 What is a sentence ?

 A group of words which makes complete sense is called a

sentence .
 શ દોના સમૂહ જ ે પૂરો અથ કરે તે વા ય
e.g. I am a boy -> Assertive sentence (િવધાન વા ય)
S V O

 S- Subject –કતા
 V – Verb - યાપદ
 O- Objedct –કમ
 શું વા ય કમ વગર બની શકે ?
 I am playing -> કમ વગરનું વા ય
 શું વા ય કતા અને કમ બં ે વગર હોઈ શકે ?
 Get out
V
 વા યના કારો :-
 Assertive sentence –િવધાન વા ય
 I am a boy
 Interrogative sentence – ાથ વા ય
 Am I a student ?
 Imperative sentence – આ ાથ વા ય
 Have mercy on us
 Exclamatory sentence – ઉદગાર વા ય
 How cold the night is !
 Tense – Time
સમય

Present Past Future

વતમાન ભૂતકાળ ભિવ ય
(સાદો) Simple Simple Simple
(ચાલૂ) Continuous Continuous Continuous
(પૂવ) Perfect Perfect Perfect
(ચાલૂ પૂણ) Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous
 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
 go went gone going goes
 take took taken taking takes
 give gave given giving gives
 look looked looked looking looks
 (Am, is, are) Present
 (was, were) Past Continuous tense
 (will be, shall be) Future (V4)
 They are going to school  He was going to school.  She will be going to
school
 They are not goes to  He wasn’t going to
 She won’t be going to
school. school school.
 Are they going to  was he going to school ?  Will she be going to
school?  wasn’t he going to school ?
 won’t she be going to
 Are not (aren’t) they school ?
school ?
gone to school?  was he not going to  will she not be going to
 Are they not going to school ? school ?
school ?
 Uses of present continuous
 (1) For an action going on at the time of speaking; as,
She is singing (now).
The boys are playing hockey.
 (2) For an action that has already been arranged to take
place in the near future; as,
I am going to the cinema tonight.
My uncle is arriving tomorrow.
 (3) Important words
“Now, these days, now a days, still, at this time, at this
moment, at present.”
 The following verbs, on account of their meaning, are not
normally used in the continuous form:
(1) Verbs of perception, e.g., see, hear, smell, notice, recognize.
(2) Verbs of appearing. e.g., appear, look, seem.
(3) Verbs of emotion, e.g., want, wish, desire, feel, like, love,
hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
(4) Verbs of thinking, eg., think, suppose, believe, agree,
consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand,
imagine, mean, mind.
(5) have (= possess), own, possess, belong to, contain, consist
of, be (except when used in the passive), e.g.
 (have, has) Present
 (had) Past Perfect tense
 (will have, shall have) Future (V3)
 They have gone to school  He had gone to school.  She will have gone to
school
 They have not gone to  He hadn’t gone to school
 She won’t have gone to
school.  had he gone to school ? school.
 have they gone to  hadn’t he gone to school ?  Will she have gone to
school?  had he not gone to school ?
 won’t she have gone to
 have not (haven’t) they school ?
school ?
gone to school?  will she not have gone to
 have they not gone to school ?
school ?
1. To show the action that has just ended
For Ex - (a) I have written a letter
(b) Ishan has gone to Mumbai.
2. In sentences which consist the following:
"This/That/It is the first/second/third/best/worst".
For Ex - (a) This is the worst novel, I have ever read.
(b) It is the best book, I have ever read.
3. To show those sentences which have the following words.
“Already, so far, as yet, yet, upto now, just, just now,
recently, ever, lately"
For Ex - (a) I have already taken my lunch.
(b) Have you ever been to London?
Note: Generally, Present Perfect Tense does not
take an adverb of Past time.
For Ex - 'I have seen Amit yesterday' is wrong.
 Simple past is used when an adverb of past is mentioned.
Therefore, the correct usage of sentence given above
should be as follows:
'I saw Amit yesterday.'
 (have, has) Present
 (had) Past Perfect + Continuous tense
 (will have, shall have) Future (V3) (V4)
 (have, has) Present
 (had) Past Perfect + Continuous tense
 (will have, shall have) Future (V3) (V4)
 They have been going to  He had been going to  She will have been going
to school
school school.
 She won’t have been
 They have not been  He hadn’t been going to going to school.
going to school. school  Will she have been going
 have they been going to  had he been going to to school ?
 won’t she have been
school? school ?
going to school ?
 have not (haven’t) they  hadn’t he been going to  will she not have been
been going to school? school ? going to school ?
 have they not been going  had he not been going to
to school ? school ?
1. To show those actions that had begun in the past and are
still in progress.
For Ex - The baby has been sleeping since morning.
2. It can be used with time phrases like
"for, since, long, how long, all the time, all week, etc.
For Ex - (a) For how long have you been eating?
(b) She has been crying all the time.