are solids consisting of ions bound
free moving electrons.
together by their electrostatic attraction into
Properties:
a regular lattice.
✓ Have low Ionization energy and easily
Properties
give up electrons
✓ Brittle
✓ Are pack together and held in place
✓ Hard
✓ Melting points vary widely
✓ High melting points
✓ Sheen
✓ Soluble in water
✓ Malleability
✓ Conduct electricity but only in solution or
✓ Electrical Conductivity
in the liquid state
✓ Hardness

25
3. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
- substances that have relatively
weak intermolecular binding, such
as dry ice.
Properties:
✓ Low melting point
✓ Little Hardness
✓ Electrical non-conductor
4. COVALENT NETWORK
CRYSTALS
-is a solid in which the atoms
form covalent bond in an
interwoven network.
Properties:
✓ Very high melting point
✓ Extreme Hardness
✓ Not good conductors of
electricity
26
 AMORPHOUS SOLIDS- these are substances whose constituents
particles doesn’t possess a regular orderly arrangement..

1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONSTITUENTS PARTICLES- In an amorphous

solid, the particles are arranged in a regular manner up to a small region only. This
is called short range order. So, in these solids, the particles are not in regular
arrangement and possess only short range order and have irregular shape.

2. MELTING POINT- The amorphous solids melt gradually over a temperature

range, so dot possess definite heat of fusion.

3. ISOTROPHY- In amorphous solids, the various physical properties like

electrical conductivity , refractive index, thermal expansion, etc. are same in all
directions just like liquids and gases. This type of behavior is called isotropy and
the substances with this property are called ISOTROPIC.
27
4. CLEAN CLEAVAGE WITH KNIFE – like crystalline solid they don’t give a
clean surface after cleavage with a knife. They undergo an irregular breakage.

5. SUPER COOLED LIQUID- They have a tendency to flow like a liquid,

although very slowly, so they are so called super cooled liquids. This tendency is
illustrated by the fact that glass panes in the window of old historical buildings
are found to be thicker at the bottom than at a top.

6. PSEUDO SOLIDS- They are considered true solids. Due to short range
order, small parts of amorphous solids maybe crystalline and rest maybe non-
crystalline. This part of amorphous solids is called crystallizes. So they are known
as pseudo solids. This is the reason for the milkiness of window glass of old
buildings because due to heating during the day and cooling at nights, glass
acquire some crystalline character.
28
USES OF AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
➢Amorphous solid glass and plastics are very useful
materials and are widely used in construction, house ware,
laboratory ware etc.
➢Amorphous silica is one of the best materials for
converting sunlight into electricity (photovoltaic).
➢Amorphous solid rubber is used in making tires, shoe soles
etc.

29
 COMPARISON OF CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Crystalline solids Amorphous solids

Crystals have definite and regular geometry and have long The particles in the constituent are arranged irregularly. They do
range as well as short range order of constituent particles. not have any definite geometry and have short range order.

Crystals possess high melting points. They are devoid of sharp melting points.
The crystals external forms have regularity when these are No external regularity in their form when these amorphous solids
formed. are formed.
They give a clean surface after cleavage with knife. Usually the amorphous solids exhibit irregular cut.

They have definite heat of fusion. Amorphous solids do not possess any particular heat of fusion.

Crystalline solids are very rigid and their molecules cannot Amorphous solid do not exhibit rigidity. Deformation could be
be deformed by mild distorting force. done by bending or compressing them.

Amorphous solids are considered as super cooled liquids or also

Crystalline solids are considered as true solid.
pseudo solids.
Crystalline solids display anisotropism. Amorphous solids display isotropism.

30
31