GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS)
PRESENTED BY

DR ANJU BALA

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, PCU

INTRODUCTION TO GIS

• A geographic information system (GIS) is basically a

computerized information system like any other
database, but with an important difference: all
information in GIS must be linked to a geographic
(spatial) reference (latitude/longitude, or other spatial
coordinates).
DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF GIS

• (i) ESRI defined GIS as an organized collection of computer hardware, software,

geographic data and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate,
analyze and display geographically referenced information.
• (ii) ESRI also provided a simpler definition of GIS as a computer system capable of
holding and using data describing places on the earth’s surface.
• (iii) Duecker defined GIS as a special case of information systems where the database
consists of observations on spatially distributed features, activities or events, which are
definable in space as points, lines or areas. A GIS manipulates data about these points,
lines or areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses
REAL WORLD DATA LAYERS
 COMPONENTS OF GIS

1.Data input system: collects and/or processes spatial data from existing sources such as maps,
remote sensing data, images, etc. Data can be "collected" through digitizing, scanning, interactive entry, etc.
2.Data storage and retrieval: organizes spatial data and allows for quick retrieval and updates (i.e., editing).
3.Data analysis and manipulation: allows for changing form of data, simulation modeling, spatial-temporal
comparison, etc.
4.Output: displays spatial database and analysis in graphic (i.e., map) or tabular form.
1.Computer hardware.
2.Sets of application software modules.
3.Skilled people to manage it.
GIS Software

1.Data input and verification

2.Data storage and database management
3.Data output and presentation
4.Data transformation
5.interaction with the user
APPLICATIONS
POPULAR GIS PACKAGES(SOFTWARE)

• ArcGIS
• ERDAS IMAGINE
• IDRISI
• Intergraph
• MapInfo
• Micro Station
• ILWISS
• ENVI
• JUMP GIS
• PCI Geomatics