ICAO Annexes

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ICAO ANNEXES
Annex 1 Personnel Licensing
Annex 2 Rules of the Air
Annex 3 Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5 Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations
Annex 6 Operation of Aircraft
Annex 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9 Facilitation
Annex 10 Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11 Air Traffic Services
Annex 12 Search and Rescue
Annex 13 Aircraft Accident and Incident investigation
Annex 14 Aerodromes
Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16 Environmental Protection
Annex 17 Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference
Annex 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
Annex 19 Safety Management

ANNEX 1 - Personnel Licensing

 Air travel cannot do without human skills (pilots , air and ground personnel )
 Competence, skills and training remain essential, efficient and safe operations.
 Training and licensing instill confidence between States, leading to international recognition and
acceptance of personnel qualifications and greater trust in aviation on the part of the traveler.
Who requires the licensing?
 Flight crew members (pilots, flight engineers and flight navigators),
 Air traffic controllers,
 Aeronautical station operators,
 Maintenance technicians
 Flight dispatchers ,
 Flight operations officers,
 Radio operators , and
 Aerodrome emergency crews,
 Individuals involved in other related disciplines.
Why Licensing ?
• Protection against system breakdown due to either human error or failure of a system component is a must
today.
• The human being is the vital link in the chain of aircraft operations.
• Proper training necessary to minimize human error and provide able, skilful, proficient and competent
personnel.
• Annex 1 describes the skills necessary to build proficiency at various jobs, thereby contributing to
occupational competency. E.g. periodic health examinations to Pilots, Technicians, Controllers etc
ANNEX 2 - Rules of the Air
• Air travel must be safe and efficient, hence a set of internationally agreed rules of the air.
• Rules consist of:
- general rules,
 - visual flight rules, and
- instrument flight rules
General rules
Right-of-way rules
• When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft on the right has the right of way
• An aircraft which is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking aircraft must remain clear by
altering heading to the right.
• When two aircraft are approaching each other head on they must both alter heading to the right.
• When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft on the right has the right of way
• An aircraft which is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking aircraft must remain clear by
altering heading to the right.
• When two aircraft are approaching each other head on they must both alter heading to the right.
Aeroplanes must give way to:
– airships, gliders and balloons, and
– Aircraft being towed
– to aircraft which are towing objects.
• Aerodrome vehicular traffic shall give way to aircraft on power.
Freedoms of the Air
• The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country's airlines the privilege to
enter and land in another country's airspace.
• Formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalization in the Convention on ICAO
of 1944, known as the Chicago Convention.
Five Freedoms of the Air
• The right overfly a state without landing
• The right to land in a state for non-traffic purposes
• The right to put down, in another State, traffic coming from the home State of the carrier
• The right to take on, traffic from another state to the aircraft’s state of registry.
• The right to pick passengers and cargo from one contracting state to another state
Visual Flight Rrules
• a flight crew should remain clear of clouds by at least 1 500 m horizontally and at least 300 m (1 000 ft)
vertically and a forward visibility of at least 8 km.
• An aircraft cannot be flown under VFR at night or above 6 100 m (20 000 ft) except by special permission.
Instrument Flight Rules
• Instrument flight rules must be complied with in weather conditions
• Most airliners fly under IFR at all times
• To fly under IFR, an aircraft must be equipped with suitable instruments and navigation equipment appropriate
to the route to be flown.
Flight Plan
• ICAO document that carries details of a particular flight as per the Pilot’s intentions
• Flight plans filed with ATC include:
- aircraft's identity and equipment,
- the point and time of departure,
- the route and altitude to be flown,
- the destination and estimated time of arrival,
– the alternate airport
– whether VFR or IFR
– amount of fuel on board, etc
• Pilots are responsible for avoiding collisions when in VFR conditions (see-and-avoid).

ANNEX 6 -Operation of Aircraft

• Aircraft engaged in international air transport must be as standardized as possible to ensure the highest levels of
safety and efficiency.
• The very international nature of commercial aviation requires pilots and operators to conform to a wide variety
of national rules and regulations.
Annex 6 provides criteria for :
- safe operating practices,
- efficiency and regularity of international air navigation by encouraging States to facilitate the passage over their
territories of commercial aircraft belonging to other countries that operate in conformity with these criteria.
• High performance aircraft designs necessitated new techniques-the need for international regulations to
provide for safety and efficiency.
• Introduction of high-speed, long/short-range aircraft, created endurance issues at relatively low altitudes,
where fuel consumption becomes a major factor.
• The annex provides for:
- rules limiting the flight time and flight duty periods for flight crew members
- the operator to provide adequate rest periods so that fatigue occurring either on a flight, or successive
flights over a period of time, does not endanger the safety of a flight.
- operating limits of each particular type of aircraft
ANNEX 7 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
• It sets standards for the use of letters, numbers and other graphic symbols to be used in the nationality and
registration marks
• Spells out where these characters will be located on different types of airborne vehicles, such as lighter-
than air aircraft and heavier-than-air aircraft.
• The annex calls for the registration of the a/c.
• The certificate must be carried in the aircraft at all times
• An identification plate, bearing at least the aircraft's nationality, or common mark and registration mark,
must be affixed in a prominent position to the main entrance.
ANNEX 8 - Airworthiness of Aircraft
• an aircraft must be designed, constructed and operated in compliance with the appropriate
airworthiness requirements of the State of Registry of the aircraft.
• the aircraft is issued with a Certificate of Airworthiness declaring that the aircraft is fit to fly.
• ICAO places the burden on the State of Registry to recognize and render valid an airworthiness certificate
issued by another Contracting State, subject to the condition that the airworthiness requirements of the
certificate are equal to or above the minimum standards established.
• Requirements for detailed design and construction provide for a reasonable assurance that all aeroplane’s
parts will function reliably and effectively
• Aeroplane’s design features also provide for the safety, health and well being of occupants
• Due to events of highjacking and terrorist acts on board aircraft, special security features have been
included in aircraft design to improve the protection of the aircraft.
• These include special features in aircraft systems, identification of a least-risk bomb location, and
strengthening of the cockpit door, ceilings and floors of the cabin crew compartment
• ANNEX 13- Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
• The causes of an aircraft accident or serious incident must be identified in order to prevent repeated
occurrences.
• The identification of causal factors is best accomplished through a properly conducted
investigation.
• To emphasise this point, Annex 13 states that the objective of the investigation of an accident or incident is
prevention.
• Annex 13 provides the international requirements for the investigation of aircraft accidents and incidents.
• the Annex spells out which States may participate in an investigation, such as the States of Occurrence,
Registry, Operator, Design and Manufacture.
• Chapter 8 of Annex 13 deals with accident prevention measures

ANNEX 16 – Environmental Protection

• Annex 16 deals with the protection of the environment from the effect of aircraft noise and aircraft engine
emissions
 • These two topics were hardly thought about when the Chicago Convention was signed.
• Concern increased with the introduction of jet aeroplanes in the early 1960s and accelerated with the
growth in the number of jet aircraft in International operations.
• Aircraft noise is a function, among other things, of the power of the engines that propel aeroplanes through
the atmosphere.
• In 1968, ICAO Council established international specifications to control aircraft noise.
• In 1971 - resolution on the adverse environmental impact related to aircraft activity.
• Annex 16 was adopted in 1971 to deal with:-
- procedures for describing and measuring aircraft noise;
- human tolerance to aircraft noise;
- aircraft noise certification; criteria for establishment of aircraft noise abatement procedures; land use
control; and
- ground run-up noise abatement procedures.
• Solutions
• noise certification standards for future subsonic jet aeroplanes and propeller-driven aeroplanes,
• APUs (auxiliary power-units) and associated aircraft systems when operating on the ground.
• control of engine emissions from aircraft engines-limits emission of smoke and certain gaseous pollutants
from engines
• Prohibition of the venting of raw fuels

Annex 17 - Security
• Unlawful seizure of aircraft - to safeguard civil aviation and its facilities against acts of unlawful
interference.
• each Contracting State to establish its own civil aviation security programme
• airline operators themselves have a primary responsibility for protecting their passengers, assets and
revenues,
• To combat terrorism - effective screening system for passengers and their carry-on luggage.
• fighting sabotage
- reconciliation of baggage with passengers,
- controls over items left behind on the aircraft by disembarking passengers,
- security controls for commercial courier services and controls over cargo and mail under certain
situations.
ANNEX 18 The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
Dangerous cargo :
– explosive,
- corrosive,
- flammable,
- toxic and
- radioactive.
• Dangerous goods are essential for a wide variety of global industrial, commercial, medical and research
requirements and processes.
• ICAO has taken steps to ensure that such cargo can be carried safely.
• Hazard classes
• Class 1 - explosives of all kinds (sporting ammunition, fireworks and signal flares).
• Class 2 - toxic or flammable (cylinders of oxygen and refrigerated liquid nitrogen).
• Class 3 - flammable liquids (gasoline, lacquers, paint thinners)etc.
• Class - flammable solids, spontaneously combustible materials ( powdered metals, cellulose type film and
charcoal).
• Class 5 covers oxidizing material, including bromates, chlorates or nitrates; this class also covers organic
peroxides which are both oxygen carriers and very combustible.
• Class 6 - Poisonous or toxic substances, such as pesticides, mercury compounds,
• Class 7 - radioactive isotopes needed for medical or research purposes but are sometimes contained in
manufactured articles such as heart pacemakers or smoke detectors.
• Class 8 - Corrosive substances which may be dangerous to human tissue or which pose a hazard to the
structure of an aircraft-caustic soda, battery fluid, paint remover).
 • Class 9 – materials potentially hazardous in air transport, such as magnetized materials which could affect
the aircraft's navigational systems
Annex 19 — Safety Management
Definitions
• Safety. The state in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the
operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level. Safety management system
(SMS). A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures,
accountabilities, policies and procedures.
• Safety performance. A State or a service provider’s safety achievement as defined by its safety
performance targets and safety performance indicators.
• Safety performance indicator. A data-based parameter used for monitoring and assessing safety
performance. Safety performance target. The planned or intended objective for safety performance
indicator(s) over a given period. Safety risk. The predicted probability and severity of the consequences or
outcomes of a hazard.
• Serious injury. An injury which is sustained by a person in an accident and which:
• a) requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within seven days from the date the injury
was received; or
• b) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes or nose); or Chapter 1 Annex 19
— Safety Management 1-3 14/11/13
• c) involves lacerations which cause severe haemorrhage, nerve, muscle or tendon damage; or
• d) involves injury to any internal organ; or
• e) involves second or third degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 per cent of the body surface; or
• f) involves verified exposure to infectious substances or injurious radiation.
• State of Design. The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the type design.
• State of Manufacture. The State having jurisdiction over the organization responsible for the final assembly
of the aircraft.
• State of the Operator. The State in which the operator’s principal place of business is located or, if there is
no such place of business, the operator’s permanent residence. State safety programme (SSP). An
integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety.