GROUP 1

Members:
Group
BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE Pheng Lee
Yeoon
S2114091
Muhammad Amirul
B. Muhammad A’fif
U2000908
Amirul Hanif B.
Mohamad Husni
U2104570
Kishen Naidu A/L
Subramaniam
S2114091

Lecturers:
Course
Dr. Mastura Dr. Nurdiyana Dr. Liyana Ts. Dr. Sharyzee
Adam Zainal Abidin Hasnan Mohmad Shukri

Introduction Objectives Biophilic Solutions for Singapore's Urban Challenges

Green technology has been implemented by many countries include
To identify similarity, differences, To investigate the cultural and Singapore's urban development and multicultural society have caused pollution and a disconnect from
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. However, many improvements can be made by To evaluate the impact and
and best practices in biophilic contextual factors influencing benefits of integrating biophilic nature, despite traditional beliefs in nature harmony. Biophilic architecture in Singapore addresses
taking reference from the other countries especially form a highly develop design implementation, user biophilic architecture: explore the design elements in order to
historical, geographical, climatic, and these issues by promoting health, sustainability, and cultural preservation through green spaces,
hot and tropical countries. This study aims to investigate and propose experiences, and environmental mitigate Urban Heat Island
outcomes. socio-cultural dimensions of within various typologies. natural light, and fresh air, reducing stress, improving cognitive function, and conserving resources.
innovative approaches leveraging biophilic design principles to effectively Singapore and Malaysia.

SINGAPORE
mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect.

“Exploring Biophilic Design Strategies for Mitigating Urban Singapore is a city-state island situated at
the southern-tip of the Malay peninsula.
Singapore is also known as a tropical
island situated in south-east Asia.
Heat Island (UHI) through Diverse Building Typologies”
Introduction to Biophilic Architecture Overview of Singapore EDEN Jewel Changi
Biophilic architecture defines as a design philosophy that seeks to People: Chinese, Malay and Indian Apartment Airport

forge symbiotic connections between human occupants and the Languages: English (Administrative), Mandarin, Malay (National) and Tamil.
natural world within built environments. It incorporates natural Culture & Religion: Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islam Other No Religion
Indian 9.3% 20% Buddhism
elements, materials, and light to enhance the well-being and 9% Malay 31.1%
Malay 9.2% Hinduism
productivity of occupants and the built environment sustainability. 13.4% English 5%
NTU Learning
48.3% Hub CapitaGreen
Taoism
8.8%
Building
Timeline 14 Biophilic Principles Chinese
Mandarin Islam Christianity
29.9% 15.6%
74.3% 18.9%
Biophilic architecture in Singapore
Following its Nature in the Space Demographics, Geography & Climate Type: Tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af)
20

independence in
Average Annual Temperature: 27.0°C (80.6°F) 15
1965, Singapore 1988 2007 2020
embarked on a Average Monthly Temperature:
10
biophilic journey,
1965 starting with the
January: 26.0°C (78.8°F)
Lee Kuan Yeow "Garden City" June: 27.8°C (82.0°F) 5
declared singapore concept. Average Annual Rainfall: 2,340 mm (92.1 inches)
as garden city Visual Non-Visual Non-Rhythmic Thermal & 0
Relative Humidity: 70-90%

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Airflow

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connection with connection with Sensory

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Singapore expanded its land area from 581 km² in the 1980s to 728.6 km² by 2020 through

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extensive land reclamation projects, developing new residential and commercial areas.

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Variability.

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Nature Stimuli.

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nature

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Zoning and Land Use Residential Zone Others
Singapore has become a 11.4% Residential
great model of biophilic 14.8% of Singapore's land is used for public and Institutional & Community Facilities
23.3%
urbanism. private housing. 11.7%
The "Clean and
Green" project, the
Strategies to Mitigate Urban Heat Island through
Commercial Zone
Garden City Action
Committee in 1970, 4.0% of the land is designated for shopping areas, Biophilic Architecture and its Impact
the affiliation with Presence of Dynamic & Connection offices, and mixed-use developments.
In 2002, the Biophilic Cities.
Green Plan was 1970 Water Diffuse Light with Natural Educational Zone Commercial and Mixed-Use Strategies Impact
re-implemented Systems Educational facilities are part of the 7.4% allocated 6.3%
which mainly Cooling by Vegetations Reduction in temperature
focused on air Natural Analogues for institutional and community facilities.
Applying urban garden and park strategies by Vegetations helps in reflecting, protecting and
quality, climate
Industrial Zone Road & Transport Infrastructure planting vegetations around the building or a site. diffusing solar heat radiation. Planting indoors
change, clean
water and land. 14.8% of Singapore's land is used for public and 18.9% Industrial
17.4% Green roof and green wall construction. can create a microclimate.
private housing. Green Space
11% Cooling by construction materials Reduction of UHI and surface heat
2002 Cool roofs promote better reflection of solar Cool roofs reduces UHI and surface heat by
Biomorphic
Forms &
Material
Connection with
Complexity &
Order
Urban Heat Island (UHI) in Singapore radiation. Permeable pavements are heat resistant,
and able to reflect excess heat. Thermal inertia
2.2 to 5.2°C. Cool roofs promote better
reflection of solar radiation which has solar
The execution of
The new target was
set as the
green initiatives Patterns Nature Intensity of UHI in Singapore UHI Percentage Increase collects and keeps heat though a period of time. heat reflectance rate of 0.22.
such as "City in a (5°C / 27°C) * 100
‘Singapore Green Studies proven that the highest intensity of UHI is 2.2 degree Celsius.
Garden" and the Cooling by urban infrastructures
Plan 2012’, in which
Singapore Green
Nature of the Space Early in the morning, the UHI intensity may spike to 2.4 degree Celsius.
≈ 18.5% Reduction in temperature
a transition to a Strategies to capture solar radiation, protective Windows and door openings can decrease
‘city in a garden’
was visualised.
2013 Plan are significant
turning points An analysis shows that the daytime surface temperature of Singapore layers, exploration in lighting can reduce UHI effect the temperature variations among interior and
has a minimum of 22-25 degree Celsius to 39-43 degree Celsius. 18.5% though building geometry, orientation of building, exterior. Selection of low solar heat gain
window and ventilation and facade treatment. materials reduce UHI rate by 13% to 17%.
Factors Affecting UHI Cooling by anthropogenic heat reductions Surrounding heat can be absorbed
Prospect Refuge Mystery Risk/Peril 1. Loss of Vegetation and Permeability 3. Anthropogenic Heat Solar cooling systems absorbs heat thus reducing the Geothermal heat exchange system is able to
2. Urban Morphology and Size of Cities 4. Properties of Construction Materials 5. Synoptic Conditions, Wind Flow and Cloud Cover UHI effect. decrease 5 to 8°C of air temperature

Case Studies
Jewel Changi Airport EDEN Apartment NTU Learning Hub CapitaGreen Building
“A residential skyscraper where
“Garden like no other” “Integration between nature and educational spaces” “Plant growing towards the sky”
interior living spaces are being
Jewel’s design idea was intended The idea for this learning hub The building encapsulates the idea of
connected to the outdoors through
to allow adequate amount of was to combine learning integrating nature with urban
a series of hanging gardens”
penetration of daylighting into the facilities with social spaces, architecture to create a building that
building, to maintain the growth of a “Home in a Garden” not only stands as a functional space
including balconies, gardens
variety of plantations and trees in and outdoor aisles, to but also contributes to environmental
the garden environment, while encourage as many sustainability and enhances urban
ensuring the thermal comfort of the opportunities for interaction living. By using extensive greenery, it
occupants. between staff and students as aims to bring nature into the city,
Rain Vortex The emphasis on Generous Garden Balconies possible. improve air quality, and reduce the
Due to the accelerating speed of the creating a garden for urban heat island effect.
Central atrium
waterfall, the thermal and airflow each apartment is
variability in Jewel is similar to the intended to address the The building's open and permeable Cool Void
natural environment. difference between atrium is naturally ventilated,
maximising air circulation around The central atrium runs vertically through
Terrace Singapore's high-rise
the towers of tutorial rooms and the building, acting as a natural ventilation
flats and the lush
Trees of over 13m height are planted allowing students to feel as cool as chimney. The "cool void" uses the stack
greenery at street level.
on terrace-like planter boxes. possible. effect to expel warm air from the top and
Presence of waterfalls from the draw in cooler air from below.
highest point of the terrace. Terrace Gardens
Double Skin Facade
Torus Dome The rooms in turn open onto the The space between the two layers acts as
shared circulation space around the a buffer zone, providing insulation and
The torus dome of Jewel uses glass
atrium, interspersed with open reducing heat transfer into the building.
technology to allow adequate sunlight It offers a unique reaction to spaces and informal garden The 'double skin facade' helps to mitigate
penetration into the building, thus its setting that combines
nature with city apartment life. terraces, allowing students to be solar heat gain, improve thermal comfort,
allows shadow movements changing
visually connected while also leaving and enhance energy efficiency.
over time. Designed with idea of Spine Blade
Attractions edified with simple vertical rectilinear space to linger, gather and pause.
plain verges with slim windows.
Space experience is promoted
by allowing features which can
NTU
Learning Hub
EDEN Apartment

interact with nature often, thus

having the feeling of closer to
CapitaGreen

nature.
Educational
Changi Airport
Jewel

Residential

Office
Commercial

Biophilic Pattern Checklist & Urban Heat Island Mitigation Approaches and Impact
Biophilic Pattern Checklist Urban Heat Island Mitigation Approaches and Impact
Cooling by
Visual Connection with Non-Visual connection Non-Rhythmic Thermal & Airflow Presence Dynamic & Connection with Biomorphic Forms Material Connection Complexity Prospect Refuge Mystery Risk/Peril Cooling by Cooling by construction Cooling by sustainable anthropogenic heat
Nature with nature Sensory Stimuli. Variability. of Water Diffuse Light Natural Systems & Patterns with Nature & Order vegetations materials urban infrastructures reductions
Jewel Changi Airport Jewel Changi Airport
EDEN Apartment EDEN Apartment
NTU Learning Hub NTU Learning Hub
CapitaGreen Building CapitaGreen Building

Conclusion References
In conclusion, the mitigation approaches of Urban Heat Island (UHI) carried out by the case studies are through cooling by vegetations, construction materials, 1. Peter Newman (2014). Biophilic urbanism: a case study on Singapore, Australian Planner. Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2013.790832
anthropogenic heat reductions and biophilic design strategies. These strategies can give impact in UHI mitigation such as reflection of solar radiation thus reducing air 2. Biophilia, (2020). A biophilic city: The history of Singapore. Biophilial. Retrieved from:https://shorturl.at/OYUgs
temperature or creating a microclimate which lowers temperature compared to the urban area. The plantations may reduce the temperature with a minimum of 4°C, 3. ItsLiquid, 2020. Jewel Changi Airport by safdie architect. Retrieved from: https://shorturl.at/9H4OS
however small steps and approaches may help to reduce the urban heat gained and thus creating a cooler and comfortable environment for all users. 4. Heatherwick Studio: Design & Architecture: Learning Hub. (2017). Retrieved from
https://www.heatherwick.com/project/learning-hub-the-hive/