Cement

By
Shivang N. Dabhi
Assistant Professor, CED, SSASIT
 Chemical Composition of cement
 Main Raw material for cement
• Lime, Silica, Alumina, iron oxide.
• Oxides interact with one another in
the kiln at high temperature.
Chemical Composition of Cement
Oxide Percentage Content
CaO 60 – 67%
SiO2 17 – 25 %
Al2O3 3–8%
Fe2O3 0.5 – 6 %
MgO 0.1 – 4 %
Alkalies 0.4 – 1.3 %
SO3 1.3 – 3 %
 • At kiln all raw material react with each other and makes some complex
compounds; called Bogue’s compounds;

Compounds Abbreviation Name % in Cement Clinkers

3 Cao SiO2 C3 S Tricalcium Silicate 54.1 %

(Alite)
2 Cao SiO2 C2 S Dicalcium Silicate 16.6 %
(Blite)
3 Cao Al2O3 C3 A Tricalcium Aluminate 10.8 %
(Clite)
4 Cao Al2O3 Fe2O3 C4AF Tetracalcium AluminoFerrite 9.1 %
(Felite)
 Properties of Bogue’s Compound
C3S
• Responsible for early strength
• 7 days Strength is due to C3S
• It produces more Heat of
hydration
• A cement with more C3S
content is better for cold
weather concreting.
C2S
• The hydration of C2S starts
after 7 days.
• It gives strength after 7 days.
• C2S hydrates and hardens
slowly and provides much of the
ultimate strength;
• Responsible for the later
strength of concrete;
• It produce less heat of
hydration.
 Properties of Bogue’s Compound

C3A C4AF
• The reaction of C3A with
water is very fast and may lead
to an immediate stiffening of • Hydrates rapidly;
paste, this process is known as • Not contribute in strength of
Flash set. concrete;
• To prevent this flash set, 2 to 3 • It shows a comparatively higher
% gypsum is added at the time resistance to the sulphate attack
of grinding the cement
clinkers;
• The hydrated C3A do not
contribute to the strength of
concrete.
 Hydration of cement
• Water is added to cement, ingredients of cements reacts chemically with
water and form various complicated chemical compounds.

• The chemical reaction is known as Hydration of cement.

• Anhydrous cement does not bind fine and coarse aggregates. It acquires
adhesive property only when mixed with water.

• Silicates and aluminates of cement react with water and form hydro
silicates and hydro aluminates; these products are thick and sticky. It is
called gel.

• Gel posses the adhesive property and binds aggregates and send together.
It also feel voids between sand and aggregates.
• Hydration of cement happens in two ways;
1. Through mechanism: Cement compounds dissolved in water to produce a
supersaturated solution from which different hydrated products gets
precipitated.

2. Solid State mechanism: Water attack cement compounds in the solid state
converting them into hydrated products.

• Through solution takes place in early stage;

• Solid state mechanism may occur during stage of hydration.

Cement and hydration of Portland cement can be
schematically represented as below:
The Oxide Composition of a Typical Portland Cement
and the Corresponding Calculated Compound
Composition.
 Hydration of Cement
• The chemical reactions that take place
between cement and water is referred
as hydration of cement.
• On account of hydration certain
products are formed.
• Cementing or adhesive value.
• The quality, quantity, continuity,
stability and the rate of formation of
the hydration products are important.
• Anhydrous cement compounds when
mixed with water, react with each
other to form hydrated compounds of
very low solubility.
Water Requirements for hydration
Major Compounds % water by weight of cement
C3S 24

C2S 21

C3A 40

C4AF 37
Water Requirements for Hydration
• C3S requires 24% of water by weight of cement and C2S
requires 21%. It has also been estimated that on an average 23%
of water by weight of cement is required for chemical reaction
with Portland cement compounds.
• This 23% of water chemically combines with cement and,
therefore, it is called bound water.
• A certain quantity of water is absorb by gel pores; called gel
water.
• If certain quantity of water is inadequate to fill the gel pores, the
formation of gel will stop.
• Gel water of about 15% by weight of cement is required.

• Total quantity of water is required is 23 + 15 = 38% of water by

weight of cement for the complete hydration.

• Less than 38% of water is used: complete hydration is not possible.

Strength of concrete will reduced.

• More than 38% of water is used: excess water will cause undesirable
capillary cavities and concrete become porous.
 Difference between Setting and
Hardening of cement
Parameter Setting of cement Hardening of
cement
Definition Stiffening of cement Gaining strength of cement
State change Change from a fluid to a rigid Formation of solid mass
state possessing good compressive
strength
Setting time Start within 30 minutes and Hardening of cement continues
completed within 10 hours. even more than 1 year
Test Initial setting test and final Compressive strength test
setting test are conducted
time Initial time at chemical reaction Start after and within setting
time
Types of Cement and Testing of Cement
(a) Ordinary Portland Cement
(i ) Ordinary Portland Cement 33
Grade– IS 269: 1989
(ii ) Ordinary Portland Cement 43
Grade– IS 8112: 1989
(iii ) Ordinary Portland Cement 53
Grade– IS 12269: 1987
(b) Rapid Hardening Cement – IS 8041:
1990
(c) Extra Rapid Hardening Cement – –
(d) Sulphate Resisting Cement – IS
12330: 1988
(e) Portland Slag Cement – IS 455:
1989
(f ) Quick Setting Cement – –
(g) Super Sulphated Cement – IS 6909:
1990
(h) Low Heat Cement – IS 12600: 1989
(j ) Portland Pozzolana Cement – IS 1489 (Part
I) 1991 (fly ash based)
– IS 1489 (Part II) 1991 (calcined clay based)
(k) Air Entraining Cement – –
(l ) Coloured Cement: White Cement – IS
8042: 1989
(m) Hydrophobic Cement – IS 8043: 1991
(n) Masonry Cement – IS 3466: 1988
(o) Expansive Cement – –
(p) Oil Well Cement – IS 8229: 1986
(q) Rediset Cement – –
(r ) Concrete Sleeper grade Cement – IRS-T
40: 1985
(s) High Alumina Cement – IS 6452: 1989
(t) Very High Strength Cement – –