Synthesis of chitosan films from Garcinia mangostana peel extract for

fruit preservation and anti-inflammatory

Tran Nguyen Cam Nhung1,2,3,Tran Do Dat1,2,3, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hieu1,2,3, and Nguyen Huu Hieu1,2,3*
1
VNU-HCM, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab),
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT),

268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward,

Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

*
Corresponding author, e-mail: nhhieubk@hcmut.edu.vn

Abstract

Keywords:

1.Introduction

Medical waste has significantly increased as a result of healthcare breakthroughs, which presents
i
serious dangers to public health as well as financial and environmental implications. Modern
medical developments have made the problem more urgent, especially those that generate large
volumes of trash. As a result, innovative solutions for sustainable waste management are needed.
One potential solution is the production of biodegradable materials like chitosan films. The creation
of biodegradable materials, such as chitosan films, is one possible remedy. Prior to its deacetylation,
chitosan—also referred to as poly β-(1→4)N-acetyl-d-glucosamine—was thought to be a byproduct
of the canning and crabbing industries. ii Due to its antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and
hypocholesterolemic properties, this linear polysaccharide has garnered a great deal of attention. iii It
is also non-toxic, biodegradable, biofunctional, and biocompatible. iv Chitosan is useful for making
edible coatings and films with antibacterial properties to increase the shelf life and safety of food
because it also has a great ability to produce films. Research has demonstrated the antibacterial
capabilities of chitosan. Three possible mechanisms have been proposed for this effect: chitosan
penetrating into the nuclei of the microorganisms and preventing the synthesis of mRNA and
proteins; cell leakage caused by the electrostatic interaction between positively charged chitosan and
negatively charged microbial cell membranes; and the formation of an external barrier that chelates
metals and suppresses essential nutrients for their growth. v On account of their biodegradability,
chitosan-based membranes have grown into a promising material for a variety of applications. vi The
benefit of natural breakdown provided by these films may lessen the environmental impact of
medical waste. For instance, food packaging membranes can make use of chitosan films, which have
the advantages of being both biodegradable and antibacterial. Nevertheless, their poor mechanical
strength and brittleness, for example, frequently make their practical application difficult. In order to
overcome these drawbacks and improve the usefulness of chitosan films, scientists have
experimented with a number of adjustments and improvements, one of which is adding bioactive
substances.

Garcinia mangostana peels are rich in bioactive chemicals, especially xanthones, which have been
shown to have therapeutic benefits. For example, xanthones are proven to have antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory properties, which makes them useful in medicine. vii These xanthones comprise
compounds such as garcinones C and D, α-, γ-, and β-mangostin, 8-deoxygartanine, and gartanine. viii
Apart from xanthones, mangosteen also contains flavonoids, benzophenones, and anthocyanins.
Mangaxanthone B, a novel prenylated xanthone, and mangaphenone, a novel benzophenone, have
been shown to be present in the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana. ix With a range of advantages for
different applications, the extraction techniques used can have a substantial impact on the
effectiveness and quality of these chemicals.x Peel extract from Garcinia mangostana has the
potential to be bioactive, making it a promising choice for improving the qualities of biodegradable
materials like chitosan films.

The goal of incorporating Garcinia mangostana peel extract into chitosan films is to increase the
advantageous qualities of chitosan while reducing its physical constraints. xi By strengthening the
films' mechanical strength and antibacterial activity, this combination is anticipated to help create
packaging solutions that are more efficient and environmentally friendly. xii For food packaging
membranes, for instance, where increased mechanical strength and antibacterial qualities are crucial
for maintaining food safety and quality, enhanced chitosan films could be employed. By offering
more resilient and multipurpose biodegradable materials, such improvements may be essential in
cutting down on healthcare waste.

This study investigates how the synergistic effects of combining chitosan films with Garcinia
mangostana peel extract can effectively address the healthcare waste problem. This strategy presents
a novel and promising waste reduction and management option by improving the characteristics of
chitosan films. These improved films, for example, have the potential to greatly lower the amount of
non-biodegradable waste generated in food packaging, so promoting more environmentally friendly
procedures in the food and healthcare sectors. The disposal of food and medical waste might be
revolutionized by this creative method, which would also help to improve the environment and
lessen the financial and health-related costs of trash.
2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and chemicals

2.1.1. Materials

2.1.2. Chemicals

Mangosteen peel extraction (MPE) was carried out using a bespoke procedure with minimal
tweaks to optimize extraction efficiency. The process began with the harvesting of fresh
mangosteen peels, which were air-dried for approximately 48 hours. This critical drying
phase ensured that all moisture was removed, which could otherwise have a severe impact on
the extraction process later on.

After thoroughly drying, the peels were cut down into smaller pieces. This initial breakdown
preceded the grinding stage, which reduced the peels to a fine powder. The coarse powder
that was created by this initial grinding did contain some larger fragments, though. To create
a fine and uniform powder, these bigger fragments were subsequently removed from the
coarse powder using a sifting process.

Next, the extraction solvent was prepared. A precise amount of 10 grams of fine mangosteen
peel powder was mixed with 50 milliliters of pure ethanol and the same volume of distilled
water. This particular solvent combination was chosen because it is good in extracting a wide
spectrum of bioactive compounds from mangosteen peels. The combination was then
sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for half an hour to speed up the extraction process by
encouraging the release of bioactive components from the plant material.

Following sonication, centrifugation was used to remove the majority of the solid waste from
the mixture, producing an extract that was more transparent. After that, the extract underwent
two vacuum-stopped filters to get rid of any last minute fine particles, producing an
extremely refined extract.

2.2. Fabrication of film

2.3. Characterization of film

SEM, FTIR, TGA,…

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Characterization of film

3.2. Bioactivities

3.3. Fruit preservation application

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support of time and facilities from Ho Chi Minh City University of
Technology (HCMUT), VNU- HCM for this study.

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