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Sixth Edition

Sallie A. Marston
University of Arizona

Paul L. Knox
Virginia Tech

Diana M. Liverman
University of Arizona

Vincent J. Del Casino, Jr.

University of Arizona

Paul F. Robbins
University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.

Names: Marston, Sallie A., author.
Title: World regions in global context : peoples, places, and environments /
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Diana M. Liverman, Vincent J. Del Casino,
Paul F. Robbins.
Description: Sixth Edition. | Boston : Pearson, [2019] | Earlier editions
cataloged under title. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015035836| ISBN 9780134183640 (alk. paper) | ISBN
0134183649 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Geography—Textbooks. | Globalization—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC G116 .W675 2019 | DDC 910--dc23
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Brief Contents

1 World Regions in Global Context 2

2 Europe 48

3 The Russian Federation, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus 90

4 Middle East and North Africa 130

5 Sub-Saharan Africa 176

6 The United States and Canada 222

7 Latin America and the Caribbean 258

8 East Asia 302

9 South Asia 342

10 Southeast Asia 382

11 Oceania 426

Appendix: Maps and Geospatial Technologies A-1

Glossary G-1

Photo and Illustration Credits P-1

Index I-1
iii
Contents
Book & MasteringGeographyTM Walkthrough S
Preface xiv
About the Authors xvii
and Territory 21
DIGITAL & PRINT RESOURCES xviii Historical Legacies and Landscapes 21
European Colonialism, Capitalism, and the Industrial
Revolution 21

1 World Regions in Global The Process of Decolonization 23

Communism and the Cold War 23
Context 2 Future World Regional Systems 25
Economy, Accumulation, and the Production
of Inequality 25
Thinking Like a Geographer 4
Economic Sectors and Regional Economies 25
Place and the Making of Regions 4
Measuring Economic Development 27
Maps and Mapping 5
Patterns of Social Well-Being 28
Globalization and Regionalization 6
Explaining and Practicing “Development” 29
A World of Regions 7
Territory and Politics 31
Organizing and Exploring the World’s Regions 7
States and Nations 31
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 8 Political Globalization 32
Climate and Climate Change 8
Culture and Populations 33
Regional Climate 8
Culture, Religion, and Language 33
Climate Change and a Warming World 10
Geographies of Religion 33
Visualizing Geography: The Causes and
Geographies of Language 34
Consequences of Climate Change 12
Cultural Practices, Social Differences,
Geological Resources, Risks, and Water 14
and Identity 36
Resources and Risks 14
Culture and Identity 36
River Formation and Water Management 15
Demography and Urbanization 38
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 16
Modeling Demographic Change 39
Ecosystems and Biodiversity Decline 16
The Demographic Transition 39
Human-Influenced Ecologies 17
Faces of the Region: Demographic Change
and the Experience of Place 40
Future Geographies 42
Population Boom or Bust? 42
Emerging Resource Regions 42
Economic Globalization and Challenges to Regional
Governance 43
New Regions of Insecurity and Crime 43
Future Environmental Threats and Global
Sustainability 44
Learning Outcomes Revisited 45
key Terms 46
Thinking Geographically 46
Data Analysis 47

iv
 contents v

2 Europe 48
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 50
Climate and Climate Change 51
Europe and Climate Change 51
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 53
Northwestern Uplands 53
Alpine Europe 54
Central Plateaus 55
North European Lowlands 56
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 56
Roman Land Improvement 57
Medieval Settlement 57
Emergence of the Modern Landscape 57
history, Economy, and Territory 57
Migration within Europe 82
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and
addiction: Beer and Wine 58 Recent Migration Streams 83
sustainability in the anthropocene: Planning for Green Europe’s Towns and Cities 84
Cities 60 Future Geographies 86
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 62 Coping with Aging Populations 86
Trade and the Age of Discovery 63 Coping with Immigration 86
Colonialism 63 The EU: Costs of Expansion 86
Industrialization 63 The EU: Problems of Indebtedness 87
Imperialism and War 65 Learning Outcomes Revisited 88
Eastern Europe’s Interlude of State Socialism 67
The Reintegration of Eastern Europe 67 key Terms 88
Economy, Accumulation, and the Production of Inequality 68 Thinking Geographically 89
The European Union: Coping with Uneven
Development 68 Data Analysis 89
Regional Development: Europe’s Core Regions 70
High-Speed Rail 70
Territory and Politics 72
3 The Russian Federation, Central
Regionalism and Boundary Disputes 73 Asia, and the Transcaucasus 90
Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans 73
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 92
Culture and Populations 75
Climate and Climate Change 92
Culture, Religion, and Language 75
Adapting to a Warming Continent and Melting Sea Ice 93
Language Families 76
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 95
Religious Diversity 76
Mountains and Plains 95
Islam in Europe 76
Emerging Regions: The Arctic 96
Regional Cultures 77
Rivers and Seas 98
Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 77
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 98
The Concept of Modernity 77
The Tundra 99
Social Critique and the European Dream 78
The Taiga 100
A “European” Identity? 78
Mixed Forest 100
Women in European Society 78
The Steppe 101
Demography and Urbanization 79
Semidesert and Desert 102
Demographic Change 79
Challenges to Sustainability in the Region 101
Visualizing geography: Europe’s Muslims 80
Faces of the Region 82 history, Economy, and Territory 102
The European Diaspora 82 Historical Legacies and Landscapes 102
vi World Regions in Global Context

S
 contents vii

The Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) 158
Nuclear Tensions 159
Regional Alliances 159
Culture and Populations 159
Religion and Language 159
Islam 160
Christianity, Judaism, and Other Middle Eastern and North
African Religions 162
Regional Languages 162
Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 163
Cultural Practices 163
Kinship, Family, and Social Order 164
Gender 164
Sexuality 165
Demography and Urbanization 167
Demographic Change 167
history, Economy, and Territory 191
Pull Factors 167
sustainability in the anthropocene: Renewable
Faces of the Region: Refugees Flee the Violence of the Energy in Kenya 192
Syrian Civil War 169
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 192
Push Factors 170
Human Origins and Early African
Cities and Human Settlement 170 History 194
Future Geographies 172 The Colonial Era in Africa 194
Oil 172 Slavery and the Slave Trade 194
Water 172 European Settlement in Southern Africa 194
Peace and Stability 172 European Exploration and the Scramble for Africa 194
Learning Outcomes Revisited 173 The Legacy of Colonialism 195
Independence 197
key Terms 174
Economy, Debt, and the Production of Inequality 197
Thinking Geographically 174 Dependency, Debt, and African Economies 197
Contemporary African Agriculture 198
Data Analysis 175
Agricultural Challenges and Opportunities 198
Manufacturing and Services 199

5 Sub-Saharan Africa 176

China, and the African Economy 200
Social and Economic Inequality 200
Regional Organizations 201
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 178 Territory and Politics 202
Climate and Climate Change 179 South Africa and Apartheid 202
Adaptation to Climate 180 The Cold War and Africa 203
Climate Change 180 Civil Wars and Internal Conflicts 203
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 181 Visualizing geography: The Millennium
Plate Tectonics 182 Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa 204
Water Resources and Dams 183 Peacekeeping 206
Soils, Minerals, and Mining 183 Culture and Populations 207
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 184 Ethnicity 207
Major Ecosystems 184 Religion 207
Diseases and Pests 185 Language 207
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 208
addiction: Diamonds 188 Kinship 208
Land Use and Agriculture 189 Land 208
Conservation and Africa’s Wildlife 190 Reciprocity 209
Sustainability 190 Music, Art, and Film 209
viii World Regions in Global Context

Sport 210 Geologic and Other Hazards 228

The Changing Roles of Women 210 Mineral, Energy, and Water Resources 229
Faces of the Region: The Ongoing Struggles Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 229
of South Africa’s Youth 211 Indigenous Land Use 230
Demography and Urbanization 212 Colonial Land Use 230
Demographic Change 212 Contemporary Agriculture and Sustainability 230
Factors Affecting Fertility 212 Environmental Challenges 231
Population Impacts of HIV/AIDS and Other Health-Care
Concerns 213 history, Economy, and Territory 231
African Cities 214 sustainability in The anthropocene: Alternative Food
Movements 232
The Sub-Saharan African Diaspora 216
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and
Migration Within Africa 216 addiction: Marijuana 234
Refugees and Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs) 217 Historical Legacies and Landscapes 235
Future Geographies 217
Indigenous Histories 235
Sustaining Representative and Effective Governments 217 Colonization and Independence 235
Economic Opportunities 217 The Legacy of Slavery in the United States 236
Food, Water, Health, and Energy for All 218 European Settlement and Industrialization 236
Learning Outcomes Revisited 219 Economy, Accumulation, and the Production
of Inequality 237
key Terms 220 The Two Economies 237
Thinking Geographically 220 Transforming Economies 238
The New Economy 239
Data Analysis 221
Wealth and Inequality 240
Visualizing geography: The Gender Gap
6 The United States and in the United States and Canada 242
The United States and Canada and the Global
Canada 222 Economic Crisis 243
Territory and Politics 243
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 224 States and Government 243
Climate, Adaptation, and Global Change 224 A New Province 244
Climate Patterns 225 U.S. Military Influence 244
Climate Change and Other Environmental Issues 225 U.S. War on Terror: Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan 245
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 227 War in Iraq 245
Physiographic Regions 227 Al-Qaeda and Drone Warfare 245
Costs of Iraq and Afghanistan Wars 245
War on Terror Continues 245
Social Movements 246
Culture and Populations 246
Religion and Language 246
Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 246
Arts, Music, and Sports 247
U.S. Cultural Imperialism 247
Canadian Cultural Nationalism 248
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 248
Demography and Urbanization 249
Immigration 249
Assimilation and Anti-Immigrant Prejudice 250
Internal Migration 250
Demographic Change 251
Urbanization, Industrialization, and New Growth 252
Faces of the Region: The Other Baltimore 253
Urban to Suburban Migration 254
 contents ix

Future Geographies 254

U.S. Dominance and Its Challenge 254
Security, Terrorism, and War 255
Environmental Change 255
Learning Outcomes Revisited 256
key Terms 257
Thinking Geographically 257
Data Analysis 257

7 Latin America and the

Caribbean 258
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 261
Climate and Climate Change 261 Contemporary Economic Conditions 282
sustainability in the anthropocene: Air Pollution in Economic Structure 283
Mexico City 262 Inequality 284
Climatic Hazards 263 Emerging Regions: BRICS 285
Climate Change Impacts 264 Territory and Politics 286
Climate Change Causes and Responses 265 U.S. Influence 286
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 266 The Cold War and Revolution 286
Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards 266 Authoritarianism 286
Visualizing geography: Amazon Democracy 288
Deforestation 268 Social Movements and Indigenous Rights 288
Minerals, Mining, and Oil 270 Drug Economy 289
Water Resources 271
Culture and Populations 289
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 271
Religion 289
Plant and Animal Domestication 272
Language 290
Maya, Incan, and Aztec Adaptations to the
Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 291
Environment 272
Food 291
The Fate of the Forests and Biodiversity 274
Music, Art, Film, and Sports 291
Sustainable Development 274
Gender Relations 292
The Green Revolution and Agriculture 274
Demography and Urbanization 293
Biofuels 276
Demographic Change 293
Ecotourism and Conservation 276
Migration Within the Region 294
history, Economy, and Territory 276 Latin American and Caribbean Migration
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 276 Beyond the Region 295
The Colonial Experience in Latin America 277 Faces of the Region: Bolivian Youth in Argentina 296
Demographic Collapse 278 Urbanization 297
Columbian Exchange 278 Future Geographies 298
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and Sustainable Development 298
addiction: Coffee 279 Emerging Economies 298
Land and Labor 280 Representation and Democracy 298
Export Commodities 280 Public Attitudes 298
Independence 280
Economy, Accumulation, and the Production of Inequality 281 Learning Outcomes Revisited 299
Export Dependence 281 key Terms 300
Import Substitution 281
Thinking Geographically 301
Debt Crisis 281
Free Trade and NAFTA 281 Data Analysis 301
x World Regions in Global Context
8 East Asia 302
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 304
Climate and Climate Change 305
Adapting to Semiarid and Subtropical Climates 306
Climate Change 307
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 308
The Tibetan Plateau 309
Plains, Hills, Shelves, and Islands 309
Earthquakes in a Still-Forming Region 309
Flooding, Flood Management, and Hydroengineering 309
sustainability in the anthropocene: The Environmental
Price of Industrialization 310
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 311
Tibetan and Himalayan Highlands 311
Steppe and Desert 311
Inner China, Korea, and the Japanese Archipelago 311
Revolutions in Agriculture 312
Conservation Issues 313
Wildlife in the Demilitarized Zone 314
Sustainability in East Asia 314
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and
addiction: Animals, Animal Parts, and Exotic Pets 315
history, Economy, and Territory 316
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 316
Empires of China 316
Japanese Feudalism and Empire 317
Imperial Decline 318
Revolutions, Wars, and Aftermath 318
Economy, Accumulation, and the Production of
Inequality 319
Japan’s Economy: From Postwar Economic Miracle
to Stagnation 319
Visualizing geography: Colonialism in
East Asia 320
China’s Economy: From Communist Revolutionary to
Revolutionary Capitalist 322
Emerging Regions: The Pacific Rim 323
Two Koreas, Two Economies 325
Territory and Politics 325
An Unfinished War in Korea 325
Unresolved Geopolitics in Taiwan 326
The Contested Periphery of Tibet 327
The Geopolitics of Globalized Chinese
Investment 327
Culture and Populations 328
Religion and Language 328
Religions 328
Feng Shui 328
Languages 328
Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 329
Gender and Inequality 329
Faces of the Region: Emerging Women’s Power Amid
Patriarchy and Corruption 330
Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in China 331
Food 332
East Asian Culture and Globalization 332
Demography and Urbanization 333
Demographic Change 334
Population Control in China 334
Migrations 336
Diasporas 336
Great Asian Cities 336
Future Geographies 338
A Nation of Chinese Consumers? 338
Environmental Rebirth or Collapse in China? 338
Emerging Korean Conflict or Reconciliation? 339
Emerging Chinese Hegemony 339
Learning Outcomes Revisited 340
key Terms 341
Thinking Geographically 341
Data Analysis 341
9 South Asia 342
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 344
Climate and Climate Change 345
The Monsoon 345
Rainfall, Drought, and Agricultural Adaptation 346
Implications of Climate Change 347
Geological Resources, Risk, and Water 349
The Hazard of Flooding 351
 contents xi

Energy and Mineral Resources 352

Sustainability: Energy Innovation in South Asia 352
Arsenic Contamination 352
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 353
Land Use Change 353
Agriculture and Resource Stress 354
Environmental Pollution 355
sustainability in the anthropocene: Conserving
Wildlife 356
history, Economy, and Territory 357
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 357
Harappan and Aryan Legacies 357
Early Empires 357
Mughal India 357
The British East India Company 358
Rebellion and the Raj 358
Independence and Partition 359 Learning Outcomes Revisited 380
Economy, Accumulation, and the Production of Inequality 361 key Terms 380
The New South Asian Economy 361
The Tourism Boom 362 Thinking Geographically 381
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and Data Analysis 381
addiction: Trekking 363

10 Southeast Asia 382

Inequality and Poverty 364
Territory and Politics 366
Indo-Pakistani Conflicts and Kashmir 366
Geopolitics of Afghanistan 366
The Afghan–Pakistan Frontier 367
Culture and Populations 368
Religion and Language 368
Religion 368
Religious Identity and Politics 369
Language 370
Cultural Practices, Social Differences, and Identity 370
Caste, Marginality, and Resistance 370
Faces of the Region: Aziz Royesh 371
Status of Women 372
Popular Culture 372
The Globalization of South Asian Culture 373
Demography and Urbanization 374
Demographic Change 374
Factors Affecting Fertility Rates 374
Male–Female Sex Ratios 374
Urbanization 374
The South Asian Diaspora and Counter-Diaspora 375
Visualizing geography: Gross National
Happiness 376
Future Geographies 378
A Peaceful Fate for Afghanistan? 378
Zero Population Growth—When? 378
New Food Technologies? 379
Can India’s Economy Catch China’s? 379
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 384
Climate and Climate Change 385
Climate Factors of Mainland and Islands 385
Tropical Cyclones and Typhoons 386
Trade Winds and Trade Networks 386
Climate and Agriculture 386
sustainability in the anthropocene: Regional Effects
of Climate Change 388
Geological Resources, Risks, and Water Management 389
Energy and Mineral Resources 390
Risks and Benefits of Volcanic Activity 391
River Systems 391
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 392
Southeast Asia’s Biodiversity 392
European Colonial Influences on Regional
Ecosystems 393
Sustainability Challenges and Deforestation 394
Responses to Deforestation and Environmental
Change 394
history, Economy, and Territory 394
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 394
Emerging Regions: The Greater Mekong 396
European Colonialism in Southeast Asia 398
Colonial Legacies of the 19th Century 399
Visualizing geography: Angkor Wat 400
European Decolonization 402
xii World Regions in Global Context
Economy, Accumulation, and the Production
of Inequality 403
Postcolonial Agricultural Development 403
Green Revolution Technologies 403
Postcolonial Manufacturing and Economic
Development 403
Singapore and the Asian Economic “Miracle” 404
The Little Tigers 404
Southeast Asia in the Global Economy 404
Social and Economic Inequality 405
Territory and Politics 406
The Indochina Wars 406
Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge 407
Postcolonial Conflict and Ethnic Tension 408
Regional Cooperation 409
Cultures and Populations 410
Religion and Language 410
Religion 410
Language 412
Cultural Practices, Social Differences,
and Identity 413
Sexual Politics 413
HIV/AIDS Politics 414
Minority Politics 414
Demography and Urbanization 415
Population and Demographic Change 415
geographies of indulgence, Desire,
and addiction: Opium and
Methamphetamine 416
Population Distributions 418
Migration Within Southeast Asia 418
International Migration 419
Faces of the Region: The “Maid Trade” Is Not
Fair Trade 421
Urbanization 422
Future Geographies 422
Regional Economic Cooperation 422
Intensifying Regional Integration 423
Environmental Issues and Sustainability 423
Social and Health Issues 423
Learning Outcomes Revisited 424
key Terms 424
Thinking Geographically 425
Data Analysis 425
11Oceania 426
Environment, Society, and Sustainability 428
Climate and Climate Change 429
Australian Climate 429
Emerging Regions: Antarctica 430
New Zealand Climate 432
Pacific Island Climate 432
Climate Change and Ozone Depletion 432
Geological Resources, Risks, and Water 433
Australian Physical Landscape 433
The Great Artesian Basin and Outback 433
Visualizing geography: New Zealand’s Physical
Landscape 434
Desert Landforms 436
New Zealand Physical Landscape 436
Pacific Island Physical Landscapes 436
Mining 437
Ecology, Land, and Environmental Management 438
Australian Ecosystems 438
New Zealand Ecosystems 438
Pacific Island Ecosystems 438
Introduced Exotic and Feral Species 440
sustainability in the anthropocene: Ocean Plastic
Pollution 441
Sustainability of Marine Resources and Agricultural
Land 442
Agricultural Sustainability 442
Fisheries 442
history, Economy, and Territory 443
Historical Legacies and Landscapes 443
Early European Exploration and Colonization 443
Australia 444
New Zealand 445
Pacific Islands 446
Independence, World War II, and Global
Reorientations 446
 contents xiii

Economy, Accumulation, and the Production of

Inequality 447
Agriculture and Economy 447
From Import Substitution to Free Trade in Australia
and New Zealand 447
Economic Development in the Pacific Islands 447
Tourism 447
Poverty and Inequality 449
Faces of the Region: The Stolen Generations 450
Territory and Politics 451
Regional Cooperation 451
Independence and Secessionist Movements 451
Multiculturalism and Indigenous Social
Movements 451

Culture and Populations 452

Language 452 Learning Outcomes Revisited 463
Religion 454
key Terms 464
Cultural Practices, Social Differences,
and Identity 454 Thinking Geographically 464
Gender and Sexual Identity 455
Data Analysis 465
Social Problems 455
Arts and Film 455
geographies of indulgence, Desire, and APPENDIx: MAPS AND GEOSPATIAL
addiction: Uranium 456 TEChNOLOGIES A-1
Demography and Urbanization 458
Demographic Change 458
Immigration and Ethnicity 459 GLOSSARy G-1
Oceanic Migration and Diasporas 460
Urban Areas 460
Future Geographies 462 PhOTO AND ILLUSTRATION
The Challenges of Climate Change and Ocean CREDITS P-1
Sustainability 462
Connections to the Global Economy 462
Traditional Cultures 462 INDEx I-1
Preface
“One book, one pen, one child, and one teacher
can change the world.”
Malala Yousafzai1
We live in a world of global interconnection and dynamic change.
This means that if we want to understand the human condition
or the changing environment, we have to look at both our ­local
community and the wider world. We have to challenge our
­assumptions about what we think we know. We have to work
together. World Regions in Global Context provides a framework
for understanding the global connections that affect relationships
within world regions, while also recognizing that the events that
take place locally can have an impact on a global scale. Of course,
no textbook can provide the answers to all the complex ques-
tions about the forces that fuel these global connections and local
changes. That’s why we have classes, students, teachers, travel,
and other ways of understanding the world! But World Regions in
Global Context can shed some light on the dynamic and complex
relationships between people and the world they inhabit. This
book gives students the basic geographical tools and concepts
they need to understand the complexity of today’s global geogra-
phy and the world regions that make up that geography.
New to the 6th Edition
The 6th edition of World Regions in Global Context has been
­thoroughly revised by the authors and editorial team based on re-
views from teachers and scholars in the field. Every line and graphic
in the book has been reviewed and edited for maximum clarity and
effectiveness. The text has been significantly edited to provide
­additional space for infographics, data-driven maps, and images. The
new edition includes significant changes as well as a number of new
features that make the revised text more accessible and engaging.
■ Global change, especially climate change, is becoming an increas-
ingly pressing issue as is responses to that change. The 6th edition
takes up this concern by more overtly incorporating a discussion
of environmental change in each chapter through the reorganized
subsection titled Environment, Society, and Sustainability. The
increasing emphasis on sustainable solutions to climate change
and other environmental challenges is marked by the addition of
other features in the text as well, including a new box feature.
■ Sustainability in the Anthropocene This feature provides an
example of efforts to develop more sustainable lifestyles, cities,
or food systems in this era of the “Anthropocene”—a newly
proposed geologic era of human influences. In each region we
have highlighted a specific project or place where people are
1
This is an excerpt from Malala Yousafzai’s speech at the UN General Assembly on July 12, 2013
(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-full-text-malala-yousafzai-delivers-
defiant-riposte-to-taliban-militants-with-speech-to-the-un-general-assembly-8706606.html),
downloaded September 11, 2015.
xiv
implementing solutions that are socially, economically, and
ecologically sustainable.
■ Faces of the Region explores the experience of different people
within each world region. It takes up the challenge of asking
what is it like to be a young person in one place, or what is it
like to grow older in another place, or what it’s like to grow up
in a place that is experiencing dramatic change. It looks at the
everyday, real-life experiences of migration and generational
change and asks how and in what ways changing demograph-
ics in each world region may be impacting how people come
to know and understand their place in the world.
■ Geography is strongly invested in the use of maps and other
visual data. The Visualizing Geography feature has been up-
dated with a new emphasis on infographics and maps that
encourage data and visual analyses. It builds on and extends
that tradition with extensive use of visualizations and maps to
focus on issues such as global sea-level rise, the consequences
of conflict in the Middle East and North Africa, and the migra-
tion of Muslim populations into Europe.
■ Every chapter review includes a new Data Analysis feature
in which students apply chapter concepts and answer critical
thinking questions based on data accessed via Quick Response
(QR) links to Web sites of governments, nongovernmental or-
ganizations, and other important sources of data related to re-
gional, economic, social, and political developments.
■ Recognizing the importance of population dynamics as a
factor in many regional challenges, the Culture and Popula-
tions section of each chapter contains a section, Demographic
Change, with updated population statistics and trends as well
as new population pyramids helping students to visualize the
societal impacts of population change.
■ The maps, images, graphs, and tables that make up the text’s vi-
sual program have been revised. Readers will notice that many
maps now include images that highlight key features. The photo
program for this edition has also been substantially revised with
newer and different photos. We have added questions that prompt
students to look more carefully at some of the graphics and images.
■ We have updated the histories, stories, and current events in each
chapter. As readers know, the world has changed a lot since the
previous edition of this book. To respond to these changes, we
have included stories on the European response to the Syrian ref-
ugee crisis; the Syrian civil war and the rise of Islamic State of Iraq
and Syria (ISIS); the recent Russian annexation of Crimea; natu-
ral disasters in Southeast Asia and the threat of rising sea-levels
due to climate change in Oceania; and the growing connections
between China and Africa, for example. New and updated infor-
mation has been added to all the special feature material as well,
including all the new Geographies of Indulgence, Desire, and
Addiction features on luxury cars, beer and wine, and trekking.
■ Chapter 1 now includes a new section on how one can begin
“Thinking Like a Geographer.”
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 —Eh! bien, Christophe? fit Babette.
—Vous parlez sans la reine, répondit le jeune avocat.
Quelques jours après cette déception assez amère, un apprenti
remit à Christophe ce petit billet laconique.
«Chaudieu veut voir son enfant!»
—Qu’il entre! s’écria Christophe.
—O mon saint martyr! dit le ministre en venant embrasser
l’avocat, es-tu remis de tes douleurs?
—Oui, grâce à Paré!
—Grâce à Dieu qui t’a donné la force de supporter la torture!
Mais qu’ai-je appris? tu t’es fait recevoir avocat, tu as prêté le
serment de fidélité, tu as reconnu la prostituée, l’Église catholique,
apostolique et romaine!...
—Mon père l’a voulu.
—Mais ne devons-nous pas quitter nos pères, nos enfants, nos
femmes, tout pour la sainte cause du calvinisme, tout souffrir!... Ah!
Christophe, Calvin, le grand Calvin, tout le parti, le monde, l’avenir
comptent sur ton courage et sur ta grandeur d’âme! Il nous faut ta
vie.
Il y a ceci de remarquable dans l’esprit de l’homme, que le plus
dévoué, tout en se dévouant, se bâtit toujours un roman
d’espérances dans les crises les plus dangereuses. Ainsi, quand,
sur l’eau, sous le Pont-au-Change, le prince, le soldat et le ministre
avaient demandé à Christophe d’aller porter à Catherine ce traité
qui, surpris, devait lui coûter la vie, l’enfant comptait sur son esprit,
sur le hasard, sur son intelligence, et il s’était audacieusement
avancé entre ces deux terribles partis, les Guise et Catherine, où il
avait failli être broyé. Pendant la question, il se disait encore:—Je
m’en tirerai! ce n’est que de la douleur! Mais à cette demande
brutale: Meurs! faite à un garçon qui se trouvait encore impotent, à
peine remis de la torture et qui tenait d’autant plus à la vie qu’il avait
vu la mort de plus près, il était impossible de s’abandonner à des
illusions.
 Christophe répondit tranquillement:—De quoi s’agit-il?
—De tirer bravement un coup de pistolet comme Stuart sur
Minard.
—Sur qui?
—Sur le duc de Guise.
—Un assassinat?
—Une vengeance! Oublies-tu les cent gentilshommes massacrés
sur le même échafaud, à Amboise? Un enfant, le petit d’Aubigné, a
dit en voyant cette boucherie: Ils ont haché la France!
—Vous devez recevoir tous les coups et n’en pas porter, telle est
la religion de l’Évangile, répondit Christophe. Mais, pour imiter les
Catholiques, à quoi bon réformer l’Église?
—Oh! Christophe, ils t’ont fait avocat, et tu raisonnes! dit
Chaudieu.
—Non, mon ami, répondit l’avocat. Mais les princes sont trop
ingrats, et vous serez, vous et les vôtres, les jouets de la maison de
Bourbon...
—Oh! Christophe, si tu avais entendu Calvin, tu saurais que nous
les manions comme des gants!... Les Bourbons sont les gants, nous
sommes la main.
—Lisez! dit Christophe en présentant au ministre la réponse de
Pibrac.
—Oh! mon enfant, tu es ambitieux, tu ne peux plus te dévouer!...
je te plains!
Chaudieu sortit sur cette belle parole.
Quelques jours après cette scène, Christophe, la famille Lallier et
la famille Lecamus étaient réunis, en l’honneur des accordailles de
Babette et de Christophe, dans la vieille salle brune où Christophe
ne couchait plus; car il pouvait alors monter les escaliers et
commençait à se traîner sans béquilles. Il était neuf heures du soir,
on attendait Ambroise Paré. Le notaire de la famille se trouvait
devant une table chargée de contrats. Le pelletier vendait sa maison
et son fonds de commerce à son premier commis, qui payait
immédiatement la maison quarante mille livres, et qui engageait la
maison pour répondre du paiement des marchandises sur lesquelles
il donnait déjà vingt mille livres en à-compte.
Lecamus acquérait pour son fils une magnifique maison en pierre
bâtie par Philibert de l’Orme, rue Saint-Pierre-aux-Bœufs, et la lui
donnait en dot. Le syndic prenait en outre deux cent cinquante mille
livres sur sa fortune, et Lallier en donnait autant pour l’acquisition
d’une belle terre seigneuriale sise en Picardie, de laquelle on avait
demandé cinq cent mille livres. Cette terre étant dans la mouvance
de la couronne, il fallait des lettres-patentes, dites de rescription,
accordées par le roi, outre le paiement de lods et ventes
considérables. Aussi la conclusion du mariage était-elle ajournée
jusqu’à l’obtention de cette faveur royale. Si les bourgeois de Paris
s’étaient fait octroyer le droit d’acheter des seigneuries, la sagesse
du conseil privé y avait mis certaines restrictions relativement aux
terres qui relevaient de la couronne, et la terre que Lecamus guignait
depuis une dizaine d’années se trouvait dans l’exception. Ambroise
s’était fait fort d’apporter l’ordonnance le soir même. Le vieux
Lecamus allait de sa salle à sa porte dans une impatience qui
montrait combien grande avait été son ambition. Enfin, Ambroise
arriva.
—Mon vieil ami, dit le chirurgien assez effaré et regardant le
souper, voyons tes nappes? Bien. Oh! mettez des chandelles de
cire. Dépêchez, dépêchez! cherchez tout ce que vous aurez de plus
beau.
—Qu’y a-t-il donc? demanda le curé de Saint-Pierre-aux-Bœufs.
—La reine-mère et le jeune roi viennent souper avec vous,
répliqua le premier chirurgien. La reine et le roi attendent un vieux
conseiller dont la charge sera vendue à Christophe, et M. de Thou
qui a conclu le marché. N’ayez pas l’air d’avoir été prévenus, je me
suis échappé du Louvre.
En un moment, les deux familles furent sur pied. La mère de
Christophe et la tante de Babette allèrent et vinrent avec une célérité
de ménagères surprises. Malgré la confusion que cet avis jeta dans
l’assemblée de famille, les préparatifs se firent avec une activité qui
tint du prodige. Christophe, ébahi, surpris, confondu d’une pareille
faveur, était sans parole et regardait tout faire machinalement.
—La reine et le roi chez nous! disait la vieille mère.
—La reine! répétait Babette, que dire et que faire!
Au bout d’une heure tout fut changé: la vieille salle était parée, et
la table étincelait. On entendit alors un bruit de chevaux dans la rue.
La lueur des torches portées par les cavaliers de l’escorte fit mettre
le nez à la fenêtre aux bourgeois du quartier. Ce tumulte fut rapide. Il
ne resta sous les piliers que la reine-mère et son fils, le roi Charles
IX, Charles de Gondi nommé grand-maître de la garde-robe et
gouverneur du roi, M. de Thou, le vieux conseiller, le secrétaire
d’État Pinard et deux pages.
—Braves gens, dit la reine en entrant, nous venons, le roi mon
fils et moi, signer le contrat de mariage du fils à notre pelletier; mais
c’est à la condition qu’il restera catholique. Il faut être catholique
pour entrer au parlement, il faut être catholique pour posséder une
terre qui relève de la couronne, il faut être catholique pour s’asseoir
à la table du roi! N’est-ce pas, Pinard?
Le secrétaire d’État parut en montrant des lettres-patentes.
—Si nous ne sommes pas ici tous catholiques, dit le petit roi,
Pinard jettera tout au feu; mais nous sommes tous catholiques ici?
reprit-il en jetant des yeux assez fiers sur toute l’assemblée.
—Oui, sire, dit Christophe Lecamus en fléchissant quoique avec
peine le genou et baisant la main que le jeune roi lui tendit.
La reine Catherine, qui tendit aussi sa main à Christophe, le
releva brusquement et, l’emmenant à quelques pas dans un coin, lui
dit:—Ah! çà, mon garçon, pas de finauderies? Nous jouons franc jeu!
—Oui, madame, reprit-il saisi par l’éclatante récompense et par
l’honneur que lui faisait cette reine reconnaissante.
—Hé! bien, mons Lecamus, le roi mon fils et moi nous vous
permettons de traiter de la charge du bonhomme Groslay, conseiller
au Parlement, que voici, dit la reine. Vous y suivrez, j’espère, jeune
homme, les errements de monsieur le Premier.
De Thou s’avança et dit:—Je réponds de lui, madame.
—Eh! bien, instrumentez, garde-notes, dit Pinard.
—Puisque le roi notre maître nous fait la faveur de signer le
contrat de ma fille, s’écria Lallier, je paie tout le prix de la seigneurie.
—Les dames peuvent s’asseoir, dit le jeune roi d’une façon
gracieuse. Pour présent de noces à l’accordée, je fais, avec
l’agrément de ma mère, remise de mes droits.
Le vieux Lecamus et Lallier tombèrent à genoux et baisèrent la
main du jeune roi.
—Mordieu! sire, combien ces bourgeois ont d’argent! lui dit Gondi
à l’oreille.
Le jeune roi se prit à rire.
—Leurs seigneuries étant dans leurs bonnes, dit le vieux
Lecamus, veulent-elles me permettre de leur présenter mon
successeur et lui continuer la patente royale de la fourniture de leurs
maisons?
—Voyons, dit le roi.
Lecamus fit avancer son successeur qui devint blême.
—Si ma chère mère le permet, nous nous mettrons tous à table,
dit le jeune roi.
Le vieux Lecamus eut l’attention de donner au roi un gobelet
d’argent qu’il avait obtenu de Benvenuto Cellini, lors de son séjour
en France à l’hôtel de Nesle, et qui n’avait pas coûté moins de deux
mille écus.
—Oh! ma mère, le beau travail! s’écria le jeune roi en levant le
gobelet par le pied.
—C’est de Florence, répondit Catherine.
—Pardonnez-moi, madame, dit Lecamus, c’est fait en France par
un Florentin. Ce qui est de Florence serait à la reine, mais ce qui est
fait en France est au roi.
—J’accepte, bonhomme, s’écria Charles IX, et désormais ce sera
mon gobelet.
—Il est assez bien, dit la reine en examinant ce chef-d’œuvre,
pour le comprendre dans les joyaux de la couronne.—Eh! bien,
maître Ambroise, dit la reine à l’oreille de son chirurgien en
désignant Christophe, l’avez-vous bien soigné? marchera-t-il?
—Il volera, dit en souriant le chirurgien. Ah! vous nous l’avez bien
finement débauché.
—Faute d’un moine, l’abbaye ne chôme pas, répondit la reine
avec cette légèreté qu’on lui a reprochée et qui n’était qu’à la
surface.
Le souper fut gai, la reine trouva Babette jolie, et, en grande
reine qu’elle fut toujours, elle lui passa au doigt un de ses diamants
afin de compenser la perte que le gobelet faisait chez les Lecamus.
Le roi Charles IX, qui depuis prit peut-être trop de goût à ces sortes
d’invasions chez ses bourgeois, soupa de bon appétit; puis, sur un
mot de son nouveau gouverneur, qui, dit-on, avait charge de lui faire
oublier les vertueuses instructions de Cypierre, il entraîna le premier
président, le vieux conseiller démissionnaire, le secrétaire d’État, le
curé, le notaire et les bourgeois à boire si druement, que la reine
Catherine sortit au moment où elle vit la gaieté sur le point de
devenir bruyante. Au moment où la reine se leva, Christophe, son
père et les deux femmes prirent des flambeaux et l’accompagnèrent
jusque sur le seuil de la boutique. Là, Christophe osa tirer la reine
par sa grande manche et lui fit un signe d’intelligence. Catherine
s’arrêta, renvoya le vieux Lecamus et les deux femmes par un geste,
et dit à Christophe:—Quoi?
—Si vous pouvez, madame, tirer parti de ceci, dit-il en parlant à
l’oreille de la reine, sachez que le duc de Guise est visé par des
assassins...
—Tu es un loyal sujet, dit Catherine en souriant, et je ne
t’oublierai jamais.
 Elle lui tendit sa main, si célèbre par sa beauté, mais en la
dégantant, ce qui pouvait passer pour une marque de faveur; aussi
Christophe devint-il tout à fait royaliste en baisant cette adorable
main.
—Ils m’en débarrasseront donc, de ce soudard, sans que j’y sois
pour quelque chose! pensa-t-elle en mettant son gant.
Elle monta sur sa mule et regagna le Louvre avec ses deux
pages.
Christophe resta sombre tout en buvant, la figure austère
d’Ambroise lui reprochait son apostasie; mais les événements
postérieurs donnèrent gain de cause au vieux syndic. Christophe
n’aurait certes pas échappé aux massacres de la Saint-Barthélemi,
ses richesses et sa terre l’eussent désigné aux meurtriers. L’histoire
a enregistré le sort cruel de la femme du successeur de Lallier, belle
créature dont le corps resta nu, accroché par les cheveux à l’un des
étais du Pont-au-Change pendant trois jours. Babette frémit alors, en
pensant qu’elle aurait pu subir un pareil traitement, si Christophe fût
demeuré Calviniste, car tel fut bientôt le nom des Réformés.
L’ambition de Calvin fut satisfaite, mais après sa mort.
Telle fut l’origine de la célèbre maison parlementaire des
Lecamus. Tallemant des Réaux a commis une erreur en les faisant
venir de Picardie. Les Lecamus eurent intérêt plus tard à dater de
l’acquisition de leur principale terre, située en ce pays. Le fils de
Christophe, qui lui succéda sous Louis XIII, fut le père de ce riche
président Lecamus qui, sous Louis XIV, édifia le magnifique hôtel qui
disputait à l’hôtel Lambert l’admiration des Parisiens et des
étrangers; mais qui, certes, est l’un des plus beaux monuments de
Paris. L’hôtel Lecamus existe encore rue de Thorigny, quoiqu’au
commencement de la Révolution, il ait été pillé comme appartenant
à M. de Juigné, l’archevêque de Paris. Toutes les peintures y ont
alors été effacées; et, depuis, les pensionnats qui s’y sont logés l’ont
fortement endommagé. Ce palais, gagné dans le vieux logis de la
rue de la Pelleterie, montre encore les beaux résultats qu’obtenait
jadis l’Esprit de Famille. Il est permis de douter que l’individualisme
moderne, engendré par le partage égal des successions, élève de
pareils monuments.

FIN DU MARTYR CALVINISTE.

 NOTE.

Voici cette chanson publiée par l’abbé de La Place dans son

Recueil de pièces intéressantes, où se trouve la dissertation dont
nous avons parlé.
LE CONVOI DU DUC DE GUISE.

Qui veut ouïr chanson? (bis)

C’est du grand duc de Guise;
Et bon, bon, bon, bon,
Di, dan, di, dan, bon,
C’est du grand duc de Guise!
(Ce dernier vers se parlait et se disait sans doute comiquement.)
Qui est mort et enterré.

Qui est mort et enterré. (bis)

Aux quatre coins du poële,
Et bon, etc.,
Quatre gentilshomm’s y avoit.

Quatre gentilshomm’s y avait, (bis)

L’un portoit son grand casque,
Et bon, etc.,
Et l’autre ses pistolets.

Et l’autre ses pistolets, (bis)

Et l’autre son épée,
Et bon, etc.,
Qui tant d’hugu’nots a tués.

Qui tant d’hugu’nots a tués. (bis)

Venoit le quatrième,
Et bon, etc.,
Qui étoit le plus dolent.

Qui étoit le plus dolent; (bis)

Après venoient les pages,
Et b t
 Et bon, etc.,
Et les valets de pied.

Et les valets de pied, (bis)

Avecque de grands crêpes,
Et bon, etc.,
Et des souliers cirés.

Et des souliers cirés, (bis)

Et des beaux bas d’estame,
Et bon, etc.,
Et des culottes de piau.

Et des culottes de piau. (bis)

La cérémonie faite,
Et bon, etc.,
Chacun s’alla coucher.

Chacun s’alla coucher, (bis)

Les uns avec leurs femmes,
Et bon, etc.,
Et les autres tout seul.

Cette découverte curieuse prouverait jusqu’à un certain point la

culpabilité de Théodore de Bèze, qui voulut alors diminuer par le
ridicule l’horreur que causait cet assassinat. Il paraît que l’air faisait
le principal mérite de cette ronde.
 TABLE DES MATIÈRES.

ÉTUDES PHILOSOPHIQUES.

Massimilla Doni 1
Gambara 74
L’Enfant maudit 129
Les Marana 220
Adieu 275
Le Réquisitionnaire 315
El Verdugo 330
Un Drame au bord de la mer 340
L’Auberge rouge 359
L’Élixir de longue vie 391
Maître Cornélius 413
Sur Catherine de Médicis 468
Introduction 469
Première partie.—Le Martyr calviniste 503

FIN DE LA TABLE.
 Au lecteur.
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apportées. Elles sont soulignées par des pointillés. Positionnez
le curseur sur le mot souligné pour voir le texte original.
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