Purpose of this report is to consider black target organs .

Organ trafficking, a lucrative global illegal trade, is often an under-discussed form of human trafficking among anti-
trafficking stakeholders due to its complex and often surreptitious nature. Sex and/or labor trafficking is the more
common form of human trafficking among public policy leaders and general awareness campaigns. However, organ
trafficking still holds an important position among transnational organized crime groups due to high demand and
relatively low law enforcement rates.

This form of illegal trade also makes the private sector, especially the financial industry, vulnerable to becoming an
unwitting conduit that facilitates it. Even so, with appropriate training and awareness, financial institutions can play a
pivotal role in exposing organ traffickers through the financial trail they leave behind. Global Financial Integrity (GFI)
estimates that 10% of all organ transplants, including lung, heart and liver, are performed through trafficked organs. 1
However, the most prominent internal organ trafficked illegally is the kidney. The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that 10,000 kidneys are traded on the black market worldwide every year, or more than one every hour.

In 2012, there were 14,013 organ donors while 28,052 needed transplants. The World Health Organization (WHO) said
that in 2010, a total of 106,897 people received successful transplants. However, this number only meets 10% of actual
demand.

Some countries also have the phenomenon of buying and selling organs by agreement or from cadavers. Here are the 10
most active black markets for human organ trading in the world, each kidney ranges from 87,000 USD to 300,000 USD
for a kidney transplant surgery.

China, South Africa, Serbia, Kosovo,... are the countries with the most expensive kidney prices in the world on the black
market. This fact leads to an increase in organ trading on the black market. Organ trading on the black market accounts
for 10% of the supply for transplants and earns 1.2 billion USD.

According to world statistics:

China: 87,000 USD

For 20 days in the beautiful city of Guangzhou, China, including a round-trip ticket, meals, and transportation, you pay
$87,000. Is it too expensive?. But you will be surprised because just surgery and hospitalization will cost you that much
money.

Serbia, 2012: 123,000 USD

Europe's sudden economic fluctuations a few years ago were directly affected by the US economic recession. The Great
Recession of 2007 forced many countries and people to seek other sources of income, including organ trading, popular
in countries such as Brazil, China, India, and the Philippines. The New York Times reported on the story of an
unemployed person in Sebia who sold his kidney for $100,000.

Kosovo, 2013: 135,000 USD

A doctor and his son were convicted by the court of organ trafficking. However, what is shocking is how they treat
kidney sellers. In most cases, organ sellers will be cared for and assured of their recovery before they return home. But a
Turkish man was forced to board a flight with an unhealed surgical wound and bleeding profusely.

Israel, 2007: 135,000 USD

Two organ traffickers were arrested and convicted by an Israeli court when the police received information that most of
the people who sold their kidneys to these two men were not paid as agreed. Their targets are mentally ill Arabs and
single mothers.
Organ sellers will be taken to Ukraine for surgery. A judge, two doctors and two accomplices were also sentenced. The
court heard that many people sold their kidneys for $135,000, but the money they received was a small part of that
amount.

New York: 160,000 USD

"You call me when you need a kidney broker," declares Brooklynite Levy Izhak Rosenbaum. For each brokerage case,
Brooklynite Levy Izhak Rosenbaum will receive $160,000. Later, he was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison and became the
first organ trafficker to be convicted in the US.

More specifically about kidney trading lines in countries with high rates of kidney trading

China: The above suggestion is not unfounded because the "black market" for selling organs, mainly kidneys, operates
quite openly in China, although the government has strictly banned organizations and individuals. Organ trafficking in all
forms since 2007. Ads like: “Sell your kidney to buy an iPad!” Appearing a lot on websites, people posting messages
promise to pay about 4,000 USD for a kidney and the kidney removal will take place within 10 days.

Recently, Chinese police destroyed a large ring specializing in human organ smuggling, arrested 137 suspects and
rescued 127 organ sellers. China's Ministry of Public Security said this criminal network lured people to sell organs over
the Internet. They buy organs at cheap prices but sell them at exorbitant prices to patients.

Most patients who go to China to find organs for surgery have to pay up to 200,000 USD for a kidney bought on the
black market, while organ sellers are paid less than 5,000 USD.

India: Organ trafficking rings have been operating in India for more than a decade. In 2004, the Transplant
Authorization Committee was established to prevent organ sellers from coming into contact with brokers. Organ sellers
believe they can save their lives and would rather work with brokers who are somewhat confrontational.

Many middlemen and doctors have been arrested for their involvement in illegal organ trading. However, this activity
continues to increase in India, with many people even opening stores to buy and sell kidneys.

Egypt: After nearly a decade of controversy, in February 2010, the Egyptian parliament passed a measure to regulate
legal organ transplants, with the hope of ending illegal organ trafficking. Most of the victims are poor people.

Thousands of refugees from Sudan working illegally in Egypt are willing to exchange a kidney for money to go to Europe
or Israel. Stories related to organ trading here are mentioned freely and without secrecy by both sellers and buyers.
 Black
marget
organs
Columb, a law lecturer at the University of Liverpool, UK, spent weeks in Cairo interviewing brokers and organ donors,
mainly from Sudan. However, the Egyptian Ministry of Health has not officially commented on Columb's findings.

While buying and selling kidneys is banned in Egypt, paying for a transplant is legal, with some patients paying up to
£75,000 for a transplant. new internal organs.

There is little data on organ donation recipients in Cairo, but one of 13 organ sellers who spoke to Coumb said he was
paid 3,300 pounds (nearly 100 million VND) for his kidney. me.

Negotiations often take place in public places such as cafes, with brokers and representatives of medical facilities
performing organ transplants present, the report said.

Egypt, located at the intersection of the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean, has become a huge transit
point for thousands of migrants and refugees trying to reach Europe.

The blurred line between illegal kidney trafficking and legal transplant surgery means organ removal is rarely reported to
authorities, Columb said.

This law lecturer also concluded that the bans have promoted illegal organ trading, increased the role of brokers, and
exposed organ sellers to a higher level of exploitation. more sophisticated.

Expand the dictionary of human trafficking

How does organ trafficking fit into the broader definition of human trafficking? As stated in the 2000 Palermo Protocol,
the basis of most national laws on human trafficking, organ trafficking is defined more broadly as:

“Human trafficking means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by the threat or use
of force or other forms of coercion, kidnapping, fraud, deception, abuse power or a position of vulnerability or the giving
or receiving of payments or benefits to obtain the consent of a person having control over another, for the purpose of
exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of prostitution or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, wrong or take organs.” 7

To this day, the extent of organ trafficking remains unknown, as does the number of such transplants performed each
year. Furthermore, this issue has not yet been fully integrated into the broader field of human trafficking.

To effectively combat organ trafficking and also to raise its visibility among other forms of transnational organized crime,
it is important to enter into partnerships effective public-private. The private sector, including the financial industry, can
play an essential role in this global fight.
THE END