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linear equation in two variables -1-52
linear equation in two variables -1-52
linear equation in two variables -1-52
Graph of linear equation in two variables where a1, b1, c1 & a2, b2, c2 are constants.
GRAPH OF LINEAR EQUATION ax + by + c = 0
Graphical representation of pair of IN TWO VARIABLES, WHERE a 0, b 0
linear equation (i) Step I : Obtain the linear equation, let the
equation be ax + by + c = 0.
Types of solutions (ii) Step II : Express y in terms of x to obtain
Methods of Solving system of linear y=–
ax c
b
equation
(iii) Step III : Give any two values to x and calculate
Word problems the corresponding values of y from the expression
in step II to obtain two solutions, say (1, 1) and
(2, 2). If possible take values of x as integers in
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES such a manner that the corresponding values of y
are also integers.
A statement of equality of two algebraic
expressions, which involve one or more unknown (iv) Step IV : Plot points (1, 1) and (2, 2) on a
quantities is known as an equation. If there are graph paper.
two unknown quantities then equation is called (v) Step V : Join the points marked in step IV to
linear equation in two variables. obtain a line. The line obtained is the graph of the
A linear equation is an equation which involves equation ax + by + c = 0.
linear polynomials. EXAMPLES
A value of the variable which makes the two sides Ex.1 Draw the graph of the equation y – x = 2.
of the equation equal is called the solution of the
Sol. We have,
equation.
y–x=2
Same quantity can be added/subtracted to/from
both the sides of an equation without changing the y = x + 2
equality. When x = 1, we have : y = 1 + 2 = 3
Both the sides of an equation can be When x = 3, we have : y = 3 + 2 = 5
multiplied/divided by the same non-zero number Thus, we have the following table exhibiting
without changing the equality. the abscissa and ordinates of points on the
Note :- To find value of variables in any equation line represented by the given equation.
we required number of equation equal to number x 1 3
of variables in equation. y 3 5
Plotting the points (1, 3) and (3, 5) on the To find the coordinates of the point when
graph paper and drawing a line joining them, x = –5, we draw a line parallel to y-axis and
we obtain the graph of the line represented by passing through (–5, 0). This line meets the
the given equation as shown in Fig. graph of x – 2y = 3 at a point from which we
Y 9
draw a line parallel to x-axis which crosses y-
8 axis at y = –4. So, the coordinates of the
7 y – x= 2 required point are (–5, –4).
6
Since y = 0 on x-axis. So, the required point is
5
4
(3,5) the point where the line meets x-axis. From the
3 graph the coordinates of such point are (3, 0).
2 (1, 3) Hence, required points are (–5, –4) and (3, 0).
1
X X
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
–1 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
–2
–3
–4 Let the system of pair of linear equations be
–5 a1x + b1y = c1 ....(1)
–6
–7 a2x + b2y = c2 ....(2)
–8
–9 We know that given two lines in a plane, only one
Y
of the following three possibilities can happen -
Ex.2 Draw a graph of the line x – 2y = 3. From the
(i) The two lines will intersect at one point.
graph, find the coordinates of the point when
(i) x = – 5 (ii) y = 0. (ii) The two lines will not intersect, however far
they are extended, i.e., they are parallel.
x3
Sol. We have x – 2y = 3 y = (iii) The two lines are coincident lines.
2
Y Y 1 and 2
1 3 1
When x = 1, we have : y = = –1 2
2
1 3
When x = –1, we have : y = = –2 P()
2
Thus, we have the following table :
0 X 0 X
x 1 –1 Y
y –1 –2 1 2
Plotting points (1, –1) & (–1, –2) on graph
paper & joining them, we get straight line as
shown in fig. This line is required graph of
equation x – 2y = 3.
Y
9
X' 0 X
8
7
Y'
6
EXAMPLES
5
4 Ex.3 The path of highway number 1 is given by the
3 equation x + y = 7 and the highway number 2
2 x – 2y = 3
1
is given by the equation 5x + 2y = 20.
(3, 0)
X X Represent these equations geometrically.
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(–1, –2) –1 (1, –1) Sol. We have, x + y = 7
–2
–3
y=7–x ....(1)
–4 In tabular form
–5
–6
–7
–8
Y –9
x 1 4 According to the condition given in the
question
y 6 3
x + 3 = 3(y + 3)
Po int s A B
or x – 3y = 6 ....(2)
and 5x + 2y = 20 x – 7y = –42
20 5 x
y= ....(2)
2 x 0 7 14
In tabular form x 42
y 6 7 8
x 2 4 7
y 5 0 Point s A B C
Po int s C D
x – 3y = 6
Y x 6 12 18
7 A x6
6 y 0 2 4
(1,6) 3
5
(2,5) C Po int s D E F
4
3 (4,3) B
2 Plot the points A(0, 6), B(7, 7), C(14, 8) and
1 join them to get a straight line ABC. Similarly
(4,0) D plot the points D(6, 0), E(12, 2) and F(18, 4)
X' X and join them to get a straight line DEF.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y
Y'
15
Plot the points A (1, 6), B(4, 3) and join them 1 G
to form a line AB.
10 B C
A (42, 12)
5 (0,6) (7,7) 2
Similarly, plot the points C(2, 5). D (4, 0) and
join them to get a line CD. Clearly, the two F
E x
lines intersect at the point C. Now, every 0 5D10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
point on the line AB gives us a solution of
equation (1). Every point on CD gives us a Ex.5 10 students of class X took part in a
solution of equation (2). Mathematics quiz. If the number of girls is 4
more than the number of boys, find the
Ex.4 A father tells his daughter, “ Seven years ago, number of boys and girls who took part in the
I was seven times as old as you were then. quiz.
Also, three years from now, I shall be three
times as old as you will be.” Represent this Sol. Let the number of boys be x and the number
situation algebraically and graphically. of girls be y.
Sol. Let the present age of father be x-years and Then the equations formed are
that of daughter = y years x + y = 10 ....(1)
Seven years ago father’s age and y=x+4 ....(2)
= (x – 7) years Let us draw the graphs of equations (1) and
Seven years ago daughter’s age (2) by finding two solutions for each of the
equations. The solutions of the equations are
= (y – 7) years given.
According to the problem x y 10 y x4
(x – 7) = 7(y – 7)
x 0 8 x 0 1 3
or x – 7y = – 42 ....(1)
y 10 x 10 2 y x4 4 5 7
After 3 years father’s age = (x + 3) years
Po int s A B Po int s C D E
After 3 years daughter’s age = (y + 3) years
Plotting these points we draw the lines AB y
x y4 x y 36 x 0 4
x 0 4 x 10 20 y x 1 1 5
y 4 0 y 36 x 26 16 Po int s A B
Po int s A B Po int s C D In tabular form
y' 3
2
Clearly, the two lines intersect each other at
the point D(2, 3). Hence x = 2 and y = 3 is the 1
X
solution of the given pair of equations. 0 1 2 3 4
The line CD cuts the x-axis at the point
E (4, 0) and the line AB cuts the x-axis at the The graphs of the above equations coincide.
point F(–1, 0). Coordinates of every point on the lines are the
Hence, the coordinates of the vertices of the solutions of the equations. Hence, the given
triangle are ; D(2, 3), E(4, 0), F(–1, 0). equations are consistent with infinitely many
solutions.
Verification :
(B) Inconsistent Equation :
Both the equations (1) and (2) are satisfied by
x = 2 and y = 3. Hence, Verified. If a system of simultaneous linear equations has
no solution, then the system is said to be inconsistent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS No Solution : The graph (lines) of the two
equations are parallel.
There are three types of solutions :
For example. Consider
1. Unique solution.
4x + 2y = 10
2. Infinitely many solutions
6x + 3y = 6
3. No solution. Y
(A) Consistent : 5
If a system of simultaneous linear equations 4
has at least one solution then the system is 3
said to be consistent.
2
(i) Consistent equations with unique solution :
The graphs of two equations intersect at a 1
unique point. For example. Consider 0 1 2 3 4
X
x + 2y = 4
7x + 4y = 18 The graphs (lines) of the given equations are
Y parallel. They will never meet at a point. So, there
is no solution. Hence, the equations are
5
inconsistent.
4
Graph of Two
3 S.No Types of Equations
Equations
2 1 Intersecting lines Consistent, with unique solution
1 (2, 1) 2 Coincident Consistent with infinite solutions
X 3 Parallel lines Inconsistent (No solution)
0 1 2 3 4
EXAMPLES
The graphs (lines) of these equations intersect
each other at the point (2, 1) i.e., x = 2, y = 1. Ex.8 Show graphically that the system of equations
x – 4y + 14 = 0 ; 3x + 2y – 14 = 0 16 2x
y=
is consistent with unique solution. 5
Sol. The given system of equations is 16 6
When x = 3, y= =2
x – 4y + 14 = 0 ....(1) 5
x 14 16 2 (2)
y= When x = – 2, y = =4
4 5
6 14 In tabular form
When x = 6, y= =5
4
x 2 3
2 14
When x = – 2, y = =3 y 4 2
4
Po int s A B
In tabular form
15
x 6 2 3x + y = 24 ....(1)
2
y 5 3
48 6 x
Po int s A B y= ....(2)
15
3x + 2y – 14 =0 ....(2) 1 48 3
3x 14
When x = , y= =3
y= 2 15
2
11
0 14 48 6
When x = 0, y = =7 11 2
2 When x = , y= =1
2 15
3 4 14 In tabular form
When x = 4, y = =1
2
1 11
In tabular form x
2 2
x 0 4 y 3 1
y 7 1 Po int s C D
Po int s C D Y
Y 5
A
8 4
C(0, 7) (–2, 4)
6 3 (1/2, 3)
C
4 2 B(3, 2)
2 1 (11/2, 1)
D(4, 1) D
X' X
X'
–2 0
X –3 –2 –1O 1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6
Y' Y'
The given equations representing two lines, The lines of two equations are coincident.
intersect each other at a unique point (2, 4). Coordinates of every point on this line are the
Hence, the equations are consistent with solution.
unique solution. Hence, the given equations are consistent
Ex.9 Show graphically that the system of equations with infinitely many solutions.
Ex.10 Show graphically that the system of equations
15
2x + 5y = 16 ; 3x + y = 24 2x + 3y = 10, 4x + 6y = 12 has no solution.
2
has infinitely many solutions. Sol. The given equations are
Sol. The given system of equations is 2x + 3y = 10
2x + 5y = 16 ....(1)
10 2x Ex.11 Given the linear equation 2x + 3y – 8 = 0,
3y = 10 – 2x y = write another linear equation in two variables
3
such that the geometrical representing of the
10 2 (4) 10 8 pair so formed is :
When x = – 4, y = = =6
3 3 (i) intersecting lines
10 2 2 10 4 (ii) parallel lines
When x = 2, y = = =2
3 3 (iii) coincident lines
In tabular form Sol. We have,
x 4 2 2x + 3y – 8 = 0
y 6 2 (i) Another linear equation in two variables such
Po int s A B that the geometrical representation of the pair
so formed is intersecting lines is
4x + 6y = 12 3x – 2y – 8 = 0
6y = 12 – 4x (ii) Another parallel lines to above line is
6y = 12 – 4x 4x + 6y – 22 = 0
12 4 x (iii) Another coincident line to above line is
y=
6 6x + 9y – 24 = 0
12 4 (3) 12 12 Ex.12 Solve the following system of linear
When x = – 3, y = = =4
6 6 equations graphically;
12 4 (3) 12 12 3x + y – 11 = 0 ; x – y – 1 = 0
When x = 3, y = = =0
6 6 Shade the region bounded by these lines and
also y-axis. Then, determine the areas of the
In tabular form
region bounded by these lines and y-axis.
x 3 3 Sol. We have ;
y 4 0 3x + y – 11 = 0 and x – y – 1 = 0
Po int s C D (a) Graph of the equation 3x + y – 11 = 0
Plot the points A (–4, 6), B(2, 2) and join We have, 3x + y – 11 = 0
them to form a line AB. Similarly, plot the y = – 3x + 11
points
When, x = 2, y = –3 × 2 + 11 = 5
C(–3, 4), D(3, 0) and join them to get a
line CD. When, x = 3, y = – 3 × 3 + 11 = 2
y Then, we have the following table :
A(–4, 6) 6 x 2 3
5 y 5 2
4
Plotting the points P (2, 5) and Q(3, 2) on
C
3 the graph paper and drawing a line joining
between them, we get the graph of the
2 B(2, 2)
equation 3x + y – 11 = 0 as shown in fig.
(3
1
(b) Graph of the equation x – y – 1 = 0
,
0)
D
x' x We have,
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1 x–y–1=0
–2 y=x–1
y' When, x = – 1, y = –2
Clearly, the graphs of the given equations are When, x = 3, y = 2
parallel lines. As they have no common point, Then, we have the following table :
there is no common solution. Hence, the
given system of equations has no solution.
x 1 3 Plotting the points P(0, 2) and Q(3, 4) on
the graph paper and drawing a line joining
y 2 2 between them we get the graph of the
Plotting the points R(–1, –2) and S(3, 2) on equation 2x – 3y = – 6 as shown in fig.
the same graph paper and drawing a line (b) Graph of the equation 2x + 3y = 18;
joining between them, we get the graph of the 2x 18
equation x – y – 1 = 0 as shown in fig. We have 2x + 3y = 18 y =
3
Y
2 0 18
When, x = 0, y = =6
12 3
T(0,11)
10
2 (3) 18
8 When, x = – 3, y = =8
Scale :
3
For both axes 2 unit = 0.5 cm 6 P(2, 5) Then, we have the following table :
4
Q(3, 2)
x 0 3
V(0, 2) 2
S(3, 2) y 6 8
X' X
–8 –6 –4 –2 O 2 4 6 8
U(0,–1) Plotting the points R(0, 6) and S(–3, 8) on the
R(–1, 2) –2 same graph paper and drawing a line joining
–4 between them, we get the graph of the
equation 2x + 3y = 18 as shown in fig.
Y' (c) Graph of the equation y = 2
You can observe that two lines intersect at It is a clear fact that y = 2 is for every value
Q(3, 2). So, x = 3 and y = 2. The area enclosed of x. We may take the points T (3, 2), U(6, 2)
by the lines represented by the given equations or any other values.
and also the y-axis is shaded. Then, we get the following table :
So, the enclosed area = Area of the shaded
portion x 3 6
1 y 2 2
= Area of QUT = × base × height
2 Plotting the points T(3, 2) and U(6, 2) on the
1 1 same graph paper and drawing a line joining
= × (TU × VQ) = × (TO + OU) × VQ between them, we get the graph of the
2 2
equation y = 2 as shown in fig.
1 1 Y
= (11 + 1) 3 = × 12 × 3 = 18 sq.units.
2 2 9
Hence, required area is 18 sq. units. S(–3, 8) 8
2x
Ex.13 Draw the graphs of the following equations ; +3
y= 7
6
2x – 3y = – 6 ; 2x + 3y = 18; y = 2
18 6 R(0, 6)
y =–
–3
5 2x
Find the vertices of the triangles formed and
4 Q(3, 4)
also find the area of the triangle.
3
Sol. (a) Graph of the equation 2x – 3y = – 6; P(0, 2) U(6, 2)
y=2 2
T(3, 2)
2x 6 1
We have, 2x – 3y = – 6 y =
3 X'
–3 –2 –1
X
1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
20 6
When, x = 0, y = =2 Scale :
3 Y' For both axes 2 unit = 0.5 cm
23 6 From the fig., we can observe that the lines
When, x = 3, y = =4
3 taken in pairs intersect each other at points
Q(3, 4), U (6, 2) and P(0, 2). These form the
Then, we have the following table :
three vertices of the triangle PQU.
x 0 3 To find area of the triangle so formed
y 2 4 The triangle is so formed is PQU (see fig.)
In the PQU
QT (altitude) = 2 units (i) a1 = 5, b1 = – 4, c1 = 8;
and PU (base) = 6 units a2 = 7, b2 = 6, c2 = – 9
1
so, area of PQU = (base × height) a1 5 b 4
2 = , 1 =
a2 7 b2 6
1 1
= (PU × QT) = × 6 × 2 sq. untis a1 b
2 2 1
= 6 sq. units. a2 b2
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED Thus, the lines representing the pair of linear
equations are intersecting.
Pair of lines (ii) a1 = 9, b1 = 3, c1 = 12;
a1 b1 c1 Compare
a1x b1 y c1 0 a2 = 18, b2 = 6, c2 = 24
a2 b2 c2 the ratio
a2x b2y c2 0 a1 9 1 b 3 1
2 x 3y 4 0 2 3 4 a 1 b1 = = , 1 = =
a2 18 2 b2 6 2
5x 6 y 9 0 5 6 9 a 2 b2
x 2y 5 0 1 2 5 a 1 b 1 c1 c1 12 1
and = =
3x 6 y 15 0 3 6 15 a 2 b2 c2 c2 24 2
2 x 3y 4 0 2 3 4 a 1 b1 c 1
a1 b1 c
4x 6 y 10 0 4 6 10 a 2 b2 c2 = = 1
a2 b2 c2
Graphical Algebraic Thus, the lines representing the pair of linear
representation interpretation equation coincide.
Intersecting Exactly one
(iii) a1 = 6, b1 = – 3, c1 = 10;
lines solution (unique)
Coincident Infinitely many a2 = 2, b2 = – 1, c2 = 9
lines solutions a1 6 b 3 c 10
Parallel lines No solution = = 3, 1 = = 3, 1 =
a2 2 b2 1 c2 9
From the table above you can observe that if the a1 b c
= 1 1
line a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 a2 b2 c2
are Thus, the lines representing the pair of linear
a b equations are parallel.
(i) for the int er sec ting lines then 1 1
a2 b2
a 1 b 1 c1 ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF
(ii) for the coincident lines then LINEAR EQUATIONS
a 2 b2 c2
a b c Sometimes, graphical method does not give an
(iii ) for the parallel lines then 1 1 1 accurate answer. While reading the coordinates of
a 2 b2 c2
a point on a graph paper, we are likely to make an
a1 b c error. So, we require some precise method to
Ex.14 On comparing the ratios , 1 and 1 obtain accurate result. Algebraic methods given
a2 b2 c2
below yield accurate answers.
and without drawing them, find out whether
the lines representing the following pairs of (i) Method of elimination by substitution.
linear equations intersect at a point, are (ii) Method of elimination by equating the
parallel or coincide. coefficients.
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0, 7x + 6y – 9 = 0 (iii) Method of cross multiplication.
(ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0, 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0, 2x – y + 9 = 0
Sol. Comparing the given equations with standard
In this method, we first find the value of one
forms of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and variable (y) in terms of another variable (x) from
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 we have, one equation. Substitute this value of y in the
second equation. Second equation becomes a linear 14 – 2y – 3y = 11
equation in x only and it can be solved for x. –5y = – 3 or, y = 3/5.
Putting the value of x in the first equation, we can Now, substituting the value of y in equation
find the value of y. (1), we get;
This method of solving a system of linear
x + 3/5 = 7 x = 32/5.
equations is known as the method of elimination
by substitution. Hence, x = 32/5 and y = 3/5.
‘Elimination’, because we get rid of y or (ii) We have,
‘eliminate’ y from the second equation. x+y=7 ....(1)
‘Substitution’, because we ‘substitute’ the value 12x + 5y = 7 ....(2)
of y in the second equation.
From equation (1), we have;
Working rule : x+y=7
Let the two equations be
x = 7 – y
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ....(1)
Substituting the value of y in equation (2), we
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ....(2) get ;
Step I : Find the value of one variable, say y, in 12(7 – y) + 5y = 7
terms of the other i.e., x from any equation, say (1). 84 – 12y + 5y = 7
Step II : Substitute the value of y obtained in –7y = – 77
step 1 in the other equation i.e., equation (2). This
equation becomes equation in one variable x only. y = 11
Step III : Solve the equation obtained in step II to Now, Substituting the value of y in equation
get the value of x. (1), we get ;
Step IV : Substitute the value of x from step II to x + 11 = 7 x = – 4
the equation obtained in step I. From this Hence, x = – 4, y = 11.
equation, we get the value of y. In this way, we (iii) We have;
get the solution i.e. values of x and y. 2x – 7y = 1 ....(1)
Remark : Verification is a must to check the 4x + 3y = 15 ....(2)
answer.
From equation (1), we get
EXAMPLES 7y 1
2x – 7y = 1 x =
Ex.15 Solve each of the following system of 2
equations by eliminating x (by substitution) : Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we
(i) x + y = 7 (ii) x + y = 7 get ;
2x – 3y = 11 12x + 5y = 7 7y 1
4× + 3y = 15
(iii) 2x – 7y = 1 (iv) 3x – 5y = 1 2
4x + 3y = 15 5x + 2y = 19 28 y 4
+ 3y = 15
(v) 5x + 8y = 9 2
2x + 3y = 4 28y + 4 + 6y = 30
Sol. (i) We have ; 26 13
34y = 26 y = =
x+y=7 ....(1) 34 17
2x – 3y = 11 ....(2) Now, substituting the value of y in equation
We shall eliminate x by substituting its value (1), we get;
from one equation into the other. from 13
equaton (1), we get ; 2x – 7 × =1
17
x+y=7 x = 7 – y
91 108 108 54
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we 2x = 1 + = x= =
17 17 34 17
get ;
2 × (7 – y) – 3y = 11
54 13 (i) 3x – y = 3 (ii) 7x + 11y – 3 = 0
Hence, x = ,y=
17 17 7x + 2y = 20 8x + y – 15 = 0
(iv) We have ; (iii) 2x + y – 17 = 0
3x – 5y = 1 .... (1) 17x – 11y – 8 = 0
5x + 2y = 19 .... (2) Sol. (i) We have;
From equation (1), we get; 3x – y = 3 ....(1)
5y 1 7x + 2y = 20 ....(2)
3x – 5y = 1 x =
3 From equation (1), we get ;
Substituing the value of x in equation (2), we 3x – y = 3 y = 3x – 3
get ; Substituting the value of ‘y’ in equation (2),
5y 1 we get ;
5× + 2y = 19
3 7x + 2 × (3x – 3) = 20
25y + 5 + 6y = 57 31y = 52 7x + 6x – 6 = 20
52 13x = 26 x=2
Thus, y =
31 Now, substituting x = 2 in equation (1), we
Now, substituting the value of y in equation get;
(1), we get ; 3×2–y=3
52 y = 3
3x – 5 × =1
31 Hence, x = 2, y = 3.
260 291 (ii) We have;
3x – = 1 3x =
31 31 7x + 11y – 3 = 0 ....(1)
291 97 8x + y – 15 = 0 .....(2)
x= =
31 3 31 From equation (1), we get;
97 52 7x + 11y = 3
Hence, x = , y=
31 31 3 7x
y =
(v) We have, 11
5x + 8y = 9 ....(1) Substituting the value of ‘y’ in equation (2),
we get;
2x + 3y = 4 ....(2)
3 7x
From equation (1), we get; 8x + = 15
11
9 8y
5x + 8y = 9 x = 88x + 3 – 7x = 165
5
81x = 162
Substituting the value of x in equation (2), we
get ; x=2
9 8y Now, substituting, x = 2 in the equation (2),
2× + 3y = 4 we get ;
5
8 × 2 + y = 15
18 – 16y + 15y = 20
y = – 1
–y = 2 or y = – 2
Hence, x = 2, y = – 1.
Now, substituting the value of y in equation
(1), we get ; (iii) We have,
5x + 8 (–2) = 9 2x + y = 17 ....(1)
5x = 25 x = 5 17x – 11y = 8 ....(2)
Hence, x = 5, y = – 2. From equation (1), we get;
Ex.16 Solve the following systems of equations by 2x + y = 17 y = 17 – 2x
eliminating ‘y’ (by substitution) : Substituting the value of ‘y’ in equation (2),
we get ;
17x – 11 (17 – 2x) = 8 (ii) The given system of equation is ;
17x – 187 + 22x = 8 11 7 9 4
– = 1; – =6
39x = 195 u u
x = 5 Taking 1/ = x and 1/u = y, the above system
of equations can be written as ;
Now, substituting the value of ‘x’ in equation
(1), we get ; 11x – 7y = 1 ....(1)
2 × 5 + y = 17 9x – 4y = 6 ....(2)
y = 7 Multiplying (1) by 4 and (2) by 7, we get,
Hence, x = 5, y = 7. 44x – 28y = 4 ....(3)
Ex.17 Solve the following systems of equations, 63x – 28y = 42 ....(4)
15 2 Subtracting (4) from (3) we get,
(i) + = 17 – 19x = –38 x = 2
u
1 1 36 Substituting the above value of x in (2), we
+ = get;
u 5
9 × 2 – 4y = 6 –4y = – 12
11 7
(ii) – =1 y=3
u
9 4 1 1
– =6 But, x = = 2 =
u 2
1
and, y = =3
Sol. (i) The given system of equation is ; u
1
15
+
2
= 17 ....(1) u =
u v 3
Hence, the required solution of the given
1 1 36
+ = ....(2) system of the equation is ;
u v 5
1 1
Considering 1/u = x, 1/v = y, the above = , u=
2 3
system of linear equations can be written as :
15x + 2y = 17 ....(3) Ex.18 Solve the following system of equations by
the method of elimination (substitution).
36
x+y= ....(4) (a + b) x + (a – b) y = a2 + b2
5
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2
Multiplying (4) by 15 and (iii) by 1, we get ;
Sol. The given system of equations is
15x + 2y = 17 ....(5)
(a + b) x + (a – b) y = a2 + b2 ....(1)
36
15x + 15y = × 15 = 108 ....(6) (a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 + b2 ....(2)
5
2 2
From (2), we get (a + b) y = a + b – (a – b) x
Subtracting (6) form (5), we get;
–13y = – 91 y = 7 a 2 b2 ab
y= – x ....(3)
Substituting y = 7 in (4), we get ; ab ab
36 36 1 a 2 b2 ab
x+7= x = –7= Substituting y = – x in (1), we
5 5 5 ab ab
get
1 1
But, y = =7 = a 2 b2 a b
7 (a + b) x + (a – b) x = a2 + b2
1 1 a b a b
and, x= = u = 5
u 5 (a b)(a 2 b 2 ) (a b) 2
Hence, the required solution of the given (a + b) x + – x
ab (a b)
system is u = 5, v = 1/7.
= a2 + b2 Substituting 2x = 11 – 3y in (2), we get
a 2 2ab b 2 11 – 3y – 4y = –24
(a + b) x – x
–7y = – 24 – 11
ab
–7y = – 35
(a b)(a 2 b 2 )
= a2 + b2 – y=5
ab
Putting y = 5 in (1), we get
a 2 2ab b 2
(a + b) x – x
2x + 3 × 5 = 11
ab 2x = 11 – 15
a b 4
= (a2 + b2) 1 x = – =–2
a b 2
Hence, x = – 2 and y = 5
(a 2 2ab b 2 ) x (a 2 2ab b 2 ) x
Again putting x = – 2 and y = 5 in y = mx +
ab
3, we get
a ba b 5x = m(–2) + 3
= (a2 + b2)
ab –2m = 5 – 3
2 2
4ab (a b )2ab 2
x= m= =–1
ab ab 2
METHOD OF ELIMINATION BY
4abx = 2b (a2 + b2) EQUATING THE COEFFICIENTS
a 2 b2
3u +
2v
= 2 9u + 2v = 6 ....(2) where, x + 2y 0 and 2x – y 0
3 1 1
Sol. Taking = u and = v, the above
Multiplying equation (1) with 2 and equation x 2y 2x y
(2) with 5, we get ; system of equations becomes
60u + 10v = 6 ....(3) 2u + 6v = 4 ....(1)
45u + 10v = 30 ....(4) 5u v
Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), + =1 ....(2)
2 3
we get ; Multiplying equation (2) by 18, we have;
15u = – 24 45u + 6v = 18 ....(3)
24 8 Now, subtracting equation (3) from equation
u = =
15 5 (1), we get ;
8 14
Putting u = in equation (2), we get; –43u = – 14 u =
5 43
8 Putting u = 14/43 in equation (1), we get
9× + 2v = 6
5 14
2× + 6v =4
43
72
+ 2v = 6 28 172 28 144
5 6v = 4 – = v =
43 43 43
72 102
2v = 6 + = 14 1
5 5 Now, u = =
43 x 2y
102 51
v= = 14x + 28y = 43 ....(4)
25 5
144 1
And, v = =
43 2x y
288x – 144y = 43 ....(5) 8x – 8y = 40 ....(8)
Multiplying equation (4) by 288 and (5) by Adding equation (7) and (8), we get;
14, the system of equations becomes 45
288 × 14x + 28y × 288 = 43 × 288 16x = 45 x=
16
288x × 14 – 144y × 14 = 43 × 4
Now, putting the above value of x in equation
4022x + 8064y = 12384 ....(6) (6), we get;
4022x – 2016y = 602 ....(7) 45 45 35
Subtracting equation (7) from (6), we get; –y=5 y = –5=
16 16 16
10080y = 11782 y = 1.6(approx) Hence, solution of the system of the given
Now, putting 1.6 in (4), we get, equations is ;
14x + 28 × 1.6 = 63 45 35
14x + 44.8 = 63 14x = 18.2 x= , y=
16 16
18.2
x= = 1.3 (approx)
14 Type-III : Equation of the form,
Thus, solution of the given system of ax + by = c and bx + ay = d where a b.
equation is x = 1.3 (approx), y = 1.6 (approx).
We may use the following method to solve
Ex.31 Solve, the above type of equations.
1 2 Steps :
+ =2
xy xy Step I : Let us write the equations in the form
2 1 ax + by = c
– =3
xy xy bx + ay = d
where x + y 0 and x – y 0 Step II : Adding and subtracting the above
1 1
type of two equations, we find :
Sol. Taking = u and = v the above (a + b) x + (a + b) y = c + d
xy xy
system of equations becomes cd
x+y= ....(1)
u + 2v = 2 ....(1) ab
2u – v = 3 ....(2) (a – b) x – (a – b)y = c – d
Multiplying equation (1) by 2, and (2) by 1, cd
x–y= ....(2)
we get; ab
2u + 4v = 4 ....(3) Step III : We get the values of x and y after
2u – v = 3 ....(4) adding or subtracting the equations (1) and (2).
Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get; EXAMPLES
1 Ex.32 Solve the following equations.
5v = 1 v =
5 156x + 112y = 580; 112x + 156y = 492
Putting v = 1/5 in equation (1), we get; Sol. The given system of equation is
1 2 8 156x + 112y = 580 ....(1)
u+2× = 2 u = 2 – =
5 5 5 112x + 156y = 492 ....(2)
8 1 Adding equation (1) and (2) we get ;
Here, u = = 8x + 8y = 5 ....(5)
5 xy 268x + 268y = 1072
1 1 268(x + y) = 1072
And, v = = x–y=5 ....(6)
5 xy x+y=4 ....(3)
Multiplying equation (5) with 1, and (6) with Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1),
8, we get; we get
8x + 8y = 5 ....(7) 44x – 44y = 88
x–y=2 ....(4) Step IV : Taking the help of elimination
Adding equation (3) with equation (4), we get; method, solve the equations in x, y obtained
in Step III.
2x = 6 x = 3
Step V : Substitute the values of x, y found in
Putting x = 3 in equation (3), we get;
Step IV and Step II to get the value of z.
y=1
Thus, solution of the system of equations is
EXAMPLES
x = 3, y = 1 Ex.34 Solve the following system of equations.
Ex.33 Solve the following system of equations. x–z =5
43x + 35y = 207; 35x + 43y = 183 y+z =3
Sol. The given system of equations is ; x–y =2
43x + 35y = 207 ....(1) Sol. The given system of equations to ;
35x + 43y = 183 ....(2) x–z =5 ....(1)
Adding equation (1) and (2), we get; y+z =3 ....(2)
78x + 78y = 390 x–y =2 .....(3)
From equation (1), we have;
78(x + y) = 390 z=x–5
x+y=5 ....(3) Putting z = x – 5 in equation (2), we get ;
Subtracting equation (2) from the equation y+x–5=3
(1), we get ; x+y=8 ....(4)
8x – 8y = 24 Adding equations (3) and (4), we get;
x–y=3 ....(4) 2x = 10
Adding equation (3) and (4), we get; x = 5
2x = 8 x = 4 Again putting x = 5 in equation (1), we get;
Putting x = 4 in equation (3), we get; 5–z=5
4+y=5 y=1 z = 0
Hence, the solution of the system of equation Hence, the solution of the given system of
is ; x = 4, y = 1. equation is x = 5, y = 3, z = 0.
Other method :
Type IV : Equation of the form, adding (1), (2) & (3)
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 2x = 10
x=5
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 now put this value in equation (1) & (3), we
get z = 0, y = 3 respectively
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Ex.35 Solve,
We may use the following method to solve x + 2y + z = 12
the above type of equations. 2x – z = 4
Steps : x – 2y = 4
Step I : Consider any one of the three given Sol. We have,
equations. x + 2y + z = 12 ....(1)
Step II : Find the value of one of the 2x – z = 4 ....(2)
variable, say z, from it. x – 2y = 4 ....(3)
Step III : Substitute the value of z found in From equation (1), we have z = 12 – x – 2y.
Step II in the other two equations to get two
Putting, z = 12 – x – 2y in the equation (2),
linear equatons in x, y.
we get;
2x – (12 – x – 2y) = 4
2x – 12 + x + 2y = 4 Ex.36 Solve the following system of equations by
3x + 2y = 16 ....(4) cross-multiplication method.
Adding equations (3) and (4), we get; 2x + 3y + 8 = 0
4x = 20 4x + 5y + 14 = 0
Sol. The given system of equations is
x=5
2x + 3y + 8 = 0
Putting the value of x = 5 in equation (2), we
get 4x + 5y + 14= 0
2×5–z=4 By cross-multiplication, we get
z = 10 – 4 = 6 x –y 1
3 8 = 2 8 = 2 3
Again putting the value of x = 5 in equation 5 14 4 14 4 5
(3), we get
x y 1
5 – 2y = 4 y = 1/2 = =
3 14 5 8 2 14 4 8 25 43
Hence, the solution of the given system of
equations is ; x y 1
= =
42 40 28 32 10 12
x = 5, y = 1/2 , z = 6
x y 1
CROSS-MULTIPLICATION METHOD = =
2 4 2
By the method of elimination by substitution, only x 1
those equations can be solved, which have unique =–
2 2
solution. But the method of cross multiplication
discussed below is applicable in all the cases; x=–1
whether the system has a unique solution, no y 1
and = – y = – 2.
solution or infinitely many solutions. 4 2
Let us solve the following system of equations Hence, the solution is x = – 1, y = – 2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ....(1) We can verify the solution.
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ....(2) Ex.37 Solve the follownig system of equations by
the method of cross-multiplication.
Multiplying equation (1) by b2 and equation (2)
2x – 6y + 10 = 0
by b1, we get
3x – 7y + 13 = 0
a1b2x + b1b2y + b2c1 =0 ....(3)
Sol. The given system of equations is
a2b1x + b1b2y + b1c2 =0 ....(4) 2x – 6y + 10 = 0 ....(1)
Subtracting equation (4) from equation (3), we get 3x – 7y + 13 = 0 ....(2)
(a1b2 – a2b1) x + (b2c1 – b1c2) = 0 By cross-multiplication, we have
b1c2 b 2c1 x –y 1
x = –6 10 = 2 10 = 2 –6
a1b 2 a 2 b1
–7 13 3 13 3 –7
a1b 2 a 2b1 0 x y
a1 b1 =
6 13 (7) 10 2 13 3 10
a 2 b2
1
c a c a =
Similarly, y = 1 2 2 1 2 (7) 3 (6)
a1b 2 a 2 b1
x y 1
These values of x and y can also be written as = =
– 78 70 26 30 14 18
x y 1
= = x y 1
b1c 2 b 2c1 a 1 c 2 a 2 c1 a1b 2 a 2 b1 = =
8 4 4
EXAMPLES x 1
=
8 4
x=–2 x y
=
y 1 ab b2 a 2 ab a ab ab b 2
2
=
4 4 1
=
y=1 (a b 2 )
2
11x + 15y + 23 = 0 y 1
and =
7x – 2y – 20 = 0 2
(a b ) 2
(a b 2 )
2
y 1 y 1
and = y=–3 = 2
=
381 127 (a b ) a {(a b)} b a
Hence, x = 2, y = – 3 is the required solution. x
2 2
Ex.39 Solve the following system of equations by (a b ) b(a b)
cross-multiplication method.
y 1
ax + by = a – b; bx – ay = a + b = =
(a 2 b2 ) a (a b) (b a)
Sol. Rewriting the given system of equations, we
get x y
2 2 2
=
ax + by – (a – b) = 0 a b ab b a b 2 a 2 ab
2
bx – ay – (a + b) = 0 1
=
By cross-multiplication method, we have (a b )
x –y 1 x y 1
b –(a – b) = a =
–(a – b) a b = =
a (a b) b(a b) (a b )
–a –(a + b) b –(a + b) b –a
x x 1
= x=a
b {(a b)} (a ) {(a b)} a (a b) (a b )
y 1 y 1
= = and = y=–b
a (a b) b(a b) b(a b) (a b )
a b2
2
b2x + a2y – 2a2b2 = 0 ....(4) Rewritting the equations (1) and (2), we have
By cross multiplication method, we have ax + by – 1 = 0
x –y 1 2ab
bx + ay – =0
a –ab(a + b) = b –ab(a + b) = b a a b2
2
2
a2 –2a2b2 b2 –2a2b2 b2 a Now, by cross-multiplication method, we
x y have
3 2 3
=
2a b a b(a b) 2a b ab3 (a b)
2 3
x –y 1
= =a b
1 b –1 a –1
= a 2ab b 2ab b a
a 2b ab2 – 2 2
– 2 2
a b a b
x –y
=
3 2 4 3 2
2a b a b a b 2a b a 2b3 ab4
2 3 x
1 2ab
= b 2 a (1)
ab(a b) a b2
x y 1 y 1
= = = =
2ab a a b b
a b a 3b 2 ab 4 a 2 b 3 ab(a b) a 2 b (1)
2
a b
x y 1
= = x y 1
3
a b(a b) 3
ab (a b) ab(a b) = =
2 2
2ab 2a b a b2
2
x 1 a b
= a b2 2 2
a b 2
a 3 b(a b) ab(a b)
x y
=
a 3 b(a b) 2ab 2 a 3 ab 2 2a 2 b a 2 b b 3
x= = a2
ab(a b)
a2 b2 a 2 b2
y 1 1
And = =
3
ab (a b) ab(a b) a b2
2
ab 3 (a b) x y 1
= b2 2 2
= 2 2
=
ab(a b) a (a b ) b( b a ) a b2
2
a2 b2 1
=
y 1 (a b)(a b a b)
and =
b( b 2 a 2 ) a b2
2
x
a 2 b2
(a b)(2ab 2b 2 )
b
y= y
a b2
2 =
a a b 3ab b a 3 ab 2 a 2 b b 3
3 2 2 3
a
Hence, the solution is x = , 1
a 2 b2 =
(a b)(2b)
b
y= x y 1
a b2
2 = =
(a b)(2a 2b)b 4ab 2 2b(a b)
Ex.43 Solve the following system of equations in x
and y by cross-multiplication method x 1
=
(a – b) x + (a + b) y = a2 – 2ab – b2 2(a b)(a b)b 2b(a b)
(a + b) (x + y) = a2 + b2 x=a+b
Sol. The given system of equations can be y 1
and =
rewritten as : 4ab 2 2b(a b)
(a – b) x + (a +b) y – (a2 – 2ab – b2) = 0
2ab
(a + b) x + (a + b) y – (a2 + b2) = 0 y=–
ab
By cross-multiplication method, we have Hence, the solution of the given system of
x –y equations is
=
(a + b) –(a2 – 2ab – b2) (a – b) –(a2 – 2ab – b2) 2ab
(a + b) –(a2 + b2) (a + b) –(a2 + b2) x = a + b, y = – .
ab
1 Ex.44 Solve the following system of equations by
=
(a – b) (a + b) cross-multiplications method.
(a + b) (a + b) a(x + y) + b (x – y) = a2 – ab + b2
x a(x + y) – b (x – y) = a2 + ab + b2
(a b) {(a b )} (a b) {(a 2 2ab b 2 )}
2 2
Sol. The given system of equations can be
y
rewritten as
= ax + bx + ay – by – (a2 – ab + b2) = 0
(a b) {(a b )} (a b) {(a 2 2ab b 2 )}
2 2
x
1
(a b ) ( a 3 b 2 )
3 3 =
a (b 2 )
2
y
= u v 1
a 2a b 2ab b a 3 2a 2 b 2ab 2 b 3
3 2 2 3 2 2
= =
a b 2
(a b ) 2
a b2
2
1
= u 1
a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 2 2
= u=1
a b a b2
2
x y 1
= = v 1
2b 3
4a b 2 b 2 3 4ab and = v = 1
2
(a b ) 2
a b2
2
x y 1
3
= 2 2
= a
2b 2 b ( 2a b ) 4ab and u = = 1 x = a
x
x 1 b2 b
= x= v= =1
2b 3 4ab 2a y
y 1 y=b
And 2 2
=
2 b ( 2a b ) 4ab Hence, the solution of the given system of
equations is x = a, y = b.
2a 2 b 2
y=
2a
Hence, the solution is
b2 2a 2 b 2
x= ,y=
2a 2a
Ex.45 Solve the following system of equations by
the method of cross-multiplication.
a b ab 2 a 2b
– =0; + = a2 + b2 ;
x y x y
where x 0, y 0
Sol. The given system of equations is
a b
– =0 ....(1)
x y
ab 2 a 2b
+ – (a2 + b2) = 0 ....(2)
x y
Sol. The given system of equations can be written as
The system of equations is given by
x – 2y – 2 = 0
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ....(1)
4x – 2y – 5 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ....(2)
The given equations are of the form
(a) It is consistent with unique solution, if a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a1 b
1 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a2 b2
Where, a1= 1, b1 = –2, c1 = –2
It shows that lines represented by equations
(1) and (2) are not parallel. and a2 = 4, b2 = –2, c2 = –5
(b) It is consistent with infinitely many a1 1 b 2 c 2 2
solutions, if = , 1 = = 1, 1 = =
a2 4 b2 2 c2 5 5
a1 b c
= 1 = 1 a1 b
a2 b2 c2 Clearly, 1
a2 b2
It shows that lines represented by equation
So, the given system of equations has a
(1) and (2) are coincident.
unique solution i.e. It is consistent.
(c) It is inconsistent, if
Ex.48 For what value of k the following system of
a1 b c equations has a unique solution :
= 1 1
a2 b2 c2 x – ky = 2 ; 3x + 2y = –5
It shows that lines represented by equation Sol. The given system of equation can be written
(1) and (2) are parallel and non–coincident. as
x – ky – 2 = 0
EXAMPLES 3x + 2y + 5 = 0
Ex.46 Show that the following system of equations The given system of equations is of the form
has unique solution a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
2x – 3y = 6; x + y = 1. a2x + b2y + c2 =0
Sol. The given system of equation can be written as where, a1 = 1, b1 = –k, c1 = –2
2x – 3y – 6 = 0
and a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c2 = 5
x+y–1=0
The given equations are of the form a1 b
Clearly, for unique solution 1
a2 b2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 =0 1 k 2
k
3 2 3
Where, a1 = 2, b1 = – 3, c1 = – 6
Ex.49 Show that the following system has infinitely
and a2 = 1, b2 = 1, c2 = – 1 many solutions.
a1 2 b 3 x = 3y + 3 ; 9y = 3x – 9
= = 2, 1 = =3
a2 1 b2 1 Sol. The given system of equations can be written
as
c1 6
= =6 x – 3y – 3 = 0
c2 1
3x – 9y – 9 = 0
a1 b
Clearly, 1 The given equations are of the form
a2 b2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
So, the given system of equations has a
a2x + b2y + c2 =0
unique solution. i.e., it is consistent.
Ex.47 Show that the following system of equations Where, a1 = 1, b1 = –3, c1 = –3
has unique solution : and a2 = 3, b2– = –9, c2 = –9
x – 2y = 2 ; 4x – 2y = 5
a1 1 b 3 1 c 3 1 2k – 2 = k + 1 k = 3
= , 1 = = , 1 = =
a2 3 b2 9 3 c2 9 3 Taking II and III
a1 b c 1 7
Clearly, = 1 = 1 so the given system = 5k – 1 = 14
a2 b2 c2 2 5k 1
of equations has infinitely many solutions. 5k = 15 k = 3
Ex.50 Show that the following system has infinitely Hence, k = 3.
many solutions : Ex.52 For what values of a and b, the following
2y = 4x – 6 ; 2x = y + 3 system of equations have an infinite number
Sol. The given system of equations can be written of solutions:
as 2x + 3y = 7; (a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2
4x – 2y – 6 = 0 Sol. The given system of linear equations can be
2x – y – 3 = 0 written as
The given equations are of the form 2x + 3y – 7 = 0
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (a – b) x + (a + b) y – (3a + b – 2) = 0
The above system of equations is of the form
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
Where, a1 = 4, b1 = –2, c1 = –6
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0,
and a2 = 2, b2 = –1, c2 = –3
where a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = –7
a1 4 b 2 c 6
= = 2, 1 = = 2, 1 = =2 a2 = (a – b), b2 = (a + b), c2 = – (3a + b – 2)
a2 2 b2 1 c2 3
For the given system of equations to have an
a1 b1 c1
Clearly, = = , so the given infinite number of solutions
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
system of equations has infinitely many = 1 = 1
a2 b2 c2
solutions.
Ex.51 Find the value of k for which the following a1 2 b 3
Here, = , 1 = and
system of equations has infinitely many a2 a b b2 ab
solutions.
c1 7 7
(k – 1) x + 3y = 7; (k + 1) x + 6y = (5k – 1) = =
c2 (3a b 2) 3a b 2
Sol. The given system of equations can be written
as 2 3 7
= =
(k – 1)x + 3y – 7 = 0 ab ab 3a b 2
(k + 1) x + 6y – (5k – 1) = 0 2 3 3 7
= and =
Here a1 = (k – 1), b1 = 3, c1 = –7 ab ab ab 3a b 2
and a2 = (k + 1), b2 = 6, c2 = – (5k – 1) 2a + 2b = 3a – 3b and 9a +3b – 6 = 7a + 7b
For the system of equations to have infinite 2a – 3a = –3b – 2b and 9a – 7a = 7b – 3b + 6
number of solutions. –a = –5b and 2a = 4b + 6
a1 b c a = 5b .... (3) and a = 2b + 3 .... (4)
= 1 = 1
a2 b2 c2 Solving (3) and (4) we get
k 1 3 7 5b = 2b + 3 b = 1
= = Substituting b = 1 in (3), we get a = 5 × 1 = 5
k 1 6 (5k 1)
Thus, a = 5 and b = 1
k 1 1 7
= = Hence, the given system of equations has
k 1 2 5k 1
infinite number of solutions when
Taking I and II
a = 5, b = 1
k 1 1
=
k 1 2
Ex.53 Show that the following system of equations Sol. The given system of equations may be written
is inconsistent. as
35 3x + y – 1 = 0
2x + 7y = 11; 5x + y = 25
2 (2k – 1) x + (k – 1) y – (2k + 1) = 0
Sol. The given system of equations can be written The above system of equations is of the form
as a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
2x + 7y – 11 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
35
5x + y – 25 = 0 where a1 = 3, b1 = 1, c1 = –1
2
The given equations are of the form and a2 = (2k – 1), b2 = (k – 1), c2 = –(2k+1)
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 3 b 1 c 1
= , 1 = , 1 =
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 a2 2k 1 b 2 k 1 c2 (2k 1)
Where, a1 = 2, b1 = 7, c1 = –11 a1 b c
Clearly, for no solution = 1 1
a2 b2 c2
35
and a2 = 5, b2 = , c = – 25
2 2
3
=
1
a1 2 b 7 2 c 11 11 2k 1 k 1
= , 1 = = , 1 = = 3k – 3 = 2k – 1
a2 5 b2 35 5 c2 25 25
2 k=2
a1 b c 1 1
Clearly, = 1 1 and
a2 b2 c2 k 1 (2k 1)
So, the given system of equations has no 2k + 1 k – 1
solution, i.e. it is inconsistent. Proved. k–2
Ex.54 Show that the following system of equations
3 1
has no solution : and
2k 1 2k 1
2x + 4y = 10 ; 3x + 6y = 12
6k + 3 2k – 1
Sol. The given system of equations can be written
as 4k – 4 k – 1
2x + 4y – 10 = 0 Hence the given system of linear equations
has no solution, when
3x + 6y – 12 = 0
The given equations are of the form k = 2 and k –2 and k – 1.
Ex.56 Determine the value of k for each of the
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
following given system of equations having
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 unique/consistent solution.
Where a1 = 2, b1 = 4, c1 = – 10 (i) 2x + 3y – 5 = 0; kx – 6y = 8
and a2 = 3, b2 = 6, c2 = – 12 (ii) 2x + ky = 1; 5x – 7y – 5 = 0
Sol. (i) The given system of equations may be written
a1 2 b 4 2 c 10 5
= , 1 = = , 1 = = as
a2 3 b2 6 3 c2 12 6
2x + 3y – 5 = 0
a1 b c kx – 6y– 8 = 0
Clearly, = 1 1
a2 b2 c2 Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1= 5,
So, the given system of equations has no a2 = k, b2 = –6, c2 = –8
solution, i.e., it is inconsistent. Proved.
As the given equations have unique solution,
Ex.55 For what values of k will the following
system of liner equations has no solution. we get,
3x + y = 1; (2k – 1) x + (k – 1) y = 2k + 1 a1 2
= and
a2 k
b1 3 1 1 k
= = or
b2 6 2 3 2
a1 b 2
Here 1 k
a2 b2 3
2 1
Thus, the given system of equations has a
2
k 2 solution for all values of k except
3
k – 4
(ii) We have
Thus the given system of equations have a
unique solution for all real values of k except –4. 2x – 3y – 1 = 0
(ii) The given system of equations may be written kx + 5y – 7 = 0
as Here, a1 = 2, b1 = –3, c1 = –1,
2x + ky – 1 = 0 a2 = k, b2 = 5, c2 = –7
5x – 7y – 5 = 0 Since, the given system of equations has a
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = k, c1 = –1, unique solution, we get
a2 = 5, b2 = –7, c2 = –5 a1 b
1
a1 2 b k k a2 b2
We have = and 1 = =
a2 5 b2 7 7 2 3
a1 b 2 k k 5
Here 1
a2 b2 5 7 10
k
3
It satisfies the condition that the system of
given solutions has a unique solution. Thus, the given system of equation has a
2 k 10
So, unique solution for all value of k except .
5 7 3
Ex.58 Find the value of k for each of the following
14
k systems of equations having infinitely many
5 solutions.
Thus, the given system of equations has a (i) 2x + 3y = k; (k – 1) x + (k + 2) y = 3k
unique solution for all real values of k except
(ii) 2x + 3y = 2; (k + 2) x + (2k + 1) y = 2 (k – 1)
14
. Sol. (i) We have
5
2x + 3y – k = 0
Ex.57 Determine the value of k for each of the
following given system of equations having (k – 1) x + (k + 2) y – 3k = 0
unique/consistent solution. Here a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = –k,
(i) x – ky – 2 = 0; 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 a2 = k – 1, b2 = k + 2, c2 = –3k
(ii) 2x – 3y – 1 = 0; kx + 5y – 7 = 0 Since, the given system of equations has
Sol. (i) We have, infinitely many solutions, we get
x – ky – 2 = 0 a1 2 b 3 c k
= , 1 = , 1 =
3x + 2y + 5 = 0 a2 k 1 b2 k 2 c2 3k
Here, a1 = 1, b1 = –k, c1 = –2, a1 b c
and = 1 = 1
a2 = 3, b2 = 2, c2 = 5 a1 b2 c2
Since, the given system of equations has a 2 3 1
unique solution, we have = =
k 1 k2 3
a1 b
1 2 3 3 1
a2 b2 = or =
k 1 k2 k2 3
2k + 4 = 3k – 3 or k + 2 = 9
3k – 2k = 4 + 3 or k = 7 k=4
k=7 or k=7 Here, for this value of k, we get
k=7 a1 b c
= 1 1
It shows that the given system of equations a2 b2 c2
has infinitely many solutions at k = 7 Ex.60 Find the value of k of the following system of
(ii) We have equations having infinitely many solutions.
2x + 3y – 2 = 0 2x – 3y = 7; (k + 2) x – (2k + 1) y = 3(2k –1)
(k + 2) x + (2k + 1) y – 2 (k – 1) = 0 Sol. A given system of equations has infinitely
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = –2, many solutions, if
a2 = k + 2, b2 = 2k + 1, c2 = –2 (k – 1) a1 b c
= 1 = 1
a1 b2 c2
Since, the given system of equations has
infinitely many solutions, we get So, we get
a1 2 b 3 c 2 2 3 7
= , 1 = , 1 =
a2 k 2 b2 3k 1 c 2 2(k 1) k 2 (2k 1) 3(2k 1)
a1 b c 2 3 3 7
and = 1 = 1 = or =
a1 b2 c2 k2 2k 1 2k 1 6k 3
2 3 1 4k + 2 = 3k + 6 or 18k – 9 = 14k + 7
= =
k2 2k 1 k 1 k = 4 or k = 4
2 3 3 1 k=4
= or =
k2 2k 1 2k 1 k 1 Thus, the given system of equations has
4k + 2 = 3k + 6 or 3k – 3 = 2k + 1 infinitely many solutions at k = 4.
4k – 3k = 6 – 2 or 3k – 2k = 1 + 3 Ex.61 Determine the values of a and b so that the
following given system of linear equations
k=4
has infinitely many solutions.
or k = 4
2x – (2a + 5) y = 5 ; (2b + 1) x – 9y = 15
k=4 Sol. We have
Ex.59 Determine the values of k for the following 2x – (2a + 5) y – 5 = 0
system of equations having no solution.
(2b + 1) x – 9y – 15 = 0
x + 2y = 0; 2x + ky = 5
Hence, a1 = 2, b1 = –(2a + 5), c1 = –5,
Sol. The given system of equations may be written
as a2 = 2b + 1, b2 = –9, c2 = – 15 :
x + 2y = 0 The given system of equations has infinitely
2x + ky – 5 = 0 many solutions, if
Here, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c1 = 0, a1 b1 c1
such that
a2 = 2, b2 = k, c2 = –5 a 2 b2 c2
120º = 3B
120º
B = = 40º
Increased length = x + 3 3
Increased breadth = y + 2 But A + B + C = 180º
Increased area = (x + 3) (y + 2) A + 40º + 120º = 180º
Increase in area = 67 A = 180º – 40º – 120º = 20º
Increased area – Original area = 67 A = 20º, B = 40º, C = 120º
(x + 3) (y + 2) – xy = 67 Ex.96 Find a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, A =
xy + 2x + 3y + 6 – xy = 67 (2x + 4)º, B = (y + 3)º, C = (2y + 10)º and
2x + 3y = 61 ....(2) D = (4x – 5)º. Find the four angles.
On solving (1) and (2), we get Sol. A = (2x + 4)º, and C = (2y + 10);
x = 17 units and and y = 9 units
D C 2x = 56
x = 28 dm
Substituting x = 28 in equation (3), we get
5 × 28 – 7y = 35
A B
7y = 105
But A + C = 180º (Cyclic quadrilateral)
y = 15 dm
(2x + 4)º + (2y + 10)º = 180º
Hence, length and breadth of the rectangle are
2x + 2y = 166º 28 dm and 15 dm respectively.
Also B = (y + 3)º, D = (4x – 5)º Ex.98 In a triangle PQR, P = xº, Q = (3x – 2)º,
But B + D = 180º (Cyclic R = yº, R – Q = 9º. Determine the three
quadrilateral) angles.
(y + 3)º + (4x – 5)º = 180º Sol. It is given that
4x + y = 182º P = xº, Q = (3x – 2)º,
On solving (1) and (2), we get x = 33º, y = 50º R = yº and
A = (2x + 4)º = (66 + 4)º = 70º R – Q = 9º
B = (y + 3)º = (50 + 3)º = 53º P
C = (2y + 10)º = (100 + 10)º = 110º, x°
D = (4x – 5)º = (4 × 33 – 5)º = 127º
A = 70º, B = 53º, C = 110º, D = 127º
Ex.97 The area of a rectangle remains the same if
the length is decreased by 7 dm and breadth is (3x–2)° y°
increased by 5 dm. The area remains Q R
unchanged if its length is increased by 7 dm We know that the sum of three angles in a
and and breadth decreased by 3 dm. Find the triangle is 180º.
dimensions of the rectangle.
So, P + Q + R = x + 3x – 2 + y = 180
Sol. Let the length and breadth of a rectangle be x
and y units respectively. So, area = (xy) sq. 4x + y = 182 ....(1)
units. It is also given that
First Case : Length is decreased by 7 dm and R – Q = 9º
breadth is increased by 5 dm. or y – (3x – 2) = 9
According to the question, y – 3x + 2 = 9
xy = (x – 7) (y + 5) 3x – y = –7 ....(2)
xy = xy + 5x – 7y – 35 Adding equation (1) with (2), we get
5x – 7y – 35 = 0 ....(1) 7x = 175
x = 25
Second Case : Length is increased by 7 dm Substituting x = 25 in equation (2), we get
and breadth is decreased by 3 dm.
3 × 25 – y = – 7
Here, area also remains same
y = 75 + 7 = 82
so, we get
Thus, P = xº = 25º
xy = (x + 7) (y – 3) = xy – 3x + 7y – 21
Q = (3x – 2)º = (3 × 25 – 2)º = 73º
3x – 7y + 21 = 0 ....(2)
and R = y = 82º.
So, the system of equations becomes
5x – 7y – 35 = 0 ....(3)
3x – 7y + 21 = 0 ....(4)
Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get
2x – 56 = 0
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
1. An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 is linear 10. Graphically or geometrically a pair of linear
in two variables x and y. For all a and b are the equations
coefficients of x and y respectively such that a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a, b R and a 0 , b 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
2. The graph of a linear equation in two variables is
a straight line in two variables represents a pair of straight lines
which are
3. A linear equation in two variables has infinitely
many solutions a1 b1
(i) intersecting, if
a 2 b2
4. Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is – a/b
5. Equation of x-axis is y = 0 and equation of y-axis a1 b c
(ii) parallel, if = 1 1
is x = 0 a2 b2 c2
ANSWER KEY
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 2x 7
1. No 2. Yes 3. No 4. Yes 19. (i) y = (ii) No
5
5. 3 6. 2 20. x = 2, y = 1 is the solution but x = 1 and y = 2 is
7. (i) Ist (ii) IInd (iii) IVth (iv) IIIrd not the solution. Other solutions are x = 3,
(v) IIIrd (vi) Ist y = – 1 and x = 1, y = 3.
6 4y 21. Point (3, 1) does not lie on the lines and the point
9. (i) x = , (ii) No
3 (5, 0) lies on the line.
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : 22. Not 23. Yes
11. (i) lies on x-axis on negative side 7
(ii) lies on y-axis on + ve side. 24. x = 3, y = 1, (1, 0), , 0
2
(iii) IIIrd quadrant
12. (i) The graph of x = 3 is a straight line parallel to 7
25. (i) x = 1, y = 3, 0, , (0, 1)
y-axis . 2
(ii) The graph of y = –2 is a straight line below
1
x-axis. (ii) x = 3, y = 2, (0, 8), 0,
2
15 3y
13. k = 11 14. (i) x = , (ii) Yes
7 1
(iii) x = 3, y = 2, (0, 4), 0,
16. a = 7, b = 5 18. (i) (–2/7, 0) (ii) No 2
a b
26. (i) Consistent (independent) with unique solution (vii) x = ,y=
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
(ii) Inconsistent (viii) x = 1, y = 2
(iii) Inconsistent
37. j 1700 38. j 155
(iv) Consistent (dependent) with infinitely many
39. 12 and 16
solutions
40. Son’s age = 10 years, father’s age = 40 years
(v) Consistent (dependent) with infinitely many
41. Son’s age = 10 years, father’s age = 40 years
solutions
3 5
(vi) Consistent (dependent) with unique solution 42. 64 43. 48 44. 45.
49 19 10 13
27. (i) x = ,y= 46. Length = 20 cm, Width = 12cm
29 29
47. 12 cm and 16 cm
(ii) x = 3, y = 1; x = 0, y = 3 ....
48. Length = 19 m, Breadth = 10 m
(iii) x = 1, y = 2 (iv) x = 2, y = 3
49. 70º, 20º
(v) x = 3, y = – 2 (vi) x = – 2, y = – 1
50. (i)A = 50º, B = 120º, C = 130º, D = 70º
28. (i) x = 1, y = 1 (ii) x = 2, y = –3 (ii) A = 70º, B = 80º, C = 110º, D = 100º
(iii) x = 1, y = – 1 (iv) x = – 1, y = – 2 C. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :
1 1 5b 2a a 10b 51. 13 52. 1635, 270
(v) x = ,y= (vi) x = ,y= 53. 2/3 54. 47º, 59º, 74º
2 3 10ab 10ab
55. 4
b2 2a 2 b 2 y
(vii) x = ,y=
2a 2a 56.
29. (i) x = 1, y = – 1 (ii) x = 2, y = 1
(iii) x = 1, y = 2 (iv) x = 3, y = 2 650
(v) x = 2, y = – 1 (vi) Infinite solutions 3x +
x+ 6y =
(vii) x = 3, y = 2 (viii) x = 3, y = 2 2y 39 0
=1 0
10 15 300
30. (i) k (ii) k – 6 (iii) k
3 2
x' x
3 O 1300
31. (i) k = 15 (ii) k = (iii) k = 8
2
y'
32. (i) a = 8, b = 5 (ii) p = 5, q = 1
5
(iii) a = –1, b = y'
2 57.
34. (i) k = 16 (ii) k = – 12 (iii) k = – 15
5 (0, 5)
14
(iv) k = 3 (v) k = 4
5 (–2, 3)
3
1 1 2
35. (i) x = , y = (ii) x = 6, y = – 4, a = 0
6 4 1 (4, 0)
1 1 mp nq mp nq x' x
(iii) x = ,y= (iv) x = ,y= –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
14 6 ap aq –1
(v) x = 2, y = 1 (vi) x = 2, y = 3 –2
1 1 (2,–2)
(vii) x = , y = y
2 3
3 a 2 ab b 2 ab
36. (i) a = 1, b = (ii) x = 1, y = 1 58. (i) x = ,y=
2 ab ab
87 33 (ii) x = 2a, y = – 2b
(iii) x = ,y= (iv) x = 4, y = 5 (iii) x = a, y = – b
71 29
(iv) x = a, y = b
5 1 (v) x = a, y = b
(v) x = ,y=–
4 4 59. 8 and 12 60. 15 and 25 61. 24 and 32
c b c a
(vi) x = – 2 2 ,y= + 2 2
ab a b ab a b
EXERCISE # 2
Q.1 Reena has pens and pencils which together by 252. Find the total number of workers in
are 40 in number. If she has 5 more pencils the factory.
and 5 less pens, then number of pencils would Q.13 A total of 1400 kg of potatoes were sold in
become 4 times the number of pens. Find the three days. On the first day 100 kg less
original number of pens and pencils. potatoes were sold than on the second day
Q.2 5 pens and 6 pencils together cost j 9.00, and on the third day, 3/5 of the amount sold
and 3 pens and 2 pencils cost j 5.00. Find on the first day. How many kilograms of
the cost of 1 pen 1 pencil. potatoes were sold on each day ?
Q.3 Two numbers differ by 2 and their product is Q.14 The sum of a certain even number and the
360. Find the numbers. fourth even number after it is 68. Find the
numbers.
Q.4 A two-digit number is 3 more than 4 times
the sum of its digits. If 18 is added to the Q.15 Fifty nine pens and forty seven pencils
number, the digits are reversed. Find the together cost j 513, while forty seven pens
number. and fifty nine pencils together cost j 441.
Q.5 A two-digit number is 4 times the sum of its Find the cost of a pen and that of a pencil.
digits. If 18 is added to the number, the digit Q.16 The sum of two numbers is 15 and sum of
are reversed. Find the number. 3
their reciprocals is . Find the numbers.
Q.6 The denominator of a fraction is 4 more than 10
twice the numerator. When both the Q.17 The sum of two numbers is 16 and the sum of
numerator and denominator are decreased by 1
6, then the denominator becomes 12 times the their reciprocals is . Find the numbers.
numerator. Determine the fraction. 3
Q.7 The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 80 sq. Q.18 Solution of the equation
units if its length is reduced by 5 units and the Column 1 Column 2
breadth is increased by 2 units. If we increase 2x 3 x3 4x 1
(i) + = is (A) 7
the length by 10 units and decrease the 5 4 7
breadth by 5 units, the area is increased by 50 7x 1 1 1 x 19 41
(ii) 2x (B)
sq. units. Find the length and breadth of the 4 3 2 3 11
rectangle.
4x 5 2(2 x 7) 3 1
Q.8 In ABC, A = yº, B = (y – 9)º, C = xº. (iii) = , is (C)
6 3 2 11
Also B – C = 48º, find the three angles.
Q.19 Solution of the equation
Q.9 The largest angles of the triangle is twice the Column 1 Column 2
sum of the other two, the smallest is one-sixth 2y 3 y 3 4y 1 8
of the largest. Find the angles in degrees. (i) (A)
5 4 7 5
Q.10 The difference between two numbers is 642. 3 4 7 209
When the greater is divided by the smaller, (ii) , (B)
x 1 x 2 x 3 11
the quotient is 8 and remainder is 19. Find the
numbers. x 1, 2, 3 is
(iii) (x + 1) (2x + 1) (C) 1
Q.11 Of the three angles of a triangle the second is = (x + 3) (2x + 3) – 14, is
one-third the first and third is 26º more than
the first. How many degrees are there in each Q.20 The age of a father is twice that of the elder
angle ? son. Ten years hence the age of the father will
be three times that of the younger son. If the
Q.12 In a factory, women are 35% of all the difference of ages of the two sons is 15 years,
workers, the rest of the workers being men. then find the age of the father.
The number of men exceeds that of women
Q.21 If 2x – 2x–1 = 4, then find xx.
Q.22 If 2x2 + xy – 3y2 + x + ay – 10 Q.30 Places A and B are 160 km apart on a
= (2x + 3y + b) (x – y – 2), then find the value highway. One car starts from A and another
of a and b. from B at the same time. If they travel in the
same direction, they meet in 8 hours. But, if
Q.23 A & B together have 45 coins. Both of them
they travel towards each other, they meet in
loast 5 coins each, and the product of the
2 hours. Find the speed of each car.
number of coins they now have is 124. Form
the quadratic equation to find how many Q.31 The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 8 m2,
coins they had to start with, if A had x coins ? when its length is reduced by 5 m and its
breadth is increased by 3 m. If we increase
Q.24 If we divide 64 into two parts such that one
the length by 3 m and breadth by 2 m, the
part is three times the other, then find two
area is increased by 74 m2. Find the length
parts.
and the breadth of the rectangle.
Q.25 For what values of k will the following pair
Q.32 Taxi charges in a city consist of fixed charges
of linear equations have infinitely many
per day and the remaining depending upon
solutions:
the distance travelled in kilometers. If a
2x – 3y = 7,
(k + 1)x + (1 – 2k)y = (5k – 4). person travels 110 km, he pays j 1130, and
for travelling 200 km, he pays j 1850. Find
Q.26 Find the values of k for which the system of the fixed charges per day and the rate per km.
equations
kx – y = 2, 6x – 2y = 3 Q.33 Points A and B are 70 km apart on a highway.
has (i) a unique solution, (ii) no solution, A car starts from A and another car starts
(iii) is there a value of k for which the given from B simultaneously. If they travel in the
system has infinitely many solutions? same direction, they meet in 7 hours. But, if
they travel towards each other, they meet in
Q.27 The students of a class are made to stand in 1 hour. Find the speed of each car.
rows. If 4 students are extra in each row,
there would be 2 rows less. If 4 students are Q.34 If twice the son's age in years is added to the
less in each row, there would be 4 rows more. mother's age, the sum is 70 years. But, if
Find the number of students in the class. twice the mother's age is added to the son's
age, the sum is 95 years. Find the age of the
Q.28 The monthly incomes of A and B are in the mother and that of the son.
ratio 8 : 7 and their expenditures are in the
ratio 19 : 16. If each saves j 5000 per month,
find the monthly income of each.
Q.29 The sum of two numbers is 1000 and the
difference between their squares is 256000.
Find the numbers.
ANSWER KEY
1. No. of pens = 13, No. of pencils = 27 2. Cost of pen = j 1.50, cost of pencil = 0.25 3. 18 and 20
7
4. 35 5. 24 6. 7. Length = 40, Breadth = 30 8. 82º, 73º, 25º 9. 120º, 40º, 20º
18
10. 89, 731 11. 66º, 22º, 92º 12. 840
13. 500 kg, 600 kg, 300 kg 14. 30, 38
15. Cost of pen = j 7.50, cost of pencil 1.50 16. 5 and 10