ECONOMY

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=$kú – Jaè=$kú
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Pi÷Hõ=$kú – Pi÷HÍaè=$kú :
J~°÷âßGOÖ’ Pi÷Hõ=$kú (Growth), Pi÷HÍaè=$kú (Economic Development) J<Õ Ñ¨^•Å∞ Ѩ~åºÜ«∞
Ѩ^•Å∞QÍ "å_»∞K«∞#flѨÊ\˜H©, N=∞u Ç≤ÏH±û, Ѷ¨∞OÑ‘@~ü =O\˜ Pi÷Hõ"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ g\˜ =∞^茺 ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# =º`庙êÅ∞
K«∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞.
1. Pi÷Hõ =$kú :
''^Õâ◊OÖ’ =ã¨∞Î ¿ã=Å L`«ÊuÎÖ’ =KÕÛ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ Pi÷Hõ =$kú—— JO^Œ∞~°∞. Wk Ѩi=∂}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞Ê#∞
`≥Å∞Ê#∞. L^• : ^Õâ◊ ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
''n~°…HÍÅOÖ’, `«Åã¨i, "åã¨Î=, ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎÖ’ =KÕÛ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ Pi÷Hõ=$kú JO^Œ∞~°∞——. D x~°fiK«#OÖ’
'n~°…HÍÅO—, '`«Åã¨i—, '"åã¨Î=— J<Õ =¸_»∞ Ѩ^•Å „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ „QÆÇ≤ÏOKåe.
Z) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ J<Õk "åºáê~° K«„HÍÅ =Å¡ `å`å¯eHõOQÍ ÃÑ~°QÆ=K«∞Û. Wk Pi÷Hõ=$kú HÍ^Œ∞.
*ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ n~°…HÍÅOÖ’ H˘#™êQÍe. JѨÙÊ_Õ Jk Pi÷Hõ=$kú JxÑ≤OK«∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.
a) *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ HõO>Ë, [<åÉèÏ "ÕQÆOQÍ ÃÑiy`Õ `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∞O `«yæáÈ=Ù#∞. HÍ|\˜ì [<åÉèÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõO>Ë
ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ "ÕQÆOQÍ ÃÑ~°QÍe. JO^Œ∞KÕ `«Åã¨i ã¨∂÷Å *ÏfÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ P^è•~°OQÍ Pi÷Hõ =$kúx x~°fizOzi.
ã≤) ^èŒ~°Å∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å¡, *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°QÆ=K«∞Û. Jk <å=∞=∂„`«Ñ¨Ù *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞=∞QÆ∞#∞. Jk Pi÷Hõ
=$kú HÍ^Œ∞. D ^èŒ~°Å ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ „ѨÉèÏ"åxfl `˘ÅyOz, ã≤÷~° ^èŒ~°ÅÖ’ "åã¨Î= *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∂xfl ÖˇH˜¯™êÎ~°∞.
"åã¨ÎqHõ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÖË Pi÷Hõ =$kú.
Pi÷Hõ =$kú ã¨∂zHõÅ∞ : Z) <å=∞=∂„`«Ñ¨Ù ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
a) "åã¨Î= ã¨∂÷Å ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
ã≤) <å=∞=∂„`«Ñ¨Ù `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∞O
_ç) "åã¨Î= `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∞O
Pi÷Hõ =$kú ã¨∂zHõÅÖ’ L`«Î=∞"≥∞ÿ#k, Z‰õΩ¯==∞Ok P"≥∂kOz#k "åã¨Î= `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∞"Õ∞.
2. Pi÷HÍaè=$kú :
– ''^Õâ◊OÖ’ L`«ÊuÎ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ`Àáê@∞ =º=™ê÷ѨÓ~°fiHõ, ™êOˆHuHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞
Pi÷HÍaè=$kú—— JO^Œ∞~°∞.
– Pi÷HÍaè=$kú ´ Pi÷Hõ=$kú { =º=™ê÷ѨÓ~°fiHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
´ =$kú { ¿Ñ^Œ"åiH˜ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ =#~°∞ŠѨÙ#ó ѨOÑ≤}©
´ =$kú { ѨÙ~ÀQÍ`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ (Progressive changes)
´ =$kú { ã¨OˆHΔ=∞O
– ''_»_ô¡ ã‘~üû—— „ѨHÍ~°O ''¿Ñ^ŒiHõO, Pi÷Hõ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞, x~°∞^ÀºQÆO JkèHõ™ê÷~Ú #∞O_ç `«QÆ∞æ@ÜÕ∞ Pi÷HÍaè=$kú——.
 ECONOMY
Pi÷HÍaè=$kúÖ’ „H˜Ok JOâßÅ∞ Wq∞_ç LO\Ï~Ú.
Z) `«Åã¨i "åã¨ÎqHõ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ.
a) Pi÷Hõ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ Jaè=$kúH˜ ^ÀǨÏ^ŒÑ¨_Õ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ ~å=_»O.
ã≤) ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO, Pi÷Hõ Jã¨=∂#`«Å∞ `«yæ Láêkè ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞@, ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`«, ™êOˆHuHõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ =K«∞Û@.
_ç) W=hfl n~°…HÍÅOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® H˘#™êQÆ∞@.
Pi÷Hõ =$kú Pi÷HÍaè=$kú
1. Ѩi=∂}Ï`«‡Hõ"≥∞ÿ#k 1. QÆ∞}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞Ê `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞.
2. Wk ã¨O‰õΩz`«"≥∞ÿ#k 2. qã¨Î $`«"≥∞ÿ#k
3. UHõ=ÚY"≥∞ÿ#k 3. |Ǩï=ÚY"≥∞ÿ#k
4. Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^ÕâßʼnõΩ K≥Ok# ÉèÏ=# 4. Jaè=$kú K≥O^Œ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßʼnõΩ K≥Ok# ÉèÏ=#
5. „ѨÉèí∞`«fi „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O J=ã¨~°O ÖË^Œ∞. 5. „ѨÉèí∞`«fi „Ѩ"Õ∞Ü«∞O `«Ñ¨Êxã¨i
6. H˘Å=QÆÅ=Ú. 6. H˘Å=ÖË=Ú.
7. ѨOÑ≤}©x ã¨∂zOK«^Œ∞. 7. ѨOÑ≤}©x `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞.
8. H˜O_»Öò |~°æ~ü „ѨHÍ~°O =ºH˜Î âßs~°Hõ 8. âßs~°Hõ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ`Àáê@∞ =ºH˜Î`«fiOÖ’#∞,
Ѩi=∂}OÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞Ê `≥e¿Ñk =$kú. "Õ∞^èŒã¨∞ûÖ’#∞ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞Ê#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞.
9. ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`« =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_® GDP 9. ã¨O™ê÷QÆ`«, ™êOˆHuHõѨ~°"≥∞ÿ# =∂~°∞ÊÅ#∞
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞. `≥Å∞ѨÙ#∞.
– Jaè=$kú ÖˉõΩO_® =$kú [~°QÆ=K«∞Û. L^•: ÖÏ\˜<£ J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x Öˇ·ciÜ«∂ J~°\ ˜ ѨO_»¡ ZQÆ∞=∞u ^•fi~å†
J~°Éò ^ÕâßÅ∞ ÃÑ„\’eÜ«∞O ZQÆ∞=∞u ^•fi~å *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O, `«Åã¨i P^•Ü«∞O ÃÑiy#ѨÊ\˜H,© P ^ÕâßÅ∞
ã¨fiÜ«∞O ã¨=∞$kú ™êkèOK«_®xH˜ J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ QÆ\ ì˜ Ñ¨Ù<åkQPt −1^ÕâßÅÖ’ U~°Ê_»Ö^Ë ∞Œ . P ^ÕâßÅ∞ =ã¨∞Î L`«ÊuΠѨ^`úŒ ∞« Ö’¡QÍx,
„Ѩ[Å r=# „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅÖ’QÍx ÃÑ^ŒQÌ Í =∂~°∞Ê ~åÖË^∞Œ .
– ~å|~üì HÀ¡=~ü `«# Growth without Development J<Õ „QÆO^äOŒ Ö’ 'Öˇc· iÜ«∂— ^ÕâO◊ Ö’ Jaè=$kú ÖˉΩõ O_®
=$kú U q^èŒOQÍ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À q=iOK≥#∞. nx=Å# P ^Õâ◊ =$kú „ѨuѶ¨ÖÏÅ∞ H˘kÌ=∞OkˆH JO^Œ∞K«∞#flq.
™ê=∂#º „Ѩ*ÏhHõO ¿Ñ^ŒiHõOÖ’ „=∞QÆ∞Kæ ∞« <åfl~°∞.
=$kú ˆ~@∞ :
™êO=`«ûiHõ *ÏfÜ«∞ P^•Ü«∞ =$kú ~ˆ @∞ P^è•~°OQÍ Pi÷Hõ =$kúx QÆ}™˜ êÎ~∞° .
Qt − Qt −1
=$kú ~ˆ @∞#∞ QÆ}O˜ KÕ q^è•#O : gt = × 100
Qt −1

WO^Œ∞ gt ´ t HÍÅOÖ’ =$kú ~ˆ @∞

´ t HÍÅOÖ’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
´ t–1 HÍÅOÖ’ ã¨∂Å÷ ^ÕjÜ≥∂`«ÊuÎ
L^• : 2006Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 1050 HÀ@∞¡QÍ ÉèÏqOK«O_ç ( )
2005Ö’ *ÏfÜ«∂^•Ü«∞O 1000 HÀ@∞¡QÍ ÉèÏqOK«O_ç ( )
 ECONOMY

=$kú ~ˆ @∞ gt ´ 5%
3. H˘#™êyOKÕ Jaè=$kú (Sustainable Development) :
Éèqí +¨º`ü `«~åÅ"åi J=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ ™ê=∞~°º÷ O ^≥|ƒfÜ«∞‰õΩO_®, „Ѩã∞¨ `Î « `«~O° "å~°∞ `«=∞ J=ã¨~åÅ∞ f~°∞ÛHÀ=_»"∞Õ
H˘#™êyOK«^yŒ # Jaè=$kú Jx „a\òÖÏO_£ Hõq∞+¨<£ (1987) x~°fizOK≥#∞.
– „ѨÑO¨ K« Ѩ~åº=~°} Jaè=$kú Hõq∞+¨<£ "Our common future" J<Õ Ããq∞<å~ü iáÈ~üÖì ’ D Ѩ^•xfl "≥Ú^Œ\ ™˜ êiQÍ
LѨÜ≥∂yOK≥#∞.
– Pi÷HÍaè=$kú [iˆQ H˘Ån ѨÙ#~°∞`«ÊuÎ HÍx =#~°∞Å∞ (L^• : ÃÑ„\’eÜ«∞O, ÉÁQÆ∞)æ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«|_»∞#∞.
ѨÙ#~°∞`«ÊuÎ JÜÕ∞º =#~°∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_® Jq L`«ÊuÎ JÜÕ∞º ~ˆ @∞ HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ qxÜ≥∂QÆO [~°∞QÆ∞K«∞#flq. (L^•:
J@g ã¨OѨ^)Œ
– ™êOˆHuHõ Ѩi*Ï˝#O Z‰õΩ¯= qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞@ =Å# Ѩ~åº=~°}O ^≥|ƒuO@∞Ok. JO>Ë Jaè=$kú Ѩ~∞° QÆ∞ ѨO^≥OÖ’
=#~°∞Å∞ "ÕQOÆ QÍ qxÜ≥∂yOK«∞@KÕ „Ѩã∞¨ `Î « `«~O° "åi r=# Ѩiã≤`÷ ∞« Å∞ ^≥|ƒuO@∞<åfl~Ú. JO`ÕHÍHõ Éèqí +¨º`ü
`«~O° "åiH˜ HÍÅ∞+¨ºÑ¨Ói`« Ѩiã≤`÷ ∞« Å∞ JO^Œ*ãË ∞¨ <Î åfl=Ú. D Ѩiã≤`÷ ∞« Å∞ x~Àkèã∂¨ Î Jaè=$kú ™êkèOK«∞@ÜÕ∞ H˘#™êyOKÕ
Jaè=$kú JO\Ï~°∞.
– H˘#™êyOKÕ Jaè=$kú J#QÍ : Q − Qt −1 1050 − 1000
gt = t × 100 = × 100
1) Ѩ~åº=~°} =#~°∞Å∞, 2) ѨÙ#~å=$`«O HÍx =#~°∞Å ã¨O~°QHt} Δõ −1ÜÕ∞ 1000
4. r=# <å}º`« (Quality of life) : =
50
× 100 = 5%
=º‰õΩÅÎ ‰õΩ "≥∞~°∞QÔ #· P~ÀQƺO, ã¨OHˆ =Δ ∞O, ZOÑ≤Hõ ¿ãfiK«Û,ù =∞øoHõ ¿ãfiK«ÛÅù ∞, ~å[H©
1000Ü∞« ǨωõΩ¯Å∞, áœ~° ǨωõΩ¯Å∞
HõeÊOK«∞@ÜÕ∞ r=# <å}º`«.
5. P^èŒ∞xHõ Pi÷Hõ=$kú :
– P^è∞Œ xHõ Pi÷H=õ $kú „QÆO^èŒ ~°K~« Ú`« Ãã=· ∞<£ ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû
– Wk Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^ÕâßʼnõΩ ã¨O|OkèOz#k
– ‰õΩ*ò<\≥ òû P^è∞Œ xHõ Jaè=$kúH˜ 6 ÅHõ} Δ ÏÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯<≥#∞,
g\˜Ö’ ~Ô O_»∞ Ѩi=∂}Ï`«‡Hõ JOâßÅ∞, ~Ô O_»∞ =º=™ê÷ÑÓ¨ ~°fiHõ =∂~°∞ÊʼnõΩ K≥O^ŒQÍ, z=i ~Ô O_»∞ JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞
qã¨~Î }
° JOâßʼnõΩ K≥Ok#q. Jq:
1. JkèHõ `«Åã¨i L`«ÊuÎ =$kú̂~@∞ =∞iÜ«Ú JkèHõ [<åÉèÏ ~ˆ @∞.
2. L`åÊ^ŒH`õ « ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞@
3. Z‰õΩ¯= ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ x~å‡}Ï`«‡Hõ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
4. Ѩ@ì}©Hõ~°}
5. Jaè=$kú K≥Ok# ^ÕâßÅ ÉÏǨϺqã¨~Î } °
6. JO`«~å˚fÜ«∞OQÍ =º‰õΩÅÎ , =ã¨∞=Î ÙÅ, =¸Å^è#Œ Hõ^eŒ HõÅ∞