 INTERNET OF THINGS
From "anytime, anyplace" for "any-one" to "anytime,
INTERNET OF
THINGS
Keshav S Kulkarni [4AD21CD023]
Kruthika R [4AD21CD024]
M G Chaitra [4AD21CD025]
Maanya P [4AD21CD26]
ABSTRACT
The Information and Communications Technology
(ICT) heavily influences our day-to-day actions. It has
become a crucial component of our daily
infrastructure, promoting the integration of various
devices in diverse fields. From personal computing
and surveillance to smart homes, entertainment,
transportation, and video streaming, the applications
are expansive. The Internet, as a vital living entity, is
continuously adapting and evolving, paving the way for
new technologies, applications, protocols, and
algorithms. With wireless communication trends
rapidly advancing, innovation in Internet connectivity
and mobile broadband is continually growing. Devices
that operate without infrastructure have become
commonplace, smarter, more potent, connectable,
smaller, less expensive, and simpler to set up and
install.
INTRODUCTION
Without the Internet, how would the world be? It is
hard to fathom a situation like this that we have
never witnessed. The Internet is becoming a more
and bigger part of everyone's life these days, both
personally and professionally. We work with a variety
of gadgets on a daily basis, including smart-phones,
sensors, mobile computers, and other smart objects.
New ICT and enterprise systems technologies are
greatly impacted by these and other IoT-related
technologies. It was first referred to as the "Internet
of Computers"; this name was then altered to the
"Internet of People"; more recently, as ICT has
advanced quickly, it has come to be known as the
"Internet of Things." Various gadgets and smart
objects are included into the Internet of Things (IoT)
to broaden its reach and make it more accessible.
anyplace" for "any-thing," the connectedness is
improved.
The focus now lies on Internet of Things (IoT) related
technologies, as these are widely regarded as one of
the future's most promising tactics and one of the
most significant infrastructures for their development.
The primary goal is to facilitate communication and
integration between the online and offline worlds.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is regarded as the
cornerstone of the future Internet and is anticipated
to facilitate sophisticated communications and
intelligent operations of gadgets, smart items,
systems, and services. It is true that there has been a
new revolution in communication technology,
meaning that everything will have a unique
identification so that it can be addressed, from tires
to hairbrushes. The Internet of Things has not yet
been precisely or widely defined. "Based on the
traditional information carriers, including the
Internet," is how defines it. Internet of Things (IoT) is
a network that connects common physical things with
unique addresses to enable intelligent services, similar
to a telecommunication network. The definition of
the Internet of Things (IoT) was proposed by the
author in. It is based on standard communication
protocols and refers to a global network of
networked devices that are uniquely reachable. The
term "Internet" is derived from the words "things"
and "Internet."
But the real power of IoT lies in its capacity to link a
wide range of heterogeneous devices, such as
commonplace items, embedded smart sensors,
context-aware calculations, conventional computing
networks, and smart objects with varying sizes,
designs, systems, protocols, and levels of intelligence
and application. These entities possess the ability to
interact and operate together to gather, produce,
handle, and share data via management systems and
applications housed on data centers or network
clouds.
VISION AND CONCEPT
The number of Internet-connected objects will
surpass the number of people in the near future. Our
surroundings' objects will all be connected to the
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Internet in one way or another. A vision beyond the
confines of existing networks would be possible
thanks to the integration of the physical and ICT
worlds. People exchanging information or gaining
access to it will not constitute the communication. It
will involve machines interacting with other machines
on behalf of human beings. Many communication
devices and technologies, including cell phones (GSM
to HSDPA), satellite, Ethernet, WiFi, WiMAX,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, and so on, would integrate with
M2M capabilities and become a part of the Internet of
Things
Transition from M2M to IOT-
The phrase "machine to machine" (M2M)
encompasses a wide range of technologies that enable
electrical or mechanical equipment to establish
connections with one another and freely automate
measurement and data transfer over wireless
networks. A little hardware module embedded in a
major, larger device—like a sensor, monitoring
system, car, air conditioner, security camera, or alarm
system—is the essential part of machine-to-machine
(M2M) communication. These devices typically need
to connect with other devices in the network. In
actuality, there aren't many differences between this
little module and the transceiver or communication
radio circuits found in smart-phones and other smart
devices. The distinction is that an M2M device does
not need these objects' display, camera, or other
capability. It can carry out the communication and
data sharing procedure without human intervention
or manual help.
M2M and IoT are generally comparable. M2M has a
more industrial meaning, although IoT is more widely
used in the consumer market. The two acronyms
refer to the same paradigm and are interchangeable in
the larger context of ICT. However, the M2M
technology has been growing significantly and affects
every aspect of our life. Different industrial and
business domains such as computer, food,
agricultural, electrical, mining, oil and gas, extremely
make use of the M2M communications in several
applications. Machine maintenance, measuring,
security, remote monitoring & controlling, chain
supplying, and asset tracking are examples. End-user
also benefits from this technology in many
applications such as wearable objects, home
automation and smart cars. Three technology
elements work together to increase the significance
of M2M: (i) the growth of domestic and commercial
machinery appliances integrated with potent yet
affordable CPU units, (ii) the Internet's incorporation
as a standardized distribution network, and (iii) the
falling cost of wireless technologies. These days, a
greater range of heterogeneous devices and smart
things may be accommodated by the Internet of
Things (IoT), which is built on IP-based networks. It
can also handle and analyze massive amounts of data
transferred while maintaining a scalable and smooth
communication.
Table 1: IoT Units Installed Base by Category.
Source: Gartner Inc.
The IoT industry is expected to be worth over
1trillion by 2024 (Global Data). Alongside IoT
investment, IoT revenue is expected to grow year-
over-year between 2019 and 2030. The IoT market is
currently worth approximately $800 billion. It is
expected to grow to almost $1.1 trillion at a CAGR
of 13% in 2024.
IOT ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
The five key tiers that comprise the IoT architecture
define every feature of an IoT system. These layers
are the application layer, middleware layer,
perception layer, network layer, and business layer.
The IoT architecture comprises a perception layer at
the base that is made up of physical devices such as
barcodes, RFID chips, and sensors and more tangible
  INTERNET OF THINGS

items linked to an Internet of things network.

Information is gathered by these devices and then
sent to the network layer. The information from the
perception layer is transmitted to the information
processing system via the network layer. This
information transmission can occur by any wired or
wireless medium, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 3G/4G,
and others. The middleware layer is the next level
layer. This layer's primary responsibility is to process
data from the network layer and make judgments
using the output of ubiquitous computing. Next, the Fig-1 A generic function module of IoT system.
application layer uses this processed data for
worldwide gadget administration. A business layer sits
atop the architecture and is responsible for managing
the apps, services, and IoT system as a whole. The
application layer's data and statistics are visualized by
the business layer, which then uses this information
to develop future objectives and tactics. Moreover,
IoT architectures can be changed based on the
requirements and application domain.
There are a few key functional blocks in charge of
processing, audio/video monitoring, storage
management, connectivity problems, and I/O
activities. When combined, these functional blocks
create an effective Internet of Things system, which is
Fig.-2 Working structure of IoT.
necessary for peak performance. Despite the fact that
various reference architectures have been put out Scalability, modularity, interoperability and openness
Despite the technical specifications, these remain far are the key design issues for an efficient IoT
from the industry standard architecture that is architecture in a heterogeneous environment. The
appropriate for the global Internet of things. IoT architecture must be designed with an objective
Therefore, in order to meet the demands of the to fulfill the requirements of cross domain
Internet of Things worldwide, an appropriate interactions, multisystem integration with the
architecture still needs to be built. The figure- potential of simple and scalable management
1depicts the general functioning structure of an IoT functionalities, big data analytics and storage, and user
system. It illustrates how the Internet of Things friendly applications. Also, the architecture should be
depends on specific application factors. IoT gateways able to scale-up the functionality and add some
are crucial to IoT communication because they enable intelligence and automation among the IoT devices in
connectivity between IoT servers and devices for a the system.
variety of applications.
APPLICATIONS OF IOT
Numerous real-world services and applications,
including digital healthcare, remote health monitoring,
smart cities, intelligent transportation, home
automation, smart agriculture, and industrial
automation, are examples of IoT. Multiple sensors are
 INTERNET OF THINGS
activated in every application area to autonomously
collect data, provide information, and start and run
services with the least amount of human involvement.
Improving life quality is the primary goal of
incorporating IoT technology into practical
applications. For instance, IoT applications are utilized
in the smart city services domain to improve smart
energy utilization, increase city safety, and facilitate
efficient mobility. However, IoT technology has made
remote medical monitoring systems available in the
healthcare industry, giving doctors more authority.
On the other hand, IoT technology has introduced
remote medical monitoring systems in the healthcare
domain which empower physicians to provide
superior care to patients.
1. Smart City-
IoT technology assists cities to enhance mobility
services, improve public safety, and control and
automate household systems. Intelligent
transportation, for example, focuses on solutions that
manage road infrastructure and improve route
planning for drivers. Furthermore, it provides
innovative solutions to monitor and manage traffic
systems using smart traffic signals and sensors,
throughout the road network to smooth the traffic
flow and reduce congestion. The concept of smart
city services is not restricted to transportation, but
also involves other aspects of human life, such as
public safety, green and clean environment, smart
grid, efficient delivery of municipal services and
connecting the physical infrastructure to the digital
world. In the following we shed the light on some of
these aspects.
2. Home Automation-
Home automation and control systems are essential
components of smart cities and have played a
significant part in the advancement of our home
environments. They have several applications for
different usage at home, such as entertainment and
smart living, surveillance, and safety management
Home automation is described as a standard home
environment equipped with IoT technological
infrastructure to provide a safe and comfortable
lifestyle. Home automation is based on an intelligent,
self-adaptive system that analyzes and evaluates
stakeholder behaviors and has the capability to
predict the stakeholder’s future actions and interact
accordingly. Home automation systems use image
detection and facial recognition models that are
embedded in an intelligent control system connected
to different sensors such as light sensors, motion
sensors, water leak sensors, smoke sensors, and
CCTV cameras. These devices communicate with
each other through a gateway that is distributed
throughout a home area network. The home control
system will connect different subsystems that
cooperate in modeling the stakeholder’s actions and
the environment’s information such as temperature,
humidity, noise, visibility, and light intensity to
enhance the learning process. For example, lights and
AC temperature can be controlled and automated to
adapt to the stakeholders’ needs and their
movements in the home environment. This would
conserve energy while also effectively monitoring
energy consumption. Research on home automation
is not restricted to energy optimization; it involves
health monitoring and security measures. By using
innovative IoT technologies, we can connect to
surveillance cameras in the home environment via a
mobile device.
4. Industrial Sectors-
Industrial IoT leverages IoT capabilities in business
and economic sectors to automate previously
complex manual operations in order to satisfy
consumer needs and reduce production costs.
Warehouse operations, logistical services, supply
chain management, and agricultural breeding can have
machine-to-machine (M2M) intercommunication to
ensure optimal industrial operations. This smart
agriculture system monitors and analyzes the
environmental parameters using soil moisture and
harvesting sensors such as ZigBee, EnOcean, Z-wave
and ANT. These sensors are automated to diagnose
the status of a plant and gather this data through an
IoT platform to take the proper action such as when
to irrigate in consultation with a weather forecasting
service available in the Cloud; thus ensuring the
efficient use of water resources.
5. Healthcare-
IoT sensors and devices shifted the landscape of
portable and wearable medical devices from fitness
and wellness devices to medical-grade devices
qualified for usage at hospitals and healthcare
providers. This shift accelerated the integration of

remote patient monitoring in hospitals to
accommodate patients with chronic diseases.
Therefore, numerous efforts have been conducted to
advance remote patient monitoring (RPM) systems
with the help of well-established IoT infrastructures
and standards in the healthcare domain. The RPM
systems are expected to match or exceed the
performance of the existing monitoring and
examinations administered at hospitals and healthcare
facilities. For example, continuous heart rate
monitoring and immediate heartbeat detection
necessitate patients to be hospitalized and/or
connected to a Holter monitor or similar devices for
long-term cardiac diagnosis. However, this setup
would hinder patient mobility due to the limitations
of the existing devices in terms of size and the
number of attached wires. Moreover, hospitals
dedicate significant resources to providing long-term
cardiac monitoring that, in some cases, is unavailable,
especially in low or middle-income countries.
Therefore, RPM systems effectively reduce death
from chronic diseases (e.g., heart diseases, diabetes).
IoT platforms and devices significantly accelerated the
development and integration of RPM systems into
existing healthcare infrastructures. To that extent, a
typical RPM implementation constitutes various
services but is not limited to data acquisition,
tracking, communication, automated analysis,
diagnoses, and notification systems.
6. Sensor Data Analytics-
In recent years, the IoT domain has witnessed
increasing interest by the research community and
rising demands from the industrial sector to embed
real-time data analytics tools into the core of IoT
standards. While the real value proposition of IoT is
shifting from providing passive data monitoring and
acquisition services to autonomous IoT applications
with real-time decision-making services.
Consequently, real-time data analytics is no longer an
add-on service and has become integral to any IoT
application rollout. For example, remote patient
monitoring (RPM) and real-time data analytics have
significantly contributed to enhancing ECG
monitoring and enabling healthcare providers to gain
24/7 access to their patients remotely, especially for
patients with coronary diseases. However, sensor
data acquisition and collections are mapped as the
foundation of IoT. The main goals of IoT application
at the early stages were to collect and monitor
significant information regarding specific applications
as initially proposed in 1999 while developing supply
 INTERNET OF THINGS
chain optimization at Procter & Gamble. Nearly after
2 decades, the goals of using IoT applications and
their expectations are on the rise, demanding
proactive and active decisions made on sensor data
collected in real-time. Accordingly, data analytics
permits various applications to focus on performing
real-time diagnoses, predictive maintenance,
automated decision-making, and theoretically
improving the productivity and efficiency of the
intended applications. Meanwhile, modern stream
processing engines (e.g., Apache Kafka and Apache
Pulsar) come with built-in APIs ready for data
analytics integrations.. Moreover, most cloud services
provide ready-made end-to-end event processing and
real-time data analytics tools (i.e., Google DataFlow).
Fig-3 IoT Application Domains - Description and
Examples.
CONCLUSION
The IoT is a cyber-physical system that integrates
billions of heterogeneous devices and smart objects.
These things are enabled by various technologies such
as identification, embedded sensors, intelligent
management, protocols, data storage/processing
/analytics, etc. A wide range of IoT applications have
been adopted and deployed in the last few years. In
this paper, an overview study of the Internet of
Things is presented introducing the vision, concepts,
features and the promise future. Brief discussions of
the main technologies, the newly developed
protocols, and the most common applications of the
IoT are provided. The research directions/future
challenges are listed for more efforts in the near
future. The report emphasizes the importance of the
power-efficiency and time-synchronization as future
trends that, we believe, need a significant focus and
more investigations. The major contribution of this
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paper is that it brings the main aspects of the IoT and

its relevance together in one paper, presented in a
straightforward manner. It is believed, the IoT will
continue to grow as a disruptive technology that
changed the world and it will never be the same
again. There is a continuously increasing reliance on
IoT technology in different sectors of our life for its
convenience and innovative applications stemming out
of it. Individuals and enterprises started to gain
confidence in the technology and overlook or ignore
the downsides of its security and privacy aspects.
However, we also believe that the emergence of Edge
computing in its different forms and shapes has
contributed to lower the adoption barriers of IoT
and increased interest in its technology and smart
services. We anticipate that in the next few years IoT
will continue to penetrate deeper in various sectors
and tape into more industrial and governmental
settings.

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Antar Shaddad Abdul-Qawy, Pramod P. J, E. Magesh,
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“Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future

technology enhancement: a review”.
Sachin Kumar, Prayag Tiwari and Mikhail Zymbler.

“Revisiting the internet of things: New trends,

opportunities and grand challenges.”
Field Grand Challenge Article 2022.