PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS ~ ren plans stat tha oo by phetonytbe aetha organs + Prteyrnecis ea psio chemical process by whch lan za ight eragy tov the eyes Pretorya impatae due woreazor:(a) Ms primary source af altndoneath and {]) Rilo reponse rhe eiave of ongen i te tose ‘txpetient fr starch formation on vragen leo ha wa poly covered with block oper exposed Int showed ta hctonythess occured ony in gran pot alas in (nen sore Co) wl er et upon a ana stp aN ag Poveda CO, PN has eS 1) Joseph Prisstoy Using burning candle, mouse, mint plont and « bel jar for closed space, hypothesised that plants restore the alr whatever burning canes ‘recthing enimats remove (@) Jan ingenhousz Inn elegant experiment with an aquatic plant, showed thatin bright sunlight plants produce oxygen. (2) Julius von sachs Found that glucose is made in green plant parts and stored os starch (a) TW.Engelmann Using o prism, green alga Cladophora and aerobic bocteri, described the action spectrum of photosynthesis, which roughly resemblas the absorption spectrum of chlorophyil- a and b. (6) cornelius Van Niet + Demonstrated that photosynthesis is essentially «light dependent reaction in which hydrogen trom suitable oxdlsable compound reduces Ct corbonyarates. #15 is hydregen donor for purple & green sulphur bacteria H.0 the hydrogen donor in green plants which is oxidised to, + The axidation product ie suiphur or sulphate in purple & green sulphur bacteria ond not 0, Hence t Was infeed that 0, evolved by green plants ‘comes from H,0 and not rom CO, This was later proved by using radolsotopic techniques. The correct equation, forthe overall process Light 6CO, + 12H,0. C,H,0,+ 6H,0 + 60, WHERE DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKE PLACE aby te cherpis signees dng te ell mesos get pum qty einen ah Sree cuca Cm ey PUT eed ieneHOW MANY TYPES OF PIGMENTS ARE INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYTHESIS Leaf-pigments of any green plant can be separated through Pa 1 to four pigments, that have the See eet COLOUR OF THE PIGMENTS IN THE CHROMATOGRAPHY | chorophy-a = Bight oe greon 7 1 choropyl-b = Yetow green * 1. xonhopyl = Yolow 4 iv Carotene = Yeon to yelow- orange ; + The wavelength of light at which there is maximum absorption by chlarophylia Le. in blue and red regions, also shows higher rate of photosynthesis, + Hence, we can conclude that Chl-a's the chia pigment associated with photosynthesis. + Chi-b, carotenoids and xanthophyll are accessory pigments. They absorb light and transfer the energy to Chi-a. They enable a wider range of ‘wavelength of incoming light tobe used for photosynthesis and also protect chiorophylia from Photo-oxidation, WHATIS LIGHT REACTION? “light reactions or the Photochemical phase Include (@) tight absorption (b) Woter spitting Involved in the process two photosysterns | + Several protan compere are | ~pepetesnecmnae (@)onygenrleae ona (2) are ond NADP formation PHOTO SYSTEM Ps LiC-1 (Hundreds of pigments) we: eee UNE eal ‘Absorption peak [Absorption peak «8 700mm.) 21680 nm (,) E "Named the sequence of their discovery and notin the sequence of their function. } SPLITTING OF WATER THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT ae Cc ‘LIC AND NON-C dates aula seule) | + when both 5-1 and P are involved the process i non-cycle producing ATP, NADPH* Hand oxygen + wen only PS-i unctional cycle flow of electron takes place to produce only ATP. “A possible location for cyclic tow isthe stroma lamelios membranes which lack PS-Iland NADP reductase enzyme. eliagtioec tama acaae eee” | [Lereroeecremonsrmegarenav ton naraCHEMIOSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS + ATP synthesis during photosynthesis linked tothe development of « proton gradlent across the membxanes of thylakoid and protons accumulate inthe lumen of thylakoids +The proton gradients caused by: (c} Protons or nydrogen fons produced by splitting of water, accumulate in the lumen of the thytokolds. (0) The primary acceptor of electron located towards outer side of membrane transfers its electron to @ H cater, which removes @ proton from stroma ‘while wansporting an electron, tothe electron carer on the inner side of membrane () The NADP reductase enzyme located on stroma sie of membrane remaves protons trom stroma, while reducing NADP" to NADPH + + in eherpl rota ersonein srma ond accident Ti rete 2 rotor rent cos hyatod mamerare ae wllor@ mecerai ecreczoin pH nthe man ‘memexane tot oma Bough tarrambvane chanel of th CF, he AT nase ciytnoncaedn ant hs ponent soto ici ‘ATP eynthosis through MT te a ee Ne) ee wos carbon owoaete ond O8A(- pathway ‘ttn prot ht econ AT. NADH ond, 0, ‘oye cigar inte bcarnote para photeryrthess Mein Catin wad redoacve "Cin agalpnooryteae tert scare CO, tn product the 3-¢ orgone aid (PSA) (> porwoy. THE CALVIN CYCLE + The Calvin cycle occurs in all photosynthetic plants whether they have C, or C, (or any other) pathways. + Calvin cycle can be described under three stages, CCARBOXYLATION: Host crucial step / REDUCTION: A sores of reactions that REGENERATION georcrtin ot UO © cuir lead to formation of gucoce Uta 241? | tmoyostocnea Troup oqo sr ante Rup _ussco, 2x2-POA ‘ond? NADP per 60, The xoton of 865, (e) one (ae) {nd turns of theca are need form = one molecule of glucose from the pathway) \ Te pathway eeytc cal leporycompitaain sop Ponts adapted to ary ‘wopicalragions nave the ‘C-pathway. ejhove speci pect Secor onion prtarerpton& naveNitta CU ee a Urea tty ()) Primary 60, acceptors a3-C compound PEP (0) Mate acia/Aspartic Acid (2) Eneyme fr this ration s PEP case (9) Lacks Rutisco ® co, '3-Carbon molecule (4) acid tormed is ORA which forms make ace or aspartic ‘cid and transported to bundle sheath cols ‘Transpoed to mesophy& convertedto PEP Enters — Calvin eyele a pathway commen to al plant. (2) Rich in Rubisco, but ack PEP case PHOTORESPIRATION Cee \ FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is under the influence of severs' factors both internal (plant) & external Internal Factors. >, External factors Blackman’ Law of The pont fcter nese the amos eo8, | lade vali of sng temperature Limiting Factor | 90 &orataten otsves maxon os a, coneetasion ora wots atc, itacrenia procure aectesby mare ‘ra cloopits nemolco, ancora protorytese eg ‘honor fortes hen oer the cmounte chores ‘enety ‘Shtrrned oy he ocr we neoret Trepontoreterettcararecependert| | totem vole tis tear hen tntheguneve preduzosion a fen o recy ech prem ety | theplon. eo anges Ligne grt saturn ofr 1X of tD8—6o.encanetn: je nace “TemperteDon reocionsbeng Water tet of wtes ax. fstt exe ‘Mtsunigrescentorporsin snags or rayne sonar rayratcoretempercureconroted, though fle onthe plot rath than Fonatorets attra oimting pkteosoreaesronpeatre Gacy on sonatas War ‘Mhere i inaorrecterap tween plans som igheryalsertigh 0, bint ight 60, taator oer ti temperate nls ponishiee ——_laiee wt ttrng ie suoca rea (Fos o aon nat no het