CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS

THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)

The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) for civil
aviation, was created by the Convention on International Civil Aviation signed in Chicago on 7 December 1944.
ICAO's objectives
• to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to ensure the safe and orderly
growth of international civil aviation throughout the world;
• encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes;
• encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation;
• meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient, and economical air transport;
• prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition;
• ensure that the rights of contracting states are fully respected and that every contracting state has a fair
opportunity to operate international airlines;
• avoid discrimination between contracting states;
• promote safety of flight in international air navigation;
• promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics.
Functions of ICAO
• ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation
• Fosters the planning and development of international air transport so as to ensure the safe and orderly
growth of international civil aviation throughout the world;
• Encourages the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes ...
• ICAO’s infrastructure
• Flight inspection
• Prevention of unlawful interference
• Facilitation of border- crossing procedures for international civil aviation
ICAO has produced various publications which are called annexes to the convention, to amplify the Aviation Laws.
Each ICAO member state, 194 as per 2016 statistics, adopts these annexes and Standard operating procedures for the
smooth running of aviation activities.

Organization of ICAO

The Assembly,
• The sovereign body (Legislative arm) of ICAO
• Comprises of representatives from all Contracting States,
• Meets at least once in three years to discuss civil aviation issues in the technical, economic, legal and
technical co-operation fields.

The Council
• The governing body (executive arm) of ICAO
• Comprises of36 Contracting States Members
• Gives continuing direction to the work of ICAO
• Adopts International Standards and Recommended Practices and to incorporate these as Annexes to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation.
• The Council is supported by:
• the Air Navigation Commission - technical matters,
• the Air Transport Committee - economic matters,
• the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services and
• the Finance Committee.
The Secretariat
The Secretariat, headed by a Secretary General, is divided into five main divisions
– the Air Navigation Bureau,
– the Air Transport Bureau,
– the Technical Co-operation Bureau,
– the Legal Bureau
– the Bureau of Administration and Services.
ICAO works in close co-operation with other members of the UN family such as:
– the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO),
– the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
– the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
– Non – governmental organizations such as
– the Airports Council International (ACI),
– the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and
– the International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations (IFALPA) also participate in ICAO's
work.

Activities
International Standards and Recommended Practices
• By joining ICAO (by accepting the Chicago Convention), states undertake to collaborate in securing the
highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organization in all matters
in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation.
• One of ICAO's chief tasks is to adopt such international standards and recommendations and to keep them
up-to-date through modifications and amendments.
• Standard any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, material, performance, personnel, or
procedures, the uniform application of which is recognized as necessary for the safety or regularity of
international air navigation and to which member states will conform .
• " Standards may thus include specifications for such matters as the length of runways, the materials to be
used in aircraft construction, and the qualifications to be required of a pilot flying an international route.
• Recommended Practice: any such specification, the uniform application of which is recognized as " desirable
in the interest of safety, regularity, or efficiency of international air navigation and to which member states
will endeavor to conform."
 • ICAO's Air Navigation Commission, which plans, coordinates, and examines all of ICAO's activities in the
field of air navigation.
• If the council approves the text, it is submitted to the member states.
• The commission consists of 15 persons, appointed by the council from among persons nominated by member
states.
• While recommendations are not binding, standards automatically become binding on all member states,
except for those who find it impracticable to comply and file a difference under Article 38 of the Chicago
Convention.
Annexes to the Chicago Convention
• The various standards and recommendations that have been adopted by ICAO and are grouped into 19
annexes to the Chicago Convention.
• The aim of most of the annexes is to promote progress in flight safety, particularly by guaranteeing
satisfactory minimum standards of training and safety procedures and by ensuring uniform international
practices.
Air Navigation
Air navigation covers a broad spectrum of activities:
• short take-off and landing airplanes to supersonic transports,
• security questions to the impact of aviation on the environment,
• training and operating practices for pilots to the facilities required at airports.
ICAO's program regarding the environment provides a case in point. Growing air traffic and increased use of jet
engines have heightened public awareness of the environmental impact of civil aviation.
In 1968, ICAO instituted activities aimed at reducing aircraft noise. The first measures involved development of
inter-nationally agreed standards for the noise certification of aircraft (contained in Vol. I of Annex 16 to the Chicago
Convention), which resulted in a quieter generation of jet aircraft.
• Comparable studies of aviation's share in air pollution have resulted in the development of standards (Vol. II
of Annex 16) relating to the control of fuel venting and of smoke and gaseous emissions from newly
manufactured turbojet and turbofan engines for subsonic airplanes.
• Concern about the continuing threat of violence against international civil aviation and its facilities (unlawful
seizure and the sabotage of aircraft), led to adoption by the council of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention
• Contains standards and recommended practices aimed at safeguarding international civil aviation against
acts of unlawful interference.
• As part of its continuing effort to improve air safety, ICAO has adopted standards for the safe transport of
dangerous goods by air (Annex 18).
Technical Assistance
• Importance of the airplane for international and domestic transport in countries where road and railway
services are lacking. As a means of aiding these countries in their social and economic development, ICAO
operates technical assistance programs through UNDP and other UN organs.
• UNDP obtains its funds from donor countries and allocates these funds among recipient countries in the form
of country, intercountry, and interregional projects.
• The Funds-in-Trust program provides financial assistance for specific projects in the country receiving the
technical assistance.
• The Associate Experts program provides experts from certain countries to work under ICAO guidance.
• Civil aviation project:
• experts to provide specialist advice to the civil aviation administration or national airline;
• fellowships to allow nationals to be trained abroad in civil aviation disciplines, often at civil aviation training
centers that have been established through ICAO technical assistance;
• equipment, such as radio navigational aids or communication facilities, to ensure safe and regular air service.
• training as pilots, aircraft maintenance technicians, air traffic controllers, radio and radar maintenance
technicians, communication officers, airport engineers, electronics engineers, air transport economists,
aeronautical information officers, aeronautical meteorologists, aviation medicine specialists, accident
investigation experts, flight operations officers, airport fire officers, and instructors.
• Equipment provided:
• air traffic control,
• radar,
• flight simulators;
 • training aircraft;
• radio communication and radar systems;
• distance-measuring equipment;
• very high frequency omni radio ranges;
• instrument landing systems ILS;
• nondirectional beacons;
• "navaid" flight-test units;
• airworthiness data-acquisition systems;
• language laboratories;
• audiovisual aids;
• visual approach slope indicator systems;
• firefighting vehicles.
Major training institutions assisted by ICAO:
• civil aviation training centers in Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Singapore,
Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, and Tunisia.

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA)

IATA is a trade association of the world’s airlines.
• Consists of 280 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 122 countries
• IATA's member airlines account for approx 83% of total air traffic.
• IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards.
• It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, Switzerland.

Background
The IATA was formed in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945, initially with 57 member airlines primarily based in North
America and Europe. As of 2011, the group has 230 members which include nearly all major airlines, such as
American, Continental, Delta, Federal Express, JetBlue, United, UPS and U.S. Airways. Tony Tyler is director
general and CEO of the IATA as of 2011, and the organization is overseen by a 30-member Board of Governors,
which include the top executives of many of the major airlines. Peter Hartman, the president and CEO of KLM Royal
Dutch Airlines, is the board’s chairman.
Mission
The IATA’s mission includes three types of actions: representing the industry and lobbying governments and
regulators; leading the industry by working with airlines to increase passenger convenience; and serving the industry
by providing support with products and expert services. The IATA’s website says that the organization’s work
benefits all industry stakeholders, such as simplifying the travel and shipping process for consumers, and keeping
governments informed about aviation industry complexities.
Mission
The IATA’s priorities for 2011 include a wide range of projects and initiatives. These include actions such as:
implementing the NextGen system to guide and track air traffic more precisely in the United States; implementing
Fast Travel initiatives that give passengers more self-service options; achieving cost savings in industry taxes,
charges and fuel fees; and various regulatory initiatives such as receiving European approval of an IATA safety
audit.
Price Setting
Beginning in the 1940s, the IATA began coordinating a tariff-setting system for international flights. Once two
airlines agreed to a price for a flight, the governments involved in each part of the flight had to also approve. The
IATA argued that this pricing collusion was needed to help maintain a smooth interlining process, in which a
cooperative agreement is needed to handle passengers for flights that require multiple airlines. In an October 2003
article, The Economist reported that this tariff-setting agreement “amounted to an amazing global cartel than made
OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Nations) look amateurish.”
Considerations
Beginning in 1978, the U.S. airline industry was deregulated, with the federal government no longer participating in
price setting. In addition, nations developed Open Skies agreements to encourage pricing to be determined by market
forces. In the meantime, the U.S. Justice Department and the European Union’s Competition Commission
investigated and fined numerous airlines for alleged price fixing. As a result, the IATA has scrapped its tariff-setting
system and developed a system of “Flex Fares,” which charges an average far for each route and then adds a
premium for the convenience of interlining.

Objectives of IATA
IATA is purely a non-political, commercial regulatory organization and has powers to regulate every act of its
constituents. The main objectives of IATA are:
 To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the people of the world, to foster air
commerce and, to study the problems connected therewith;
 To ensure the safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefits of people worldwide.
 To provides a means of collaboration.
 To prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition.
 To encourage the art of aircrafts design and operation for peaceful purposes.
 To promote and develop international tourism.
 To provide a common platform for travel agencies and tour operators.
 To provide training and education facilities for members.
 To cooperate with the International Civil Aviation Organisation and other international and national
organizations.
 ii. To provide means for collaboration among the air transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in
international air transport services;
 iii. To cooperate with the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international organizations;
 iv. To provide a common platform for travel agencies/tour operators’
 v. To promote and develop international tourism.
Organizational Structure of IATA
IATA administration is carried out under a director-general, corporate secretary, senior director, regional directors,
and regional technical directors. The overall control and management of the association lie with the general meeting
of the members which take place annually.
Basically, the meeting has two main responsibilities (a) Internal affairs of the association and (b) Functions- Finance,
accounting, medical, traffic conference, legal, technical and other activities related to industry. The internal affairs
include the appointment of the president and approval of the budget etc.
Roles and Contribution of IATA
IATA is a non-government origination that regulates the world’s civil air transportation. IATA plays an important
role in the travel trade and civil air transportation. Some main and important role and contributions of IATA are
following as:
 IATA provides a common platform to solve many travel trade problems.
 IATA helps travel agencies and tour operators to establish their professionalism and integrity in the field of
tourism.
 IATA helps to simplify the traveling process.
 IATA helps in the promotion and development of tourism.
 IATA helps the government to formulate civil aviation policy, paid tourism policy.
 It lays down rules and conditions for the approval of a travel trade organization.

The main functions of the organization are

Safety
• The main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA).
• IOSA has also been mandated at the state level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest
year ever.
• Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources and
housed by the Global Safety Information Center.
• In June 2014 IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The
move was in response to the disappearance without trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March
2014.
Security
• Security has become increasingly important following the September 11 attacks in 2001.
 • Following a series of uncoordinated rules by different countries, the industry has developed a Checkpoint
of the Future, which is based on risk assessment and passenger differentiation.
Simplifying the Business
• launched in 2004.
• introduced a number of crucial concepts to passenger travel:
• electronic ticket
• the bar coded boarding pass.
• Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, including a range of
self-service baggage options.
• New Distribution Capability was launched in 2012 - replaced the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging
standard that was still the basis of the global distribution system /travel agent channel and replaced it
with an XML standard.
• This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who
book directly through airline websites.
Environment
• IATA members and all industry stakeholders have agreed to three sequential environmental goals:
• An average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1.5% per annum from 2009 through 2020
• A cap on net carbon emissions from aviation from 2020 (carbon-neutral growth)
• A 50% reduction in net aviation carbon emissions by 2050 relative to 2005 levels.
• At the 69th IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, members overwhelmingly
endorsed a resolution on “Implementation of the Aviation Carbon-Neutral Growth (CNG2020)
Strategy.”
• The resolution provides governments with a set of principles on how governments could:
• Establish procedures for a single market-based measure (MBM)
• Integrate a single MBM as part of an overall package of measures to achieve CNG2020
IATA member airlines agreed that a single mandatory carbon offsetting scheme would be the simplest and most
effective option for an MBM.
Services
• IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas crucial to aviation.
• Travel Agent accreditation is available for travel professionals.
• Full accreditation allows agents to sell tickets on behalf of all IATA member airlines.
• Cargo Agent accreditation is a similar program.
• IATA also runs the Billing and Settlement Plan (a $300 billion-plus financial system) that looks after
airline money.
• IATA provides a number of business intelligence publications and services.
• Training covers all aspects of aviation and ranges from beginner courses through to senior management
courses.
• IATA manages the Ticket Tax Box Service (TTBS), a database of taxes for airlines.
Membership of IATA
IATA has two types of members:
Active Members
Active membership is further divided into two types:
1. Trade Associations and Traffic Co-Ordination
2. Trade Associations
Any airline which has been licensed to operate scheduled air services by the appropriate authority to transport
passengers, mail, and cargo between the territories of two countries, is eligible to become an active member of the
association. The active members have various rights, duties, and authority. Presently, there are more than 250 airlines
as active members from 200 countries.
Associate Members
This membership is open to any other organization/enterprise who is operating in transport, hotels, resorts, travel
trade and indirectly involved in tourism-related activities. The application for the membership in the association is to
be submitted in the writing forthe consideration and action of the executive committee and all such concerns can
become active or associate members, only after approval by the executive committee.
However, any enterprise whose application is rejected by the committee can appear in the next general meeting of the
committee.
Travel Agent and IATA

Travel agents cannot become a member of IATA, but can get IATA accreditation. This allows them to sell tickets on
behalf of our members. Accreditation requires to meet a number of criteria, like financial liability. Currently there are
more than 54,000 IATA accredited travel agents operating in 217 countries and territories.

Travellers’ advandage with IATA accredited agents

IATA accredits travel and cargo agents to sell tickets on behalf of our member airlines. The accreditation process is
demanding, and conditions require to meet a number of criteria, including financial liability. Accreditation is
renewed each year. The IATA-accredited agents community can thus be considered a worldwide network of reliably
certified and recognized agents.You can make sure you are using an IATA accredited agent by checking the agent’s
IATA code

ACI (AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL)

Airports Council International (ACI) is the only global trade representative of the world's airport authorities.
Established in 1991, ACI represents airports' interests with governments and international organizations, develops
standards, policies and recommended practices for airports, and it provides information and training opportunities to
raise the standards around the world. It aims to provide the public a safe, secure, efficient and an environmentally
responsible air transport system.
It is governed by the ACI Governing Board. ACI World is located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada works on a daily
basis with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and is a member of the Air Transport Action
Group (ATAG).
Due to the growing importance of external factors on airport operations, the need for a formal relationship with
governments, airlines, manufacturers and other parties concerned become more apparent. In 1970, these three
associations created the Airport Associations Coordinating Council (AACC) in order to formulate unified airport
industry policies, furthering collaboration between its constituent associations, and representing them collectively
with worldwide aviation organizations and other relevant bodies
The decision to create ACI, which succeeded AACC, was taken in 1989. The Constitution of ACI was approved in
the autumn of 1990 and came to effect in 1991.
In 2011, ACI relocated its headquarters from Geneva, Switzerland to Montreal, Canada. The decision was in part
motivated by the fact that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is located in Montreal. The purpose
was to facilitate a better coordination of their activities and also to operate alongside the International Air
Transportation Association (IATA), also located in the same city. [2]
In 2016 airports worldwide welcomed 7.7 billion arriving and departing passengers and handled 110 million metric
tonnes of cargo and 92 million aircraft movements.
ACI reported 641 members operating 1,957 airports in 176 countries and territories. ACI regular members are
owners or operators, other than airlines, of one or more civil airports with commercial air services.

Airports Council International (ACI) is the only global trade representative of the world’s airports.
Established in 1991, ACI represents airports interests with Governments and international organizations such as
ICAO, develops standards, policies and recommended practices for airports, and provides information and training
opportunities to raise standards around the world.
Airports are an invaluable asset for the communities they serve, helping them to develop their full economic potential
and ensure stable growth, bolstering long-term business development and employment. As stewards of this
community resource, airport operators need an organisation that can help them add value to their business.
In 1991 airport operators around the world created Airports Council International – the first worldwide association to
represent their common interests and foster cooperation with partners throughout the air transport industry. Through
ACI, the airport community now speaks with a single voice on key issues and concerns and, despite regional
diversity, can move forward as a united industry.
ACI pursues airports interests in discussions with international organisations. The most important relationship is with
the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), where international standards for air transport are debated and
developed. ACI defends airports positions and develops standards and recommended practices in the areas of safety,
security and environment initiatives. It also advances and protects airport interests in important policy changes on
airport charges and regulation, strengthening the hand of airports in dealing with airlines.

At the same time, ACI provides the platform for pursuing a constructive and cooperative relationship with the airline
associations, governments and regulators. On critical industry issues – liberalisation, ownership, capacity planning,
regulatory restrictions, and environmental action – ACI defends airports views and strengthens their ability to shape
the future of our industry, backing up individual airport actions.

ACI offers its members numerous training opportunities, a customer service benchmarking programme, detailed
industry statistical analyses and practical publications.

 Airport Economics
ACI encourages its member airports to continuously improve operational and cost efficiency to moderate the cost of
flying and to mitigate intensifying capacity shortfalls, but also to create sufficient rates of return enabling to invest in
additional capacity.
Airports are stable providers of infrastructure assets, even in the sometimes turbulent aviation industry. While
airports and airlines are intrinsically linked and rely on one another to operate efficiently, they are based on different
business models. Airlines are able to move quickly to respond to changes in traffic flows, by leasing or retiring
capacity. Airports, on the other hand, must make long-term planning decisions to safeguard capacity sometimes 50
years into the future.
In spite of this, through efficiency gains in operations, staff productivity and venturing into new revenue streams,
airports have held user charges at a stable 4% of airline operating costs for over two decades. All the while, airports
have invested to meet the needs of a burgeoning aviation industry and developed new business models.
Over the past 30 years, airports have evolved from being simply municipal or Government infrastructure providers
into sophisticated and business-oriented service providers. As in every industry the pressure to operate efficiently is
constant and arises from customers and stakeholders alike.
In recent years airports have played a critical role in keeping air traffic affordable and stabilising operating costs for
airlines. Or, as it was the case after 11 September, 2001 and SARS, airports have shown high flexibility in dealing
with their airline’s customers to relieve some of the financial pressure they endured.
Priorities
ACI represents airports interests with Governments and international organizations such as ICAO, develops
standards, policies and recommended practices for airports, and provides information and training opportunities to
raise standards around the world
Safety
ACI considers safety as its main priority, and has launched programs such as Airport Excellence (APEX) to help
airports enhance their level of safety. ACI also provides numerous publications on recommendations and best
practices for airport operators.[5] As part of its dedications to safe operations, ACI is involved in airport design
specifications, standard operating procedures for airports, technology, systems & equipment, safety management
systems for airports, safety guidance material and training.
Airport Security
For more than four decades, the aviation industry has had to counter and respond to the threat of terrorism. Air
transport has been a high-profile target for terrorists that seek to publicise their cause and further their aims on the
international stage. While the number of attacks has declined significantly, the threat has not. The emergence in the
past decade of religious fundamentalism and the suicide terrorist presents a very real and present threat to civil
aviation.
Whereas the earlier attacks on civil aviation were largely focused against aircraft inflight, the modern trend reflects a
broader front of attack, with the aim of causing mass fatalities. We have seen other public transport infrastructure
(such as railway systems and underground mass transit systems) targeted by suicide bombers, resulting in very high
loss of life. But civil aviation and airports remain a high profile target to the terrorist and other criminals. ACI
member airports are on the front line and aviation security remains one of the highest priorities.
Aviation security has undergone significant changes since the events of 11 September, 2001. ACI takes a very active
role in informing regulatory authorities of the impact of new security rules, helping to shape those rules and ensuring
that changes in security are communicated to airport authorities.
ACI has formulated a number of policy positions on security issues which guide the organisation and member
airports. These can be viewed in the ACI Policy Handbook Chapter 7. These are supplemented by more detailed
position papers on specific issues, which are developed in response to developments in the industry.
Economics
ACI encourages its member airports to continuously improve operational and cost efficiency to moderate the cost of
flying and to mitigate intensifying capacity shortfalls, but also to create sufficient rates of return enabling to invest in
additional capacity.
Airport IT
Delivering excellence on passenger service quality has become one of the most important objectives for airports
worldwide. Even in these challenging times, more and more airports have committed to improve the passenger
experience, reaching and overcoming what travellers are demanding. At the same time, airports are constantly facing
a growing requirement to increase the efficiency of their infrastructure and reduce operational costs, providing a
flexible framework for stakeholders to deliver their services in a coordinated way.
In this environment, it is clear the value of Information Technology (IT) as the main way for airports to constantly
meet passengers and stakeholders’ needs. Moreover, IT has become the enabler of virtually all airport business
processes. By implementing new IT solutions, it is possible to ensure that operational requirements are consistently,
efficiently and reliably met, on good days and bad days, during peak operational periods as well as periods of flight
disruption.
All of the ACI World IT initiatives are coordinated through the ACI World Airport IT Standing Committee
(AITSC), established by the ACI World Governing Board in April 2009. The AITSC is constituted by leaders from
airports and business partners around the world. The main mission of this Committee is to formulate Recommended
Practices (RPs) and develop guidelines, benchmarking and training materials to help airports find the best business
solutions for themselves, their partners and their customers.
One of the main outcomes of the Committee was the publication of the Common Use IT Handbook in November
2007, an excellent and useful collection of best practices on Airport IT, and the development of the Airport
Community Recommended Information Services (ACRIS) initiative. If you want to receive more information on
the ACI World AITSC, please contact me directly via any of the options listed below.
Environment
ACI develops initiatives to promote aviation and airport sustainable developments in order to limit or reduce
environmental impacts while supporting economic and social benefits. [7] ACI created tools to help airport calculate
their own greenhouse gas emissions.[8]
As one of the founding members of the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), ACI, along with other trade
associations, is part of a coalition of aviation industry experts focusing on sustainable development issue. ATAG
defines common positions on issues to make expert and constructive contributions to the industry and governmental
consultation process.
Facilitation
ACI helps airports improve their management or flow of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail by providing a set of
best practices together with measuring and benchmarking opportunities provided through the Airport Service Quality
(ASQ) programs.[10]
Airport Slots
In 2015, ACI created an Expert Group on Slots (EGS) that proposes a worldwide policy on slots. The Group wrote a
Position Paper to guide ACI's advocacy on this topic and recommend appropriate involvement in the development of
the IATA Worldwide Slot Guidelines.

Other organizations

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the largest modern transportation agency and a governmental
body of the United States with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation in that nation as well as over its
surrounding international waters. Its powers include the construction and operation of airports, air traffic
management, the certification of personnel and aircraft, and the protection of U.S. assets during the launch or re-
entry of commercial space vehicles. Powers over neighboring international waters were delegated to the FAA by
authority of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Created in August 1958, the FAA replaced the former Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) and later became an
agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation.

• The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States is a national authority with powers to
regulate all aspects of civil aviation:
• The construction and operation of airports,
• the management of air traffic,
• the certification of personnel and aircraft, and
• the protection of US assets during the launch or re-entry of commercial space vehicles.
• The operating and maintaining aids to air navigation.
• Aviation oversight.
History
The Air Commerce Act of May 20, 1926, is the cornerstone of the federal government's regulation of civil aviation.
• It was passed at the urging of the aviation industry, whose leaders believed the airplane could not reach its full
commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards.
The FAA's roles include:
• Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
• Regulating air navigation facilities' geometric and flight inspection standards
• Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology
• Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
• Regulating civil aviation to promote safety, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District
Offices
• Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft
• Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics
• Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil
aviation

Organizations
The FAA is divided into four "lines of business" :
• Airports (ARP) — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction and
operations. Ensures compliance with federal regulations.[4]
• Air Traffic Organization (ATO) — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the
National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control
Towers (ATCT) and Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities (TRACONs).[5] See also Airway
Operational Support.
• Aviation Safety (AVS) — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including
pilots, airlines, and mechanics.[6]
• Commercial Space Transportation (AST) — ensures protection of U.S. assets during the launch or reentry
of commercial space vehicles
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)
• An associated body of the ECAC representing the civil aviation regulatory authorities of a number of
European States who had agreed to co-operate in developing and implementing common safety
regulatory standards and procedures.
• JAA started as the Joint Airworthiness Authorities in 1970.
• Originally, its objectives were only to produce common certification codes for large aeroplanes and
for engines in order to meet the needs of European industry and international consortia (e.g., Airbus).
• After 1987 its work was extended to operations, maintenance, licensing and certification/design
standards for all classes of aircraft.
• It was not a regulatory body, regulation being achieved through the member authorities.
• The offices of JAA are located in the premises of European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in
Cologne, Germany.
 • The adoption of the Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 by the European Parliament and the Council of
the European Union (EU) and the subsequent establishment of the EASA created a Europe-wide
regulatory authority which has absorbed most functions of the JAA (in the EASA Members states).
• With the introduction of the EASA some non-EU members of the JAA became non-voting members
of the EASA, while others were completely excluded from the legislative and executive process.
• Among the functions transferred is safety and environmental type-certification of aircraft, engines
and parts and approval.
• Additional responsibilities have been subsequently added over time. In 2009, JAA was disbanded. Only the
training organisation, JAA-TO, remains.

European Aviation Safety Agency (Easa)

The European Aviation Safety Agency is the centrepiece of the European Union’s aviation safety system comprised
of the Agency, the European Commission and the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs).
The discussions on the establishment of a European safety body in the EU date back to as early as 1996, but it was
only in 2002 that the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was established as a self standing Community body.
Initially based in Brussels, it moved to Cologne in 2003 and currently constitutes the centrepiece of the EU aviation
safety policy.
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Union established in 2002 in order to
ensure a high and uniform level of safety in civil aviation, by the implementation of common safety rules and
measures. EASA states that their mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and environmental
protection in civil aviation.
EASA builds on the experiences and cooperation of the former group of European aviation regulators, know as the
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), which ceased its activities in July 2009.
Based in Cologne, Germany, the agency was created on 15 July 2002, and reached full functionality in 2008, taking
over functions of the Joint Aviation Authorities.

What It Does
The main tasks of the Agency currently include:
- Drafting aviation safety legislation and providing technical advice to the European Commission and to the Member
States;
- Inspections and training to ensure uniform implementation of European aviation safety legislation in all Member
States;
- Airworthiness and environmental type-certification of aeronautical products, parts and appliances;
- Authorization of foreign operators,
- Implements and monitors safety rules (including inspections in the member states),
- gives type certification of aircraft and components,
- approves organizations involved in the design, manufacture and maintenance of aeronautical products.
- Approval of aircraft design organizations world-wide and of production and maintenance organizations outside the
EU;
- Coordination of the European Community SAFA (Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft) programme;
- Coordination of safety programmes, data collection, analysis and research to improve aviation safety.
 Since 4 December 2012, EASA is able to certify functional airspace blocks if more than three parties are
involved
 EASA is also responsible for assisting the European Commission in negotiating international harmonisation
agreements with the "rest of the world" on behalf of the EU member states (technical agreements at a working
level directly with its counterparts around the world such as the US Federal Aviation Administration(FAA).
 EASA also sets policy for aeronautical repair stations and issues repair station certificates for repair stations
located outside the EU, which permit foreign repair stations to perform work that is acceptable to the EU on its
aircraft).
 EASA has developed regulations for air operations, flight crew licensing and non-EU aircraft used in the EU,
which applied since the required European legislation to expand the agency's remit entered into force. The
legislation was published on 19 March 2008
Structure
EASA consists of 5 directorates:
 Executive directorate – includes chief engineer, communication & quality department, legal department
 Strategy & safety management – safety intelligence & performance, strategy & programmes, international
cooperation
 Certification – certification, validation & airworthiness directives for aircraft, environment, parts & appliances,
safety oversight for aeronautical design companies
 Flight standards directorate – responsible for standardisation (national oversight) & rulemaking for
maintenance, air operations, aircrew & medical, air traffic management/air navigation services, aerodromes
 Resources & support directorate – finance & procurement, human resources, IT, applicant services, corporate
services

Who benefits
The European and international civil aviation community:
 European civil aviation authorities
 air operators & airlines
 European manufacturers/designers of aircraft & parts
 maintenance companies
 commercial & private pilots
 approved training organisations
 aero-medical centres
 air traffic controllers & air navigation services
 airports
Aircraft & aeronautical products covered:
 medium & large jets
 turboprop aircraft
 light aircraft
 rotary-wing aircraft (helicopters, gyroplanes)
 light sport aircraft (balloons, gliders, airships, civilian drones)
 engines, propellers, flight simulators
 some military aircraft (e.g. the A400M airlifter)
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
The European Aviation Safety Agency is the centrepiece of the European Union’s aviation safety system comprised
of the Agency, the European Commission and the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs).
The discussions on the establishment of a European safety body in the EU date back to as early as 1996, but it was
only in 2002 that the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was established as a self standing Community body.
Initially based in Brussels, it moved to Cologne in 2003 and currently constitutes the centrepiece of the EU aviation
safety policy.
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Union established in 2002 in order to
ensure a high and uniform level of safety in civil aviation, by the implementation of common safety rules and
measures. EASA states that their mission is to promote the highest common standards of safety and environmental
protection in civil aviation.
EASA builds on the experiences and cooperation of the former group of European aviation regulators, know as the
Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), which ceased its activities in July 2009.
Based in Cologne, Germany, the agency was created on 15 July 2002, and reached full functionality in 2008, taking
over functions of the Joint Aviation Authorities.

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) UK

• The CAA was established in 1972, under the terms of the Civil Aviation Act 1971, following the
recommendations of a government committee chaired by Sir Ronald Edwards. [5] Previously, regulation of
aviation was the responsibility of the Air Registration Board. The current main Act of Parliament regulating
aviation in the UK is the Civil Aviation Act 1982. Responsibility for air traffic control in the UK passed to
NATS in the run-up to the establishment of its public-private partnership in 2001.
• The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is the statutory corporation which oversees and regulates all aspects of
civil aviation in the United Kingdom.
• The CAA head office is located in CAA House on Kingsway in Holborn, London.
• The CAA Safety Regulation Group is in Aviation House in Gatwick Airport in Crawley, England.
• The CAA is a public corporation of the Department for Transport.
• From 1 April 2014, the CAA took over a number of aviation security functions from the Department for
Transport.
• The new Directorate of Aviation Security within the CAA now manages rule-making and compliance to deliver
proportionate and focussed regulation for UK aviation to ensure the highest standards of security across the civil
aviation sector. The CAA also manages all national security vetting for the aviation industry.
• Air Safety Support International, a subsidiary of the CAA, is responsible for air safety in the British Overseas
Territories.[
CAA Responsibilities
The CAA regulates (approximately):
• Active professional and private pilots (50,000)
• Licensed aircraft engineers (12,400)
• Air traffic controllers (2,350)
• Airlines (206)
• Licensed aerodromes (141)
• Organisations involved in the design, production and maintenance of aircraft (950)
• Air Travel Organisers' License (ATOL) holders (2,400)
• Aircraft registered in the UK (19,000)
• The CAA also oversees the Air Travel Organizers’ Licensing (ATOL).
• If a travel company with an ATOL ceases trading, the ATOL scheme protects customers who had booked
holidays with the firm. It ensures they do not get stranded abroad or lose money. The scheme is designed to
reassure customers that their money is safe, and will provide assistance in the event of a travel company
failure.
Universal Federation of Travel Agents Association (UFTAA)
• A federation of national associations of travel agents and tour operators
• The largest world body representing the travel industry.
• represents 114 National Associations and additional Affiliate members in a total of 121 countries.
• UFTAA has consultative status with the UN/NGO/ECOSOC, and works closely with other world bodies
such as UNESCO, WHO for a sustainable development and responsible tourism.
• UFTAA seeks to encourage travel among people of all nations and to support the freedom of travel
throughout the world.
• To this end, UFTAA is an effective lobbying body and opposes legislation directly harmful to travel and free
movement.
• UFTAA seeks to reduce or abolish bureaucratic obstacles to travel. Recognizing the need to unify travel
agencies and tour-operators into one international federation carrying the voice and defending the rights of
travel industry professionals,
• UFTAA was founded in 1966 as a result of a merger of two large world organizations, FIAV and UOTAA.
• UFTAA is dedicated to Education and Training and maintains the UFTAA Educational Academy.
• UFTAA has an active partnership with the IATA/UFTAA Training Programme
• Includes a four level educational programme. The new courses also include Marketing.

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority