Objective:

Construct a line following robot using 555 timers.

Components:
 1k x (4), 4.7K & 180R
 Potentiometers 10k x (2)
 10uF x (3)
 LDRs x (2)
 Bright White LEDs x (2)
 n4148 Diode
 Transistors BD3904 x(2)
 555 Timers x (3)
 DC Geared Motors (2)
 9v Battery

Circuit Diagram:

Bread Board Arrangement:

This is complete Diagram of whole circuit for Line Following Robot, but I have not shown the
connections for LEDs, So for that, you will have to connect two LEDs in series of 1k resistor
with +ve and -ve of this circuit.
Dont feel that this is any difficult circuit, its very simple if you notice that Both 555 Timer
circuits(others except center one) are exactly same. So you actually need to built the following
two circuits.
Our motors are not directly connected to the outputs of 555 Timer, but a transistor is used as a
switch. The Pin Configuration of this transistor is (1)Emitter, (2)Base & (3)Collector

I name this Part of the Circuit as Motor Driver Circuit, Now this is a circuit in which our DC
geared motors are to be Hooked up, So wee need to make two circuits like this one in which The
pin no 2 (Trigger) is given input from the Center 555 Timer Circuit In the above images
It is configured as monostable, that means when they are triggered they give a pulse on the ouput
pin which is then connected to transistor as switch circuit for motors

Now this is the Circuit which gives Output to the twin circuits (Motor Driver Circuits)
This is configured as an Astable Square wave generating a trigger pulse with a frequency of
1kHz
Where the width of the Square wave is determined by the 4.7K resisotor and 10mF capacitor in
this circuit
Sensor part:
This is the most important part of the LFR, because it has the sensor which guides the robot to
move on Line and donot leave the track EveR ! These LDRS are the eyes of the LFR.
As you can see i have kept long wires which i have later connected to circuit, the reason for
taking long wires is to be free of placing this strip sensor board anywhere suitable to structure
and for perfection.
The LEDs in this part, are all the time ON. The reflection of LEDs is sensed by LDRs. When
LEDs are on black area there is no reflection and LDRs are dark (Motors Run) but when LEDs
see white line the LDRs are shone some light and hence trigger the Motors to turn off
In my Structure as you see in Video, My sensor part is not fixed. When you design your chasis of
Robot, must have any technique to fit the sensor part Fixed in the structure. Make sure to keep
sensor part height to be as lowest as possible for higher efficiency

Movement Principle of LFR:

Must Use DC geared Motors for this Circuit, Because ordinary motors do not have enough
torque to carry the weight of the structure
A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a
variable resistor or rheostat.

A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor. The

resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits
photoconductivity.

Going to far away planets

2) Spying on people in ways people can't move and from views humans can't reach
3) Going far down into the unknown waters where humans would be crushed
4) Giving us information that humans can't get
5) Working at places 24/7 without any salary and food. Plus they don't get bored
6) They can perform tasks faster than humans and much more consistently and accurately
7) They can capture moments just too fast for the human eye to get, for example the Atlas detector in
the LHC project can capture ~ 600000 frames per second while we can see at about 60
8) Most of them are automatic so they can go around by themselves without any human interference
9) They can entertain us and help us in certain tasks

Less maintainess

 Robots produce more accurate and high quality work.

 Robots rarely make mistakes and are more precise than human workers.
 They can produce a greater quantity in a short amount of time.
 They can work at a constant speed with no breaks, days off, or holiday time.
 They can perform applications with more repeatability than humans.

 Robots save workers from performing dangerous tasks.

 They can work in hazardous conditions, such as poor lighting, toxic chemicals, or tight
spaces.
 They are capable of lifting heavy loads without injury or tiring.
 Robots increase worker safety by preventing accidents since humans are not performing
risky jobs.
 Workcells provide safety features, separating the worker from harms way.

Savings

 Robots save time by being able to produce a greater magnitude of products

 They also reduce the amount of wasted material used due to their accuracy
  Robots save companies money in the long run with quick ROIs (return on investment),
fewer worker injuries (reducing or eliminating worker’s comp), and with using less
materials.

The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose low-power
amplifying or switching applications. The type was registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the
mid-sixties, together with the complementary PNP type 2N3906, and represented a significant
performance/cost improvement, with the plastic TO-92 case replacing metal cans. It is designed
for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. This
transistor is low cost, widely available and sufficiently robust to be of use by experimenters. [1]
When looking at the flat side with the leads pointed downward, the three wires emerging from
the bottom are connected to, left to right, the emitter, the base and the collector. [2] Some
manufacturers mark "EBC" on the molded part, but all are required to have those connections for
a part which is a "2N3904".[3]

It is a 200 mA, 40 volt, 625 milliwatt transistor with a transition frequency of 300 MHz,[4] with a
minimum beta or current gain of 100 at a collector current of 10 mA. It is used in a variety of
analog amplification and switching applications.

Electrically similar devices are available in a variety of small through-hole and surface mount
packages including TO-92, SOT-23, and SOT-223, with package-dependent thermal ratings from
625 milliwatts to 1 watt

he 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived
switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name follows the
JEDEC nomenclature. The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100 MHz with
a reverse-recovery time of no more than 4 ns. The 1N4148 comes in a DO-35 glass package for
through-hole mounting. This is useful for breadboarding of circuits. A surface mount device,
1N4148WS, is available in a plastic SOD package.[1]

As the most common mass-produced switching diode, the 1N4148 replaced the older 1N914,
which had a 200 times greater leakage current: 5 µA vs. 25 nA.[2] Since leakage is usually an
undesirable property, today manufacturers produce the 1N4148 and sell it as either part number.
[3]
It was second-sourced by many manufacturers; Texas Instruments listed their version of the
device in an October 1966 data sheet.[4] These device types have an enduring popularity in low-
current applications.
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and
oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-
flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1971 by American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to its
low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar
and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are
manufactured every year

Our planetary and spur DC Gearmotors (also known as mini-geared motors and micro-geared motors)
are specifically designed for present and future applications. Our gearmotors are used for various
applications in the areas of medicine and healthcare, automobile systems, drive systems, or as a variety
of positioning or industrial / consumer actuators. These miniature gear motors have also various much-
needed characteristics, such as form factors, strength, torque, linear performance and other technical
capabilities. All of which are important for such applications. In addition, Precision Microdrives Nano
Planetary™, Micro Spur™, and Miniature Spur™ DC Gearmotors meet high quality standards of
reliability, ruggedness, and compactness. These are characteristics that you need to use in professional
commercial applications.

A DC motor is not the same as a "gear motor" - a

"gear motor" may be an AC or DC motor coupled
with a gearbox or transmission. A gear motor adds
mechanical gears to alter the speed/torque of the
motor for an application. Usually such an addition is
to reduce speed and increase torque. A DC motor
without gears is useful in many applications, for
example the simple fan. Contrast that with the motor
that operates the turntable in your microwave, a
gearbox there reduces the speed so your food isn't
thrown against the interior wall.

For more information, check the Wikipedia on DC

Motor.

answered Jan 24 '14 at

1:57

shareimprove this
answer

JYelton
12.9k1658119
So basically a gear coupled dc motor
is a gear motor and it uses the same
 battery pack as a dc motor wud have
used? – user35997 Jan 24 '14 at 2:13
Sure, there's no reason the motor
driving a gearbox has to necessarily
be different. Obviously it must meet
the requirements of the gearbox plus
the load together. – JYelton Jan 24 '14
at 2:57
@user35997 A gear coupled DC
motor, a gear coupled BLDC motor,
or a gear coupled AC motor: Those
are all "gear motors". That term is
merely a simplification and
generalization, especially for the
hobbyist / DIY community, to insulate
them from nitty gritty details.
– Anindo Ghosh Jan 25 '14 at 9:55

You can find more on choosing motors and gears at the Choosing a Motor and Gearing
Combination page.

"Gear motor" refers to a combination of a motor plus a reduction geartrain. These are often
conveniently packaged together in one unit. The gear reduction (gear train) reduces the speed of
the motor, with a corresponding increase in torque. Gear ratios range from just a few (e.g. 3) to
huge (e.g. 500). A small ratio can be accomplished with a single gear pair, while a large ratio
requires a series of gear reduction steps and thus more gears. There are a lot of different kinds of
gear reduction.

In the case of a small transmission ratio N, the unit may be backdrivable, meaning you can turn
the output shaft, perhaps by hand, at angular velocity w and cause the motor to rotate at angular
velocity Nw. A larger transmission ratio N may make the unit non-backdrivable. Each has
advantages for different circumstances. Backdrivability depends not just on N, but on many other
factors.

For large N, often the maximum output torque is limited by the strength of the final gears, rather
than by N times the motor's torque