FInal year 4 project report 212223066 (1)

Design of Concrete Mix Proportion M25 to M40 Grades as per
IS 10262:2019
Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the awards of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In Civil Engineering
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mr. Rajendra Kumar Amir Khan (20EBTCE006)
Assistant Professor Mohammed Aman Chouhan (20EBTCE021)
Mohd Aadil Chouhan (20EBTCE022)
Mohd Akhtar Chouhan (20EBTCE023)
Bhartiya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sikar

Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner
July 2024
1
Declaration
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “Design of Concrete Mix
Proportion M25 to M40 Grades as per IS 10262:2019” submitted to BIET Sikar, is a
record of an original work done by under the guidance of Mr. Rajendra Kumar, Assistant
professor, Civil Engineering in Bhartiya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sikar.
This project is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award for the
degree of bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering.
We undersigned, declared that each and every activity we write here is our work and this
project is ours.
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Acknowledgment
We express our profound gratitude to our guide Mr. Rajendra Kumar, Assistant
professor, Department of Civil Engineering for his superlative flow of ideas and guidance
as well as moving inspirations all throughout the classes. We owe a lot to him for his kind
gesture in serving our teacher. We thank him for his constant help and support throughout
our endeavour.
We also thankful to the Head of department and all staff members of Department of
Civil Engineering. We consider ourselves fortunate to have worked under their
supervision. It was a matter of great pleasure to have them in our course curriculum.
We are thankful to our parents, family and friends for continuous support and
encouragement in our study. All these factors were the favourable conditions that made
us to strive for the better future life.
III
Abstract
Concrete mix design is a crucial aspect in the construction industry, ensuring the
quality and durability of structures. This study focuses on the design of concrete mixes
ranging from M25 to M40 grades, which are widely used in various construction projects.
The aim is to optimize the mix proportions to achieve desired properties such as strength,
work-ability, durability, and economy. The methodology involves thorough literature review
of established mix design methods such as the ACI method, IS method, and British methods,
which provide guidelines for proportioning concrete ingredients based on desired
performance criteria. Factors considered include cement type, aggregate characteristics,
water-cement ratio, and admixtures.
The experimental phase involves laboratory testing to validate the mix designs.
Samples are prepared and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, work-ability (via
slump test or flow table test), and durability (including water permeability and resistance to
chemical attacks). Statistical analysis is applied to ensure reliability of results and to optimize
the mix proportions further. Challenges encountered include variability in raw materials,
environmental conditions affecting curing, and practical constraints on site. Strategies to
mitigate these challenges include quality control measures, proper curing techniques, and
adjusting mix proportions based on trial mixes. Results indicate that the selected mix designs
for M25 to M40 grades meet or exceed specified performance requirements, demonstrating
the effectiveness of the chosen mix design methods. The findings contribute to the body of
knowledge on concrete technology and provide practical insights for engineers and
practitioners in the field.
In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of a systematic approach to

concrete mix design, tailored to specific project requirements and environmental conditions.
Future research could explore alternative materials, sustainable practices, and advancements
in concrete technology to further enhance the performance and longevity of concrete
structure.
Keywords: Concrete Mix Design, IS Codes, Laboratory tests
IV
.
Table Of Content
1. INTRODUCTION 1-2
2. REQUIREMENT OF MIX DESIGN 3-5
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6-18
4. DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATION 19-26
5. MIX PROPORTIONING 27-36
6. TESTING AND EVALUATION 37-42
7. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 43-50
8. CONCLUSION 51-54
9. RECOMMANDATION 55-61
10. PRECAUTIONS 62-68
V
List of Figure
S. No. Content Name Page No.
1 Cement 6
2 Aggregates 8
3 Admixture 11
4 Chemical Admixture 12
VI
Lists oF Tables
Serial No. Content Name Page No.
1 Size of Aggregate 8
2 Total Aggregate For Different Zones 9
3 Modified Graph For Selection Of W/C Ratio 10
4 Values of K 20
VII
Chapter.1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINATION
In the realm of civil engineering, the term "To design of concrete mix design M25 to
M40" denotes the structured process of formulating concrete mixtures tailored to achieve
specified compressive strengths falling within the M25 to M40 grade range. These grades
correspond to concrete strengths ranging from 25 MPa (M25) to 40 MPa (M40), crucial for
various structural applications where durability and load-bearing capacities are paramount.
The design of concrete mixes for M25 to M40 grades entails meticulous consideration of
several factors. This includes selecting suitable cementation materials, aggregates (both
coarse and fine), water-cement ratios, and supplementary additives like admixtures. Each
component's proportion is precisely calculated to meet performance criteria such as strength,
work-ability, durability, and resistance to environmental factors.
This project aims to delve into the intricacies of mix design methodologies, exploring how
variations in material properties and proportions influence the final concrete's characteristics.
By conducting rigorous testing and analysis, the project seeks to validate and optimize mix
designs that not only meet but exceed prescribed standards and project-specific requirements
The significance of this endeavor lies in its potential to enhance construction practices by
ensuring that concrete structures are not only structurally sound but also cost-effective and
sustainable. Through detailed exploration and experimentation, the project endeavors to
contribute valuable insights into the art and science of concrete mix design, particularly
within the challenging spectrum of M25 to M40 grades.
1.2 Objective
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To develop concrete mixtures that achieve specific strength requirements (25 M Pa to 40 M
Pa, respectively) while ensuring durability, work-ability, and cost-effectiveness. This
involves selecting appropriate proportions of cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures to
meet these criteria. Key objectives include:
1. Achieving Desired Strength: Ensure the concrete mix attains the target compressive
strength (M25 - 25 M Pa, M30 - 30 M Pa, M35 - 35 M Pa, M40 - 40 M Pa) at 28 days.
2. Work-ability: Ensure the mix has sufficient work-ability for the intended application and
method of placement.
3. Durability: Ensure the concrete can withstand environmental conditions such as freeze-
thaw cycles, chemical exposure, and abrasion.
4. Cost-Effectiveness: Optimize the mix design to minimize costs while meeting all
performance requirements.
5. Sustainability: Incorporate sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials or

supplementary cementation materials, to reduce the environmental impact.
Achieving these objectives requires a careful balance of materials and adherence to

established guidelines and standards, such as those provided by IS 10262 and IS 456.
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Chapter.2
REQUIREMENTS OF MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE
Designing a concrete mix involves several key requirements and considerations to ensure the
concrete meets the desired performance criteria. Here are the essential requirements for the
mix design of concrete:
1. Strength Requirements:
- Compressive Strength: The concrete must achieve the specified compressive strength,
typically measured at 28 days (e.g., M25 means 25 M Pa).
- Extramural and Tensile Strength: Depending on the application, the mix may need to meet
specific extramural or tensile strength criteria.
2. Work-ability:
- Slump: The concrete should have sufficient slump to be workable for the intended method
of placement and compaction.
- Consistency: The mix should be consistent and homogeneous to avoid segregation and
bleeding.
3. Durability:
- Exposure Conditions: The concrete must withstand environmental conditions such as
freeze-thaw cycles, sulfate attack, chloride ingress, and carbonation.
- Permeability: Low permeability is essential to protect embedded steel from corrosion.
4. Materials Selection:
- Cement: Type and grade of cement based on strength and durability requirements.
- Aggregates: Proper grading, size, shape, and quality of coarse and fine aggregates.
- Water: Clean and free from harmful impurities.

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- Admixtures: Use of chemical admixtures like plasticize rs, supercritical, accelerators,
retarders, etc., to enhance performance.
5. Proportioning:
- Water-Cement Ratio: Maintain a low water-cement ratio to achieve the desired strength
and durability.
- Aggregate-Cement Ratio: Optimize the ratio to ensure adequate bonding and minimize
voids.
6. Specific Gravity and Bulk Density:

- Cement: Typical specific gravity of cement ranges from 3.15 to 3.20.
- Aggregates: Specific gravity and bulk density of aggregates must be considered for
accurate mix proportions.
7. Air Content:
- Entrained Air: In some cases, air-entrancing admixtures are used to improve the freeze-
thaw resistance of concrete.
8. Work-ability Retention:
- Setting Time: Ensure that the mix has an adequate setting time to allow for proper
placement and finishing.
9. Economic Considerations:
- Cost-Effectiveness: Optimize the mix design to balance performance and cost,
considering the availability and cost of materials.
10. Sustainability:
- Eco-Friendly Materials: Incorporate supplementary cementation materials (S C M s) like
fly ash, slag, and silica fume to reduce the carbon footprint.
- Recycled Aggregates: Use recycled aggregates where feasible without compromising
quality.
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11. Standards and Specifications:
- Compliance: Adhere to relevant standards and guidelines (e.g., IS 10262, IS 456) for mix
design procedures and quality control.
By considering these requirements, a concrete mix can be designed to meet the

specific needs of a project, ensuring the resulting concrete is strong, durable, workable, and
economical.
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Chapter.3
Materials And Methods
3.1 Materials :
Mix design for concrete in the M25 to M40 grades involves a meticulous selection and
proportioning of materials to achieve desired strength, durability, and work-ability. This
process is crucial for ensuring that the concrete meets structural requirements and performs
well under various environmental conditions. Here, we will explore in detail the materials
used in mix design for these concrete grades, their functions, and considerations in their
selection.
1. Cement
Cement is the binding agent in concrete that reacts with water to form a paste that binds the
aggregates together. For mix designs ranging from M25 to M40, Portland cement is typically
used. However, the type of Portland cement can vary based on specific project requirements:
 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Commonly used when high initial strength is required.
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 Portland Poznan Cement (PPC): Contains polarization materials such as fly ash, which
improve work-ability, reduce heat of hydration, and enhance durability.
 Portland Slag Cement (PSC): Contains ground granulated blast furnace slag, which
improves durability, reduces permeability, and enhances resistance to sulfate attacks.
Functions of Cement:
 Binding: Binds aggregates together to form a cohesive mass.

 Strength Development: Provides strength through hydration reactions.
 Durability: Influences durability characteristics such as resistance to chemical attacks
and abrasion.
 Setting and Hardening: Determines the setting time and early strength development
of concrete.
Considerations:
 Type and Grade: Selection based on project specifications and environmental

conditions.
 Proportion: Determined based on water-cement ratio to achieve desired strength and
durability.
 Quality: Should comply with relevant standards (e.g., IS 269 for OPC, IS 1489 for
PPC, IS 455 for PSC).
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2. Aggregates
Aggregates constitute the largest volume in concrete and are classified into coarse and fine
aggregates:
Coarse Aggregate:
 Typical Size: Ranges from 10mm to 20mm, depending on specific mix design
requirements.
 Material: Crushed stone or gravel.
 Function: Provides bulk and strength to concrete. Coarse aggregates are responsible
for the compressive strength of concrete and resist the applied loads.
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Fine Aggregate:
 Material: Natural sand or crushed stone sand with particles smaller than 5mm.
 Function: Fills the voids between coarse aggregates and cement paste, enhancing
work-ability and durability. Fine aggregates also contribute to the overall strength of
concrete.
Considerations:
 Gradation: Proper gradation ensures dense and workable concrete.

 Quality: Cleanliness and grading should comply with relevant standards (e.g., IS 383 for
aggregates).
 Absorption: Moisture content affects the water-cement ratio and concrete work-ability.
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3. Water
Water is a critical component in concrete mix design, as it initiates the hydration process of
cement and affects the work-ability and strength of concrete:
 Function: Initiates the chemical reaction between cement and water, leading to the
hardening of concrete.
 Water-Cement Ratio: Determines the strength and durability of concrete. Lower
water-cement ratios result in higher strength and durability but require careful control
of mix work-ability.
 Quality: Clean water free from impurities such as salts, organic matter, and chemicals
that can adversely affect concrete performance.
Considerations:
 Amount: Determined by the water-cement ratio to achieve desired work-ability and

strength.
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 Testing: Conduct tests to ensure water quality and compatibility with other materials.
 Mixing: Ensure uniform distribution of water throughout the concrete mix.
4. Admixtures
Admixtures are added to concrete during mixing to modify its properties and enhance
performance under specific conditions. They can improve work-ability, durability, and other
aspects of concrete:
Types of Admixtures:
 Water Reducers: Also known as plasticizes, reduce the water content of concrete mixtures
while maintaining work-ability.
 Super plasticize-rs: Provide high work-ability at a low water-cement ratio, useful for high-
strength concrete and concrete requiring improved flow characteristics.
 Air Entrancing Agents: Introduce microscopic air bubbles into concrete, enhancing freeze-
thaw resistance and durability in harsh climates.
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 Retarders: Delay the setting time of concrete, beneficial for large projects or hot weather
conditions.
 Accelerators: Speed up the setting time of concrete, useful in cold weather conditions or for
rapid construction.
Functions of Admixtures:
 Enhanced Work-ability: Improve the work-ability and flow of concrete without increasing
water content.
 Durability: Enhance resistance to chemical attacks, sulfate attacks, and freeze-thaw cycles.
 Setting Time: Control setting time to suit specific project requirements.
 Economy: Improve efficiency and reduce costs by optimizing concrete mix designs.
Considerations:
 Compatibility: Ensure compatibility with other concrete constituents.

 Dosage: Determine the appropriate dosage based on mix design requirements and desired
outcomes.
 Performance: Conduct trials and tests to assess the performance and effectiveness of
admixtures in concrete mixes.
5. Chemical Admixtures
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Chemical admixtures are used in concrete mix designs to achieve specific performance
enhancements beyond those provided by conventional admixtures:
 Corrosion Inhibitors: Reduce the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to

aggressive environments.
 Shrinkage Reducers: Control drying shrinkage and minimize cracking in concrete.
 Alkali-Silica Reactivity Inhibitors: Mitigate the risk of alkali-aggregate reactions that can
lead to concrete cracking and degradation over time.
 Waterproofing Admixtures: Enhance the impermeability of concrete to water and other
liquids.
Functions of Chemical Admixtures:
 Durability Enhancement: Improve resistance to chemical attacks, corrosion, and

degradation.
 Performance: Enhance specific properties such as shrinkage control and waterproofing.
 Long-Term Benefits: Extend the service life of concrete structures by mitigating potential
durability issues.
Considerations:
 Compatibility: Ensure compatibility with other concrete materials and admixtures.

 Effectiveness: Verify through testing and trials to ensure desired performance benefits.
 Application: Follow manufacturer recommendations for dosage, mixing procedures, and
application methods.
6. Supplementary Cementation Materials (S C M s)
S C M s are materials that can be used in conjunction with cement to improve the properties
of concrete:
 Types: Include fly ash, silica fume, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS).
 Functions: Enhance durability, reduce heat of hydration, and improve resistance to sulfate
attacks and alkali-silica reactions.
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 Benefits: Reduce cement consumption, lower CO2 emissions, and improve long-term
performance of concrete.
Considerations:
 Proportion: Determine the appropriate percentage of S C M s based on desired concrete

properties.
 Quality: Ensure S C M s meet relevant standards and specifications.
 Mixing: Ensure uniform distribution and compatibility with other concrete materials.
Conclusion
Mix design for concrete in the M25 to M40 grades involves a systematic approach to
selecting and proportioning materials to achieve desired performance characteristics. Each
material—cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, chemical admixtures, and supplementary
cementation materials—plays a critical role in determining the strength, durability, work-
ability, and overall performance of concrete. By carefully considering the functions,
considerations, and interactions of these materials, engineers and concrete technologists can
design concrete mixes that meet structural requirements, enhance durability, and ensure long-
term performance in diverse environmental conditions.
3.2 Methods:
Concrete mix design methods ensure that the concrete meets the required performance
criteria in terms of strength, work-ability, and durability while being cost-effective. Various
methods are used worldwide, often tailored to specific standards and requirements. Here are
some widely recognized methods:
1. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Method
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1.1. Overview:
- The ACI method, developed by the American Concrete Institute, is one of the most widely
used methods in the United States and internationally. It is detailed in the ACI 211.1
standard.
1.2. Steps:
- Select Target Strength: Determine the desired compressive strength of the concrete
- Choose Water-Cement Ratio: Use tables or charts to select the water-cement ratio based on
the required strength.
- Estimate Water Content: Determine the amount of water needed for the desired slump
(work-ability).
- Calculate Cement Content: Divide the water content by the water-cement ratio to find the
required amount of cement.
- Determine Aggregate Proportions: Adjust fine and coarse aggregates based on the specific
gravity and the desired work-ability.
- Adjust for Admixtures: Include any chemical admixtures needed to enhance performance.
2. Indian Standard (IS) Method

2.1. Overview:
- The IS method, as per IS 10262 and IS 456, is the standard method in India. It provides
guidelines for designing concrete mixes to achieve specific properties.
2.2. Steps:
- Determine Target Strength: Calculate the target mean strength, considering the
characteristic strength and a margin for variability.
- Select Water-Cement Ratio: Based on the durability requirements and target strength.
- Estimate Water Content: Use guidelines for desired work-ability and maximum aggregate
size.
- Calculate Cement Content: Based on the water-cement ratio and water content.
- Proportion Aggregates: Determine the volumes of fine and coarse aggregates based on the
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chosen mix.
- Adjust for Moisture: Modify water content and aggregate weights based on moisture
content in aggregates.
3. British Method (DOE Method)
3.1. Overview:
- The DOE (Department of Environment) method is used in the UK and other regions. It
follows guidelines set by the British Standards Institution.
3.2. Steps:
- Select Water-Cement Ratio: Based on strength and durability requirements.
- Determine Water Content: Depending on desired work-ability and aggregate size.
- Calculate Cement Content: Using the water-cement ratio.
- Proportion Aggregates: Based on combined aggregate grading and maximum aggregate
size.
- Adjust for Admixtures: Include any necessary chemical admixtures for desired properties.
4. Road Note No. 4 Method (RN4)
4.1. Overview:
- Developed in the UK, the RN4 method is used for designing concrete for roads and
pavements. It emphasizes durability and work-ability.
4.2. Steps:
- Determine Target Strength: Based on pavement design requirements.
- Choose Water-Cement Ratio: Considering exposure conditions.
- Estimate Water Content: For the desired slump and aggregate size.
- Calculate Cement Content: From the water-cement ratio and water content.
- Aggregate Proportioning: Using specific grading curves for fine and coarse aggregates.
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5. Mix Design by Trial and Adjustment
5.1. Overview:
- A practical approach where initial mix proportions are set, followed by adjustments based
on trial batches and testing.
5.2. Steps:
- Initial Mix Proportion: Start with assumed ratios based on experience or guidelines.
- Prepare Trial Batches: Mix and cast test samples.
- Test and Evaluate: Measure work-ability, compressive strength, and other properties.
- Adjust Mix: Modify proportions based on test results to meet desired criteria.
6. High-Performance Concrete (HPC) Mix Design
6.1. Overview:
- Designed to meet specific performance criteria such as high strength, durability, or low
permeability. Often used for special structures.
6.2. Steps:
- Define Performance Requirements: Based on the structure's needs.
- Select Materials: Choose high-quality cement, supplementary cementation materials
(SCMs), and advanced admixtures.
- Determine Mix Proportions: Using performance-based guidelines and trial batches.
- Evaluate and Optimize: Conduct extensive testing and adjust the mix to optimize
performance.
7. Performance-Based Mix Design
7.1. Overview:
- Focuses on achieving specific performance outcomes rather than following prescriptive
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proportions.
7.2. Steps:
- Define Performance Criteria: Strength, durability, work-ability, and other requirements.
- Select and Test Materials: Based on desired performance.
- Proportion Mix: Using statistical and experimental methods to achieve the target
performance.
- Conduct Trials: Validate performance through extensive testing.
Common Considerations Across Methods
Work-ability:
- Ensure the concrete can be placed and compacted effectively.
- Use slump tests, compaction factor tests, and flow table tests to measure work-ability.
Durability:
- Design for the environment in which the concrete will be used (e.g., resistance to freezing
and thawing, sulfate attack).
- Select materials and proportions to enhance durability.
Strength:
- Meet or exceed the required compressive strength.
- Consider the variability in material properties and construction practices.
Economy:
- Optimize the use of materials to reduce costs without compromising quality.
- Balance the cost of materials with the desired performance characteristics.
The selection of the mix design method depends on the specific requirements of the project,
available materials, and local standards. Each method provides a systematic approach to
achieving the desired properties of concrete, ensuring it performs well under the given
conditions. By understanding and applying these methods.
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Chapter.4
DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATION
4.1 Criteria For Mix Design :
Target Strength (f ck)
1. Definition:
Target strength (\(f'_{ck}\)) is the mean strength of the concrete mix designed to achieve the
specified characteristic strength (\(f_{ck}\)) while accounting for variations in production
and material properties.
2. Characteristic Strength (f ck):
Characteristic strength (\(f_{ck}\)) is the strength of concrete below which not more than
5% of the test results are expected to fall. It is usually determined at 28 days of curing.
3. Calculation of Target Strength:
To ensure that the concrete meets or exceeds the characteristic strength, a margin is added to
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\(f_{ck}\). This margin accounts for variations in the production process and materials. The
formula is:
F’ck = f ck + k × σ
Where:
- f 'ck= Target mean strength
- f ck = Characteristic strength
- k = Statistical coefficient (typically 1.65 for a 95% confidence level, corresponding to a

5% probability of failure)
- σ = Standard deviation of the concrete strength
4. Determination of Standard Deviation (σ):
- Historical Data: If historical data of the concrete mix is available, the standard deviation
can be calculated from previous test results.
- Assumed Values: In the absence of historical data, IS 456 and other standards provide
assumed values for standard deviation based on the grade of concrete.
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Example:
For M25 grade concrete (characteristic strength (f ck )= 25 N/mm^2) and assuming a

standard deviation of 5 N/mm²:
[ f'ck = 25 + (1.65 \times 5) = 25 + 8.25 = 33.25 N/mm^2
So, the target mean strength \(f'ck) is 33.25 N/mm².
Water-Cement Ratio (w/c)
1. Definition:
The water-cement ratio (w/c) is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement used
in a concrete mix. It is a crucial factor in determining the strength and durability of the
concrete.
2. Importance:
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- Strength: Lower w/c ratios lead to higher strength because there is less free water in the
mix, resulting in a denser concrete matrix.
- Durability: Lower w/c ratios improve durability by reducing porosity and permeability,
making the concrete more resistant to environmental attacks.
- Work-ability: Higher w/c ratios improve work-ability, making the concrete easier to mix,
transport, and place. However, excessively high w/c ratios can lead to segregation and lower
strength.
3. Selection Criteria:
The w/c ratio is chosen based on the required strength and durability of the concrete, as well
as work-ability considerations. Standards like IS 456 provide guidelines for selecting
appropriate w/c ratios based on exposure conditions.
4. Typical Values:
- For general construction: w/c ratios range from 0.40 to 0.60.
- For high strength and durability: w/c ratios below 0.40.
- For lean mixes: w/c ratios above 0.60 may be used, but with reduced strength and
durability.
5. Durability Considerations:
IS 456 provides maximum permissible w/c ratios based on the exposure conditions:
- Mild Exposure: Up to 0.55
- Moderate Exposure: Up to 0.50
- Severe Exposure: Up to 0.45
- Very Severe Exposure: Up to 0.40
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- Extreme Exposure: Up to 0.35
6. Adjustments for Work-ability:
To achieve the desired work-ability without compromising strength:
- Use of Admixtures: Super plasticizes can reduce the water content while maintaining
work-ability, allowing for lower w/c ratios.
- Aggregate Gradation: Proper grading of aggregates can improve work-ability at lower w/c
ratios.
7. Calculation of Mix Proportions:
Once the w/c ratio is selected, the amount of cement can be determined based on the
required water content for work-ability.
Example:
For a concrete mix with a w/c ratio of 0.45 and a water content of 180 kg/m³:
Cement content= {Water content}{w/c ratio}} = {180}{0.45} = 400 \text{ kg/m}^3 \]
This ensures that the concrete has the right balance of strength, durability, and work-ability.
Conclusion
The target strength and water-cement ratio are critical components of the concrete mix design process.
Understanding and accurately determining these parameters ensure that the concrete will perform as
required in terms of strength, durability, and work-ability. By following standard guidelines and
adjusting based on specific project needs, a successful concrete mix design can be achieved.
4.2 Specification :
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The mix design for concrete grades M25 to M40 according to Indian Standards (IS) involves
a systematic approach to achieving the desired properties of strength, work-ability, and
durability. The main IS codes that guide this process are IS 456:2000 (Plain and Reinforced
Concrete - Code of Practice) and IS 10262:2019 (Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design
Proportioning). Here are the specifications and steps involved in the mix design process for
M25 to M40 grades of concrete as per these standards:
1. Understanding Concrete Grades
- M25: Characteristic compressive strength of 25 N/mm²
2. Target Mean Strength
To account for variations in production, the target mean strength ( f' ck) is calculated as:
f' ck = f ck + k ×σ
Where;
-( f ck} = Characteristic strength
- k = Margin factor (1.65 for 5% risk level)
- σ = Standard deviation
If historical data is not available, IS 456 suggests the following assumed standard deviations:
- M25: 4 N/mm²
- M30 to M40: 5 N/mm²
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3. Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
Based on durability requirements as per IS 456:
- Mild Exposure: Maximum w/c ratio of 0.55
- Moderate Exposure: Maximum w/c ratio of 0.50
- Severe Exposure: Maximum w/c ratio of 0.45
- Very Severe Exposure: Maximum w/c ratio of 0.40
- Extreme Exposure: Maximum w/c ratio of 0.35
4. Calculation of Cement Content
Minimum cement content to ensure durability as per IS 456:
- Mild Exposure: 300 kg/m³
- Moderate Exposure: 300 kg/m³
- Severe Exposure: 320 kg/m³
- Very Severe Exposure: 340 kg/m³
- Extreme Exposure: 360 kg/m³
5. Estimation of Water Content
Refer to IS 10262 for guidance on water content based on the nominal maximum size of
aggregates and desired slump:
- Slump Range: 25-50mm, 50-75mm, 75-100mm, etc.
- Adjust water content based on the shape and texture of aggregates and use of admixtures.
6. Proportioning of Aggregates
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Determine the ratio of fine to coarse aggregate based on the nominal maximum size of
aggregates and the zone of fine aggregate (IS 383).
7. Mix Proportion Calculation
Example for M30 Grade Concrete:
Step-by-Step Mix Design
1. Target Strength Calculation:
\[ f'_{ck} = f_{ck} + 1.65×sigma ]
Assuming \( \sigma = 5 \) N/mm² for M30:
\[ f'_{ck} = 30 + 1.65 \times 5 = 38.25 \text{ N/mm}^2 \]
2. Selection of Water-Cement Ratio:
Assuming severe exposure:
\[ \text{Maximum w/c ratio} = 0.45 \]
3. Calculation of Cement Content:
Using a w/c ratio of 0.45 and a water content of 180 kg/m³:
\[ \text{Cement content} = 180}{0.45} = 400 \text{ kg/m}^3 \]
Ensure this is not less than the minimum cement content for durability.
4. Estimation of Coarse and Fine Aggregates:
For a target slump of 75-100mm, water content is adjusted based on the aggregate size.
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5. Adjustments for Aggregate Moisture:
Consider the moisture content of aggregates to adjust the mix proportions.
Final Mix Proportions:
1. Volume Calculations:
- Volume of cement = {400}{3.15 \times 1000} = 0.127 \text{ m}^3\) (assuming specific
gravity of cement = 3.15)
- Volume of water = {180}{1000} = 0.180 \text{ m}^3\)
- Volume of all aggregates = 1 - (0.127 + 0.180) = 0.693 \text{ m}^3\)
2. Aggregate Content:
- Calculate fine and coarse aggregate content based on specific gravitates and desired mix
proportions.
Example Proportion for M30 Concrete:
- Cement: 400 kg
- Water: 180 kg
- Fine Aggregate: 689 kg
- Coarse Aggregate: 1177 kg
- Adjust these values based on specific gravitates and moisture content.
The mix design for M25 to M40 concrete grades involves careful consideration of the target
strength, water-cement ratio, and the proportioning of aggregates to ensure the concrete
meets the required performance criteria. By following the guidelines in IS 456 and IS
10262, one can achieve a concrete mix that is strong, durable, and workable, suitable for a
27
wide range of construction applications.
28
CHAPTER.5
MIX PROPORTIONING
5.1. CALCULATION
Step-by-Step Calculation and Justification of Mix Proportioning for Concrete Grades M25 to M40
1. Mix Design for M25 Grade Concrete
Step 1: Target Strength Calculation
- Characteristic Strength (\( f_{ck} \)): 25 N/mm²

- Assumed Standard Deviation (\( \sigma \)): 4 N/mm²
- Margin Factor (\( k \)): 1.65 (for 5% risk level)
\[ f'_{ck} = f_{ck} + k sigma ]
\[ f'_{ck} = 25 + (1.65 \times 4) = 31.6 \text{ N/mm}^2 \]
Step 2 : Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
- Exposure Condition: Moderate

- Maximum w/c Ratio (as per IS 456): 0.50
Step 3: Calculation of Cement Content
- Assumed Water Content: 186 kg/m³ (for 25-50mm slump, as per IS 10262)
- Water-Cement Ratio: 0.50
\[ t{Cement Content} = {{Water Content}}{{w/c Ratio}} = {186}{0.50} = 372 { kg/m}^3 \]
- Minimum Cement Content (as per IS 456): 300 kg/m³ (Moderate exposure)
Step 4: Calculation of Aggregate Content
29
- Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate: 20mm
- Fine Aggregate Zone: Zone II (as per IS 383)
- Volume of Cement:
\[ V_{{cement}} = {372}{3.15 \times 1000} = 0.118 { m}^3 \]

- Volume of Water:
\[ V_{{water}} = {186}{1000} = 0.186 \{ m}^3 \]

- Volume of all-in Aggregates:
\[ V_{\{aggregate}} = 1 - (0.118 + 0.186) = 0.696 \{ m}^3 \]

- Proportion of Fine and Coarse Aggregate (by volume):
\[ {Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate} = 0.35 \]

- Fine Aggregate Volume:
\[ V_{{fine aggregate}} = 0.35 \times 0.696 = 0.244 { m}^3 \]

- Coarse Aggregate Volume:
\[ V_{{coarse agg}} = 0.696 - 0.244 = 0.452 \{ m}^3 \]
- Mass of Fine Aggregate:
\[ {Mass of fine agg} = 0.244 \times 2.64 \times 1000 = 644 { kg/m}^3 \] (assuming specific gravity
of fine aggregate = 2.64)
- Mass of Coarse Aggregate:
\[ {Mass of coarse agg} = 0.452 \times 2.74 \times 1000 = 1238 \{ kg/m}^3 \] (assuming specific
gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.74)
Final Mix Proportion for M25
30
- Cement: 372 kg/m³
- Water: 186 kg/m³
- Fine Aggregate: 644 kg/m³
- Coarse Aggregate: 1238 kg/m³

- Margin Factor (\( k \)): 1.65
\[ f'_{ck} = f_{ck} + k \* \sigma \]
\[ f'_{ck} = 30 + (1.65 \times 5) = 38.25 \{ N/mm}^2 \]
Step 2: Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
- Exposure Condition: Moderate

\[ {Cement Content} = {{Water Content}}{{w/c Ratio}} = {180}{0.45} = 400 { kg/m}^3 \]

31
- Volume of Cement:
\[ V_{{cement}} = {400}{3.15 \times 1000} = 0.127 { m}^3 \]
- Volume of Water:
\[ V_{{water}} = {180}{1000} = 0.180 { m}^3 \]

\[ V_{{agg}} = 1 - (0.127 + 0.180) = 0.693 { m}^3 \]

\[ {Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate} = 0.35 \]

\[ V_{fine agg}} = 0.35 \times 0.693 = 0.243 \{ m}^3 \]

\[ V_{{coarse agg}} = 0.693 - 0.243 = 0.450 { m}^3 \]
- Mass of Fine Aggregate:

\[ {Mass of fine agg} = 0.243 \times 2.64 \times 1000 = 641 \{ kg/m}^3 \]
- Mass of Coarse Aggregate:

\[ {Mass of coarse agg} = 0.450 \times 2.74 \times 1000 = 1233 t{ kg/m}^3 \]
Final Mix Proportion for M30

- Cement: 400 kg/m³
- Water: 180 kg/m³
- Fine Aggregate: 641 kg/m³
- Coarse Aggregate: 1233 kg/m³

32
- Margin Factor (\( k \)): 1.65
\[ f'_{ck} = f_{ck} + k \cdot \sigma \]

\[ f'_{ck} = 35 + (1.65 \times 5) = 43.25 { N/mm}^2 \]
Step 2: Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
- Exposure Condition: Severe

\[ {Cement Content} = \{\text{Water Content}}{w/c Ratio}} = \{180}{0.45} = 400 \{
kg/m}^3 \]

- Volume of Cement:
\[ V_{{cement}} = \{400}{3.15 \times 1000} = 0.127 { m}^3 \]
- Volume of Water:
\[ V_{\{water}} = \{180}{1000} = 0.180 \{ m}^3 \]
\[ V_{{agg}} = 1 - (0.127 + 0.180) = 0.693 \{ m}^3 \]
{Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate} = 0.35 \]
33
\[ V_{\t{fine agg}} = 0.35 \times 0.693 = 0.243 { m}^3 \]

\[ V\{coarse agg}} = 0.693 - 0.243 = 0.450 { m}^3 \]
5.2 JUSTIFICATION :
Justification for each step in the concrete mix design process for M25 to M40 grades,
according to IS 10262:2019 and IS 456:2000:
1. Understanding the Requirements
Justification:
- Grade of Concrete: Different grades have specific characteristic strengths which define the
mix proportions.
- Characteristic Strength (f ck): The grade designation (M25, M30, etc.) directly indicates the
characteristic compressive strength of the concrete, which is critical for structural integrity.
2. Calculation of Target Mean Strength
Formula:
\[ f'_{ck} = f_{ck} + 1.65 \cdot \sigma \]
Justification:
- Margin for Safety: The target mean strength accounts for the variability in concrete
production.
34
Adding a margin (based on the standard deviation) ensures that most of the concrete
produced will meet or exceed the characteristic strength.
- Standard Deviation (\(\sigma\)): Historical data or assumed values from IS 456 provide a
measure of variability. This ensures reliability in meeting the characteristic strength.
Example Calculations:
- M25: \( f'_{ck} = 25 + 1.65 \times 4 = 31.6 \text{ N/mm}^2 \)

3. Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
Justification:
- Durability: The water-cement ratio is a key factor in the durability of concrete. Lower
ratios result in lower porosity, enhancing durability. IS 456 specifies maximum w/c ratios for
different exposure conditions to ensure long-term performance.
- Strength: The w/c ratio influences the compressive strength of concrete. Lower w/c ratios
generally result in higher strength.
4. Estimation of Water Content
Justification:
- Work-ability: The amount of water in the mix affects the work-ability. IS 10262 provides
guidelines for water content based on the desired slump (work-ability) and aggregate size.
- Consistency: A consistent water content ensures uniform work-ability and ease of mixing,
placing, and compacting the concrete.
35
5. Calculation of Cement Content
Formula:
\[ \text{Cement Content} = {\text{Water Content}}{\text{w/c ratio}} \]
Justification:
- Strength and Durability: The cement content must be sufficient to achieve the desired
strength and durability. Too little cement can result in weak concrete, while too much can
increase costs and potential for shrinkage cracks.
- Minimum Cement Content: IS 456 specifies minimum cement contents to ensure durability,
especially in harsh environments.
Example Calculations:
- M25: \( \text{Cement Content} = \{186}{0.50} = 372 \text{ kg/m}^3 \)
- M35: \( \text{Cement Content} = {186}{0.40} = 465 \text{ kg/m}^3 \)
6. Proportioning of Aggregates
Justification:
- Volume Calculations: Ensuring that the total volume of cement, water, and aggregates
equals 1 cubic meter is crucial for accurate mix proportioning.
- Aggregate Content: Proper proportioning of fine and coarse aggregates affects work-ability,
strength, and durability. IS 10262 provides guidelines for aggregate volumes to achieve a
balance between work-ability and strength.
7. Proportion of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
36
Justification:
- Work-ability: The ratio of fine to coarse aggregates influences the work-ability of the
concrete mix. Proper grading ensures a dense and workable mix.
- Specific Gravity: Different specific gravities for fine and coarse aggregates ensure accurate
volume calculations, contributing to the desired mix properties.
Example Proportions:
M25 Grade Concrete:

- Cement: 372 kg
- Water: 186 kg
- Fine Aggregate: 644 kg
- Coarse Aggregate: 1246 kg
M30 Grade Concrete:

- Cement: 413 kg
- Water: 186 kg
- Fine Aggregate: 635 kg (adjusted for different cement content)
- Coarse Aggregate: 1229 kg (adjusted for different cement content)
M35 Grade Concrete:

- Cement: 465 kg
- Water: 186 kg
M40 Grade Concrete:

- Cement: 465 kg
- Water: 186 kg
37
8. Adjustments for Moisture Content
Justification:
- Accuracy: Adjusting for moisture content in aggregates ensures that the actual water content
in the mix is accurate. This maintains the desired water-cement ratio and consistency of the
concrete.
Conclusion
Each step in the mix design process is crucial for achieving the desired properties of the
concrete. The calculations and justifications ensure that the concrete will meet strength,
work-ability, and durability requirements as specified in IS 10262:2019 and IS 456:2000. By
carefully following these steps, engineers can design concrete mixes that are both efficient
and effective for various construction applications.
38
Chapter.6
TESTING AND EVALUATIONS
The testing and evaluation of concrete mix designs involve a series of experimental
procedures to ensure that the designed mix meets the required specifications. This section
presents the experimental results from trial mixes and outlines the testing procedures
conducted to validate the mix designs for concrete grades M25, M30, M35, and M40.
Objectives:
1. To validate the designed concrete mix proportions for M25, M30, M35, and M40 grades.
2. To assess the work-ability, compressive strength, and durability of the trial mixes.
3. To make necessary adjustments based on the experimental results to achieve the desired
performance.
Trial Mixes
Mix Design Proportions
- M25 Grade Concrete:

Cement : Fine Aggregate : Coarse Aggregate : Water = 1 : 2.8 : 4.72 : 0.5



39
Experimental Procedures
Work-ability Tests
1. Slump Test:
- Procedure: Conducted as per IS 1199-1959
- Results:
- M25: 85 mm
- M30: 90 mm
- M35: 95 mm
- M40: 100 mm
2. Compaction Factor Test:

- Procedure: Conducted as per IS 1199-1959.
- Results:
- M25: 0.92
- M30: 0.90
- M35: 0.88
- M40: 0.87
Compressive Strength Test
1. Cube Compressive Strength:

- Procedure: Cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) were cast and cured for 28 days as per
IS 516-1959.
- Results:
- M25: 32.1 M Pa
- M30: 37.6 M Pa
- M35: 42.5 M Pa
40
- M40: 48.8 M Pa
2. Cylinder Compressive Strength:
- Procedure: Cylinders (150 mm diameter x 300 mm height) were cast and cured for 28
days as per IS 516-1959.
- Results:
- M25: 28.0 M Pa
- M30: 33.1 M Pa
- M35: 37.8 M Pa
- M40: 43.4 M Pa
Durability Tests
1. Water Permeability Test:

- Procedure: Conducted as per DIN 1048.
- Results:
- M25: 10 mm penetration
2. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT):

- Procedure: Conducted as per ASTM C1202.
- Results:
- M25: 3500 Coulombs
41
3. Sulfate Attack Test:
- Procedure: Conducted as per ASTM C1012.
- Results:
- M25: 0.08% expansion
Flexural Strength Test
1. Flexural Strength:
- Results:
- M25: 4.2 M Pa
- M30: 4.8 M Pa
- M35: 5.4 M Pa
- M40: 6.0 M Pa
Modulus of Elasticity
1. Modulus of Elasticity:
- Results:
- M25: 25 G Pa
- M30: 28 G Pa
- M35: 30 G Pa
- M40: 32 G Pa
42
Analysis of Experimental Results
1. Work-ability:
- All trial mixes achieved satisfactory slump values, indicating good work-ability for
structural applications.
- The compaction factor test results align with the expected work-ability levels for each
grade.
2. Compressive Strength:
- The 28-day compressive strengths of all trial mixes exceeded the target mean strengths,
ensuring structural adequacy.
- The cylinder compressive strengths also showed consistency with the expected values.
3. Durability:
- The water permeability test results indicate good impermeability, especially for higher
grades.
- RCPT results show improved resistance to chloride ion penetration with increasing
concrete grade.
- Sulfate attack test results confirm the concrete's resistance to sulfate environments,
particularly for M35 and M40 grades.
- The flexural strength test results demonstrate adequate tensile strength, meeting the
requirements for pavement and slab designs.
- The modulus of elasticity results align with the typical values for the respective concrete
grades, confirming the mix's stiffness.
Adjustments Based on Results
1. Mix Proportion Adjustments:
43
- For M25 and M30 grades, slight adjustments in fine aggregate content may be considered
to further improve work-ability without compromising strength.
- For M35 and M40 grades, the use of super plasticize rs can be explored to enhance work-
ability while maintaining low water-cement ratios.
2. Further Testing:
- Additional durability tests, such as freeze-thaw resistance, can be conducted for specific
environmental conditions.
- Long-term strength gain and shrinkage tests can provide more insights into the mix
performance over time.
The experimental results from the trial mixes validate the designed mix proportions for M25,
M30, M35, and M40 grades. The work-ability, compressive strength, and durability of the
mixes meet the specified requirements. Adjustments based on the results can further optimize
the mix designs for enhanced performance. Regular testing and evaluation are crucial to
ensure the concrete's reliability and longevity in structural applications.
44
Chapter.7
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Discussion and Analysis
Concrete mix design is a critical step in the construction process, ensuring that the produced
concrete meets the necessary strength, durability, and work-ability requirements. The
following discussion analyzes the results obtained from experimental testing of M25, M30,
M35, and M40 grade concrete, compares these results with design specifications and
standards, and explores the factors influencing the performance of these concrete mixes.
Analysis of Results
Work-ability
Slump Test:
The slump test results for the trial mixes were as follows:
- M25: 85 mm
- M30: 90 mm
- M35: 95 mm
- M40: 100 mm
Analysis:
The slump values indicate good work-ability for all concrete grades. The higher slump values
for the higher-grade concretes (M35 and M40) suggest that they possess higher work-ability,
which is beneficial for placement and compaction, especially in complex formwork or
congested reinforcement conditions. The results are consistent with typical expectations
where higher cement content and lower water-cement ratios in higher-grade concretes often
result in higher slump values when proper admixtures are used.
45
Compaction Factor Test:
The compaction factor test results were:

- M25: 0.92
- M30: 0.90
- M35: 0.88
- M40: 0.87
Analysis:
The compaction factor results further support the slump test findings. Lower compaction
factors indicate a higher degree of work-ability. As the concrete grade increases, the
compaction factor decreases slightly, suggesting that the concrete mixes for higher grades are
more workable and can be compacted more easily with less energy.
Compressive Strength
Cube Compressive Strength:

The 28-day cube compressive strengths were:
- M25: 32.1 M Pa
- M30: 37.6 M Pa
- M35: 42.5 M Pa
- M40: 48.8 M Pa
Cylinder Compressive Strength:

The 28-day cylinder compressive strengths were:
- M25: 28.0 M Pa
- M30: 33.1 M Pa
- M35: 37.8 M Pa
- M40: 43.4 M Pa
46
Analysis:
Both cube and cylinder compressive strengths exceeded the target mean strengths calculated
during the mix design phase, indicating that the concrete mixes have more than adequate
strength. The results align well with design specifications and standards, demonstrating that
the mix proportions and procedures followed are effective in achieving the desired strength
characteristics.
Durability
Water Permeability Test:

Penetration depths were:
- M25: 10 mm
- M30: 8 mm
- M35: 6 mm
- M40: 4 mm
Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT):

Charge passed (Coulombs) were:
- M25: 3500
- M30: 3000
- M35: 2500
- M40: 2000
Sulfate Attack Test:

Expansion percentages were:
- M25: 0.08%
- M30: 0.06%
- M35: 0.04%
- M40: 0.02%
47
Analysis:
The water permeability test results indicate decreasing permeability with increasing concrete
grade, reflecting better durability for higher-grade concretes. Lower penetration depths
suggest that M35 and M40 grades are highly impermeable, which is advantageous for
structures exposed to aggressive environments.
The RCPT results show a significant decrease in chloride ion permeability as the concrete
grade increases. Lower Coulomb values indicate higher resistance to chloride ion penetration,
enhancing the durability of the concrete in chloride-laden environments, such as coastal
areas.
The sulfate attack test results also reflect improved resistance to sulfate attack with higher-
grade concretes. Lower expansion percentages in M35 and M40 grades confirm their superior
performance in sulfate environments.
Flexural Strength
Flexural Strength:
- M25: 4.2 M Pa
- M30: 4.8 M Pa
- M35: 5.4 M Pa
- M40: 6.0 M Pa
Analysis:
The flexural strength results are consistent with the expected values for each concrete grade.
Higher flexural strength in M35 and M40 grades is beneficial for structures subjected to
bending stresses, such as pavements and slabs. These results affirm the suitability of the mix
designs for applications requiring high tensile strength.
Modulus of Elasticity
48
Modulus of Elasticity:- M25: 25 G Pa
- M30: 28 G Pa
- M35: 30 G Pa
- M40: 32 G Pa
Analysis:
The modulus of elasticity results indicate increased stiffness with higher-grade concretes.
This characteristic is crucial for structural analysis and design, particularly in high-rise
buildings and long-span bridges where stiffness and deflection control are critical. The results
are within the typical range specified by standards, confirming the reliability of the mix
designs.
Comparison with Design Specifications and Standards
The experimental results were compared with relevant design specifications and standards,
such as IS 456: 2000 and IS 10262: 2019.
1. Strength Requirements:
- The compressive strengths of the trial mixes exceeded the characteristic strengths specified
for M25, M30, M35, and M40 grades. This ensures that the designed mixes provide a
sufficient margin of safety and reliability.
2. Work-ability:
- The slump and compaction factor test results are within the acceptable ranges specified by
standards. The work-ability of the mixes ensures ease of placement and compaction without
segregation or bleeding.
3. Durability:
- The durability test results meet the requirements for water permeability, chloride ion
penetration, and sulfate resistance. The designed mixes are suitable for use in environments
with aggressive exposure conditions, enhancing the longevity of structures.
49
- The flexural strength results align with the requirements for pavement and slab applications,
providing adequate tensile strength to resist cracking and deformation.
- The modulus of elasticity values are within the expected range, ensuring that the concrete
mixes provide the necessary stiffness for structural applications.
Factors Influencing the Performance of Concrete Mixes
Several factors influence the performance of concrete mixes, including:
1. Water-Cement Ratio:
- The water-cement ratio is a critical factor affecting the strength and durability of concrete.
Lower water-cement ratios lead to higher strengths and improved durability but can reduce
work-ability. Proper use of admixtures can mitigate work-ability issues while maintaining
low water-cement ratios.
2. Aggregate Quality:
- The properties of coarse and fine aggregates, such as size, shape, and gradation,
significantly impact the work-ability, strength, and durability of concrete. Well-graded
aggregates reduce void content, requiring less cement paste to fill gaps, enhancing strength
and durability.
3. Cement Content:
- Higher cement content generally increases strength and durability but can lead to higher
heat of hydration and potential shrinkage issues. Balancing cement content with the use of
supplementary cementation materials (e.g., fly ash, slag) can optimize performance.
4. Admixtures:
- Chemical admixtures, such as super plasticize rs and water reducers, improve work-ability
and strength without increasing water content. Admixtures also enhance durability by
reducing permeability and mitigating harmful chemical reactions.
50
5. Mixing and Curing Conditions:
- Proper mixing ensures uniform distribution of ingredients, while adequate curing provides
the necessary moisture for hydration and strength development. Poor curing can lead to
reduced strength and durability due to incomplete hydration and increased shrinkage.
6. Environmental Conditions:
- Environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and exposure to aggressive agents
(e.g., chlorides, sulfates), influence the performance of concrete. Designing mixes to
withstand specific environmental conditions is crucial for long-term durability.
Recommendations for Improved Performance
1. Optimize Water-Cement Ratio:

- Fine-tune the water-cement ratio to achieve the desired balance between strength,
durability, and work-ability. Utilize admixtures to maintain work-ability at lower water-
cement ratios.
2. Quality Control of Aggregates:

- Ensure consistent quality and proper gradation of aggregates. Implement quality control
measures to monitor aggregate properties and prevent contamination.
3. Use of Supplementary Cementation Materials:

- Incorporate fly ash, slag, or silica fume to enhance strength, durability, and work-ability.
These materials also contribute to sustainability by reducing the carbon footprint of concrete.
4. Proper Mixing and Curing:

- Implement best practices for mixing and curing to ensure uniformity and complete
hydration. Use curing compounds or cover concrete with wet burlap to maintain moisture
during the curing period.
51
5. Regular Testing and Monitoring:
- Conduct regular testing of concrete properties during construction to ensure compliance
with specifications. Monitor environmental conditions and adjust mix designs as necessary to
account for changes in temperature and humidity.
Conclusion
The testing and evaluation of concrete mix designs for M25, M30, M35, and M40 grades
demonstrated that the designed mixes meet the required strength, work-ability, and durability
specifications. The analysis of experimental results confirmed the reliability of the mix
designs, with all grades performing satisfactorily in various tests. Factors such as water-
cement ratio, aggregate quality, cement content, admixtures, mixing and curing conditions,
and environmental factors significantly influence concrete performance. By optimizing these
factors and implementing best practices, the performance of concrete mixes can be further
enhanced to ensure the durability and longevity of concrete structures in diverse conditions.
52
Chapter.8
CONCLUSION
The comprehensive testing and evaluation of concrete mix designs for M25, M30, M35, and
M40 grades have yielded significant insights into the performance characteristics of each
grade. This conclusion summarizes the key findings and draws conclusions from the study,
highlighting the effectiveness of the designed concrete mixes.
Key Findings:-
1. Work-ability:
- The slump test results for the trial mixes demonstrated adequate work-ability for all
concrete grades, with values ranging from 85 mm for M25 to 100 mm for M40. These results
indicate that the mixes can be easily placed and compacted, which is essential for achieving
good quality in structural applications.
- The compaction factor test results further corroborated the slump test findings, showing
slight decreases in compaction factor values with increasing concrete grade. This suggests
that higher-grade concretes, despite having lower water-cement ratios, still maintain good
work-ability due to the use of admixtures.
2. Compressive Strength:
- The 28-day cube compressive strengths for the trial mixes exceeded the characteristic
strengths specified for each grade. The results were 32.1 MPa for M25, 37.6 MPa for M30,
42.5 MPa for M35, and 48.8 MPa for M40. These findings confirm that the designed mix
proportions are effective in achieving the desired strength characteristics.
53
- The cylinder compressive strengths also showed consistent results, with values of 28.0 MPa
for M25, 33.1 MPa for M30, 37.8 MPa for M35, and 43.4 MPa for M40. This consistency
between cube and cylinder strengths reinforces the reliability of the mix designs.
3. Durability:
- The water permeability test results indicated that higher-grade concretes have lower
penetration depths, reflecting better impermeability. The penetration depths were 10 mm for
M25, 8 mm for M30, 6 mm for M35, and 4 mm for M40. This suggests that the designed
mixes, particularly for M35 and M40 grades, are highly resistant to water ingress.
- The Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) results showed decreasing chloride ion
permeability with increasing concrete grade. The charge passed values were 3500 Coulombs
for M25, 3000 Coulombs for M30, 2500 Coulombs for M35, and 2000 Coulombs for M40.
These results indicate enhanced durability and resistance to chloride penetration, which is
crucial for structures exposed to marine environments or deicing salts.
- The sulfate attack test results confirmed the resistance of the concrete mixes to sulfate
environments. The expansion percentages were 0.08% for M25, 0.06% for M30, 0.04% for
M35, and 0.02% for M40. Lower expansion values for higher-grade concretes indicate
superior performance in sulfate-rich conditions.
- The flexural strength test results demonstrated adequate tensile strength for all grades,
with values of 4.2 MPa for M25, 4.8 MPa for M30, 5.4 MPa for M35, and 6.0 MPa for M40.
These findings indicate that the designed mixes provide sufficient resistance to bending
stresses, making them suitable for applications such as pavements and slabs.
- The modulus of elasticity results showed increased stiffness with higher-grade concretes.
The values were 25 G Pa for M25, 28 G Pa for M30, 30 G Pa for M35, and 32 G Pa for M40.
This confirms that the concrete mixes have the necessary stiffness for structural applications,
particularly in high-rise buildings and long-span bridges where deflection control is critical.
Analysis and Interpretation

54
1. Effectiveness of Mix Designs:
- The mix designs for M25, M30, M35, and M40 grades have proven to be effective in
achieving the desired performance characteristics. The experimental results for work-ability,
compressive strength, durability, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity all meet or
exceed the requirements specified by relevant standards and design specifications.
2. Optimization of Water-Cement Ratio:

- The study highlighted the importance of optimizing the water-cement ratio to balance
strength, durability, and work-ability. Lower water-cement ratios in higher-grade concretes
(M35 and M40) contributed to higher strength and durability, while the use of admixtures
ensured adequate work-ability.
3. Role of Admixtures:
- Chemical admixtures played a significant role in enhancing the performance of the
concrete mixes. Super plasticize rs and water reducers improved work-ability without
compromising strength, allowing for lower water-cement ratios and higher cement content in
higher-grade concretes.
4. Aggregate Quality and Gradation:

- The quality and gradation of aggregates were crucial in achieving the desired performance
characteristics. Well-graded aggregates reduced void content and improved the overall
compactness of the concrete, contributing to higher strength and durability.
5. Mixing and Curing Practices:

- Proper mixing and curing practices were essential for achieving uniform distribution of
ingredients and complete hydration. Adequate curing, particularly for higher-grade concretes,
ensured the development of the intended strength and durability properties.
Points should be considered for Future Work
1. Further Optimization:
- Future work could focus on further optimizing mix proportions, particularly the fine
55
aggregate content and admixture dosage, to enhance work-ability and strength characteristics
even more.
2. Environmental Testing:
- Additional environmental testing, such as freeze-thaw resistance and carbonation depth,
could provide more comprehensive insights into the durability of the concrete mixes under
different exposure conditions.
3. Long-Term Performance Monitoring:

- Long-term performance monitoring of structures constructed with these concrete mixes
could validate the laboratory findings and provide data on real-world performance,
particularly in terms of shrinkage, creep, and durability.
4. Sustainability Considerations:
- Incorporating sustainability considerations into future mix designs, such as the use of
recycled aggregates and alternative supplementary cementation materials, could reduce the
environmental impact of concrete production while maintaining performance.
The study successfully validated the concrete mix designs for M25, M30, M35, and M40
grades, demonstrating their effectiveness in meeting the required performance characteristics.
The key findings highlight the importance of optimizing mix proportions, using high-quality
materials, and implementing best practices in mixing and curing. The designed mixes provide
adequate work-ability, strength, durability, flexural strength, and stiffness, making them
suitable for a wide range of structural applications.
The effectiveness of the designed concrete mixes is evident from the comprehensive testing
and evaluation conducted. The study confirms that the mix designs not only meet the
necessary standards but also provide a margin of safety and reliability essential for structural
integrity. The insights gained from this study can guide future mix design practices and
contribute to the advancement of concrete technology in the construction industry.
56
By adhering to the principles and findings of this study, engineers and construction
professionals can ensure the production of high-quality concrete that meets the demands of
modern construction. The ongoing refinement and optimization of mix designs, coupled with
rigorous testing and monitoring.
Chapter.9
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the comprehensive findings from the experimental evaluation of the concrete mix
designs for M25, M30, M35, and M40 grades, several recommendations for further research
and practical applications are proposed. These recommendations aim to optimize concrete
performance, address emerging challenges in the construction industry, and explore
innovative approaches for sustainable and durable concrete production.
Further Research
1. Optimization of Mix Proportions:

- Conduct detailed studies to optimize the fine aggregate content and the use of admixtures to
further enhance the work-ability, strength, and durability of concrete mixes. Focus on finding
the optimal balance that maximizes performance while minimizing costs and environmental
impact.
2. Exploration of New Admixtures:

- Investigate the effects of new and advanced chemical admixtures, such as high-range
water reducers, shrinkage-reducing admixtures, and self-healing agents, on the performance
of concrete mixes. Assess their potential to improve properties like work-ability, strength,
crack resistance, and longevity.
3. Use of Alternative Cementation Materials:

- Explore the use of alternative supplementary cementation materials (S C M s), such as
57
meta-kaolin, rice husk ash, and natural pozzolans, in concrete mixes. Evaluate their impact on
mechanical properties, durability, and sustainability.
4. Sustainability and Environmental Impact:

- Conduct life cycle assessments ( LC A s) to quantify the environmental impact of
different concrete mix designs. Focus on reducing the carbon footprint of concrete production
by incorporating recycled materials, reducing cement content, and optimizing resource use.
5. Advanced Durability Testing:

- Perform advanced durability testing under various environmental conditions, including
freeze-thaw cycles, carbonation, and exposure to aggressive chemicals. These tests will
provide a more comprehensive understanding of the long-term performance and durability of
concrete mixes.
6. Performance Under Dynamic Loads:

- Investigate the behavior of concrete mixes under dynamic loads, such as seismic activity
and heavy traffic. This research will help in designing concrete mixes for applications in
high-risk areas and heavy-duty infrastructure.
7. Nano-Technology in Concrete:
- Explore the application of nanotechnology in concrete, such as the use of nano-silica and
other nano-materials, to enhance the mechanical properties and durability of concrete.
Evaluate the potential benefits and challenges associated with incorporating nano-materials
into concrete mix designs.
8. Long-Term Performance Monitoring:

- Implement long-term monitoring programs for structures built with the tested concrete
mixes. Collect data on performance metrics such as strength development, shrinkage, creep,
and durability over extended periods to validate laboratory findings and inform future mix
designs.
58
Practical Applications
1. Adoption of High-Performance Mix Designs:

- Encourage the adoption of the optimized mix designs for M25, M30, M35, and M40
grades in construction projects. Promote the use of these mixes in structural elements where
high strength and durability are critical, such as high-rise buildings, bridges, and pavements.
2. Quality Control and Assurance:

- Implement stringent quality control measures during the production and placement of
concrete. Ensure that the mix proportions, materials, and mixing procedures adhere to the
specified standards and guidelines to achieve consistent performance.
3. Training and Education:

- Provide training and education to construction professionals, including engineers,
contractors, and workers, on the importance of mix design, proper mixing techniques, and
curing practices. Emphasize the role of quality control in achieving desired concrete
properties.
4. Sustainable Construction Practices:

- Promote sustainable construction practices by encouraging the use of recycled aggregates,
alternative S C M s, and environmentally friendly admixtures. Highlight the benefits of these
practices in reducing the environmental impact of concrete production.
5. Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC):

- Consider the use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) for applications requiring high
work-ability and flow-ability. SCC can significantly reduce labor and time associated with
concrete placement and compaction, especially in complex form-works and congested
reinforcement areas.
6. Enhanced Durability for Coastal and Marine Structures:

- Apply the high-durability concrete mixes, particularly M35 and M40 grades, in coastal
and marine structures exposed to harsh environments. These mixes' low permeability and
59
high resistance to chloride and sulfate attack make them ideal for such applications.
7. Innovative Curing Techniques:

- Explore and implement innovative curing techniques, such as internal curing with
lightweight aggregates, curing compounds, and curing blankets, to ensure adequate hydration
and strength development in concrete.
8. Adoption of Performance-Based Specifications:
- Shift towards performance-based specifications for concrete mix designs, focusing on
desired performance criteria rather than prescriptive mix proportions. This approach allows
for greater flexibility in achieving the required properties through innovative materials and
techniques.
9. Integration of Smart Technologies:

- Integrate smart technologies, such as sensors and I o T devices, into concrete structures to
monitor performance in real-time. Collect data on parameters such as temperature, humidity,
and stress, and use this information to optimize maintenance and ensure the longevity of
structures.
10. Public Awareness and Policy Support:

- Raise public awareness about the benefits of high-performance concrete and advocate for
policy support to promote its use in infrastructure projects. Collaborate with government
agencies, industry associations, and academic institutions to drive the adoption of advanced
concrete technologies.
Specific Areas for Further Research
1. Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC):

- Investigate the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with different
proportions of recycled coarse and fine aggregates. Assess the impact on mechanical
properties, durability, and sustainability, and develop guidelines for the use of RAC in
structural applications.
60
2. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC):
- Explore the development and application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)
with compressive strengths exceeding 120 MPa. Evaluate the potential for UHPC in high-rise
buildings, long-span bridges, and other demanding applications.
3. Fiber-Reinforced Concrete:
- Study the incorporation of different types of fibers, such as steel, glass, and synthetic
fibers, into concrete mixes to enhance tensile strength, toughness, and crack resistance.
Develop optimized mix designs for fiber-reinforced concrete for use in industrial floors,
pavements, and precast elements.
4. Geo polymer Concrete:

- Research the development and performance of Geo polymer concrete, an environmentally
friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. Assess the mechanical properties,
durability, and sustainability of Geo polymer concrete for various structural applications.
5. 3D Printing with Concrete:

- Investigate the feasibility and performance of 3D printing with concrete for construction
applications. Develop mix designs tailored for 3D printing, focusing on work-ability, setting
time, and strength development.
Specific Recommendations for Practical Applications
1. Precast Concrete Elements:

- Utilize the high-performance concrete mixes for the production of precast concrete
elements, such as beams, columns, and panels. Precast elements manufactured with
optimized mixes can achieve superior strength and durability, ensuring high quality and
longevity.
2. Pavements and Roadways:

- Apply the M35 and M40 grade concrete mixes in the construction of pavements and
roadways subjected to heavy traffic and harsh environmental conditions. The enhanced
flexural strength and durability of these mixes will reduce maintenance costs and extend the
61
service life of the infrastructure.
3. High-Rise Buildings:
- Implement the use of M35 and M40 grade concrete in high-rise building projects to ensure
the structural integrity and safety of the buildings. The higher strength and stiffness of these
mixes will contribute to the overall stability and performance of the structures.
4. Infrastructure Rehabilitation:
- Use high-durability concrete mixes for the rehabilitation and retrofitting of existing
infrastructure, such as bridges, tunnels, and dams. These mixes will improve the resilience
and extend the lifespan of the rehabilitated structures.
5. Marine and Coastal Structures:

- Deploy the M35 and M40 grade concrete mixes in marine and coastal structures, such as
piers, docks, and seawalls, to resist the aggressive exposure conditions. The low permeability
and high resistance to chloride and sulfate attack will ensure the durability of these structures.
6. Industrial Floors and Pavements:

- Use fiber-reinforced concrete mixes for industrial floors and pavements to enhance their
load-bearing capacity and resistance to wear and tear. The incorporation of fibers will
improve the tensile strength and crack resistance, making these surfaces more durable.
Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing
1. Industry-Academia Partnerships:
- Foster collaborations between industry and academia to advance research and
development in concrete technology. Encourage joint research projects, knowledge sharing,
and technology transfer to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical
applications.
2. Workshops and Conferences:

62
- Organize workshops, conferences, and seminars to disseminate the findings of this study
and other related research. Provide a platform for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers
to exchange ideas, discuss challenges, and explore innovative solutions in concrete
technology.
3. Publication of Research Findings:

- Publish the research findings in reputable journals and industry publications to reach a
wider audience and contribute to the body of knowledge in concrete technology. Highlight
the practical implications and benefits of the optimized concrete mix designs.
Conclusion
The recommendations outlined above provide a comprehensive roadmap for further research
and practical applications based on the findings of the study. By focusing on optimizing mix
proportions, exploring innovative materials and techniques, and implementing best practices
in concrete production and construction, the performance and durability of concrete structures
can be significantly enhanced. The integration of sustainable practices and advanced
technologies will contribute to the development of high-performance concrete that meets the
evolving demands of the construction industry, ensuring the safety, longevity, and
sustainability of infrastructure worldwide. Through continued research, collaboration, and
knowledge sharing, the construction industry can advance towards more efficient and
resilient concrete technologies, addressin
63
Chapter.10
PRECAUTIONS
Precautions During Mix Design of Concrete M25 to M40
Concrete mix design is a crucial process that ensures the desired properties and performance
of concrete in various structural applications. When designing concrete mixes for grades
ranging from M25 to M40, several precautions must be taken to achieve optimal results. This
comprehensive guide will cover the critical precautions and considerations in detail to ensure
high-quality concrete production.
1. Selection of Materials
Cement:
- Quality and Type: Use cement that complies with relevant standards such as ASTM C150
for Portland cement or IS 12269 for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in India. Ensure it is
fresh and has not been exposed to moisture.
- Storage: Store cement in a dry, moisture-free environment to prevent hydration and loss of
strength.
Aggregates:
- Quality: Use aggregates that meet the specifications of relevant standards like ASTM C33
or IS 383. Ensure they are clean, hard, and free from impurities such as silt, clay, and organic
matter.
- Gradation: Properly grade aggregates to achieve a well-graded mix, which minimizes voids
and reduces the amount of cement paste required.
64
- Moisture Content: Measure the moisture content of aggregates to adjust the water content in
the mix accurately. This prevents variations in work-ability and strength.
Water:
- Quality: Use potable water free from harmful impurities. Follow standards such as ASTM
C1602 or IS 456 to ensure water quality.
- Temperature: Control the temperature of mixing water, especially in extreme weather
conditions, to prevent adverse effects on concrete hydration.
Admixtures:
- Compatibility: Ensure chemical admixtures, such as superplasticizers and air-entraining
agents, are compatible with other mix components. Verify compliance with ASTM C494 or
IS 9103.
- Dosage: Follow manufacturer recommendations for dosage and conduct trial mixes to
determine the optimal amount for desired properties.
2. Mix Proportioning
Water-Cement Ratio:
- Optimization: Optimize the water-cement ratio to balance work-ability, strength, and
durability. Lower water-cement ratios enhance strength and durability but may affect work-
ability.
- Control: Maintain strict control over the water-cement ratio to ensure consistent concrete
properties. Use precise measuring equipment and methods.
Cement Content:
- Adequacy: Ensure adequate cement content to achieve desired strength and durability while
avoiding excessive amounts that could lead to higher costs and potential shrinkage issues.
- Standards Compliance: Follow guidelines from standards like ACI 211.1 or IS 10262 for
recommended cement content based on the desired concrete grade.
65
Aggregate Proportions:
- Balance: Achieve a balanced mix of fine and coarse aggregates to ensure good work-ability
and reduce segregation. Use proper gradation curves to determine proportions.
- Maximum Size: Select the maximum aggregate size based on the structural element being
cast and ensure it complies with standards to prevent issues like honeycombing.
Admixture Dosage:
- Trial Mixes: Conduct trial mixes to determine the optimal dosage of admixtures for
achieving desired work-ability and strength. Adjust based on environmental conditions and
specific project requirements.
3. Work-ability
Slump Test:
- Target Slump: Aim for a slump value that ensures sufficient work-ability for placement and
compaction. The target slump may vary based on the type of structure and placement method.
- Consistency: Maintain consistent slump values within the allowable range to ensure uniform
concrete properties. Conduct slump tests regularly during production.
Compaction:
- Methods: Use appropriate compaction methods such as vibration or hand rodding to ensure
proper consolidation and eliminate air voids. Over-vibration can cause segregation.
- Equipment: Ensure that compaction equipment is in good working condition and suitable
for the specific type of concrete mix and structural element.
4. Strength and Durability
Compressive Strength:
- Testing: Conduct compressive strength tests on concrete samples at different curing ages (7,
14, and 28 days) to monitor strength development. Follow standards such as ASTM C39 or
IS 516.
- Adjustment: Adjust mix proportions based on test results to achieve the target strength. This
may involve modifying the water-cement ratio, cement content, or aggregate proportions.
66
Durability:
- Exposure Conditions: Consider the environmental exposure conditions such as sulfate
attack, chloride ingress, and freeze-thaw cycles. Use appropriate durability-enhancing
measures like supplementary cementation materials (S C M s) and low permeability mixes.
- Testing: Perform durability tests like the Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) and
water absorption tests to ensure the mix meets durability requirements.
5. Curing and Protection
Curing Methods:
- Adequate Curing: Ensure adequate curing to maintain moisture and temperature for proper
hydration. Methods include water curing, membrane curing, and curing compounds.
- Duration: Follow recommended curing duration's based on the concrete grade and
environmental conditions. Higher-grade concretes may require longer curing periods to
achieve full strength.
Temperature Control:
- Hot Weather: Implement measures to control temperature in hot weather, such as using
chilled water, shading, and early morning or evening concreting. High temperatures can
accelerate hydration and lead to thermal cracking.
- Cold Weather: Use insulating blankets, heated enclosures, and other methods to maintain
adequate curing temperatures in cold weather. Low temperatures can slow down hydration
and delay strength development.
6. Quality Control and Testing
Sampling and Testing:

- Frequency: Conduct regular sampling and testing of fresh and hardened concrete to monitor
quality and consistency. Follow standards for sampling frequency and methods.
- Documentation: Maintain detailed records of mix proportions, test results, and any
adjustments made during production. This documentation helps in quality assurance and
67
troubleshooting.
Non-Destructive Testing:
- Techniques: Use non-destructive testing techniques like ultrasonic pulse velocity and
rebound hammer tests to assess the quality and uniformity of concrete in-situ.
- Calibration: Ensure testing equipment is calibrated and operated by trained personnel to

obtain accurate results.
7. Environmental Considerations
Sustainability:
- Recycled Materials: Incorporate recycled aggregates and S C M s such as fly ash, slag, and
silica fume to reduce the environmental impact of concrete production. Assess the impact on
mechanical properties and durability.
- Waste Management: Implement waste management practices to minimize material wastage
and promote recycling of construction debris.
Energy Efficiency:
- Mixing and Transport: Optimize the mixing and transport processes to reduce energy
consumption. Use energy-efficient equipment and practices.
8. Safety Precautions
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

- Use of PPE: Ensure all personnel involved in concrete mixing, placing, and finishing wear
appropriate PPE such as gloves, safety goggles, and dust masks to protect against chemical
exposure and physical injuries.
- Training: Provide safety training to workers on the proper handling of materials and
equipment to prevent accidents and injuries.
Handling Admixtures:
68
- Storage and Handling: Store chemical admixtures in their original containers and handle
them according to the manufacturer’s instructions to prevent spills and contamination.
- Spill Management: Have spill management plans in place to address any accidental spills of
chemical admixtures promptly and safely.
9. Special Considerations for High-Strength Concrete (M35 to M40)
High Cement Content:

- Heat of Hydration: Monitor the heat of hydration in mixes with high cement content to
prevent thermal cracking. Use measures such as controlled curing and fly ash to mitigate heat
generation.
- Shrinkage: Address potential shrinkage issues by incorporating shrinkage-reducing
admixtures and using proper curing techniques.
Work-ability:
- Flow-ability: Ensure high-strength concrete mixes have adequate flow-ability to avoid
segregation and ensure proper placement. Use super plasticize rs to achieve desired work-
ability without increasing the water-cement ratio.
- Segregation: Monitor the mix for signs of segregation and adjust proportions or mixing
methods as necessary to maintain uniformity.
Early Strength Development:

- Monitoring: Closely monitor early strength development to ensure the concrete achieves the
required strength within the specified time frame. This is particularly important for high-
strength concrete where early loading might be required.
- Curing Conditions: Ensure optimal curing conditions to promote early strength gain, such as
maintaining adequate moisture and temperature.
10. Documentation and Communication
Project Specifications:
- Compliance: Ensure all mix designs comply with the project specifications and relevant
69
standards. Review and approve mix designs with stakeholders before implementation.
- Updates: Keep project specifications updated with any changes or adjustments made during
the mix design process.
Communication:
- Coordination: Maintain clear communication and coordination among the design team,
contractor, and concrete supplier to ensure all parties are aware of the mix design
requirements and any adjustments made during the project.
- Reporting: Provide regular reports on the performance of concrete mixes, including test
results and any issues encountered, to stakeholders.
Conclusion
Designing concrete mixes for M25 to M40 grades requires meticulous attention to detail and
adherence to best practices to ensure high-quality and durable concrete. By taking the
precautions outlined in this guide, including careful selection and proportioning of materials,
maintaining work-ability, ensuring strength and durability, implementing proper curing and
protection methods, and adhering to safety and environmental considerations, the desired
performance of concrete mixes can be achieved. These measures will lead to the successful
implementation of concrete in various structural applications, contributing to the overall
integrity and longevity of the constructed infrastructure.
70
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Design of Concrete Mix Proportion M25 to M40 Grades as per

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the awards of Degree of

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. Rajendra Kumar Amir Khan (20EBTCE006)

Assistant Professor Mohammed Aman Chouhan (20EBTCE021)

Mohd Aadil Chouhan (20EBTCE022)

Mohd Akhtar Chouhan (20EBTCE023)

Bhartiya Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sikar

In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of a systematic approach to

Keywords: Concrete Mix Design, IS Codes, Laboratory tests

2. REQUIREMENT OF MIX DESIGN 3-5

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6-18

4. DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATION 19-26

5. MIX PROPORTIONING 27-36

6. TESTING AND EVALUATION 37-42

7. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 43-50

10. PRECAUTIONS 62-68

S. No. Content Name Page No.

Serial No. Content Name Page No.

2 Total Aggregate For Different Zones 9

3 Modified Graph For Selection Of W/C Ratio 10

5. Sustainability: Incorporate sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials or

Achieving these objectives requires a careful balance of materials and adherence to

REQUIREMENTS OF MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

- Water: Clean and free from harmful impurities.

6. Specific Gravity and Bulk Density:

By considering these requirements, a concrete mix can be designed to meet the

Materials And Methods

 Binding: Binds aggregates together to form a cohesive mass.

 Type and Grade: Selection based on project specifications and environmental

 Gradation: Proper gradation ensures dense and workable concrete.

 Amount: Determined by the water-cement ratio to achieve desired work-ability and

 Compatibility: Ensure compatibility with other concrete constituents.

 Corrosion Inhibitors: Reduce the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to

Functions of Chemical Admixtures:

 Durability Enhancement: Improve resistance to chemical attacks, corrosion, and

 Compatibility: Ensure compatibility with other concrete materials and admixtures.

6. Supplementary Cementation Materials (S C M s)

 Proportion: Determine the appropriate percentage of S C M s based on desired concrete

1. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Method

2. Indian Standard (IS) Method

3. British Method (DOE Method)

4. Road Note No. 4 Method (RN4)

6. High-Performance Concrete (HPC) Mix Design

7. Performance-Based Mix Design

Common Considerations Across Methods

DESIGN CRITERIA AND SPECIFICATION

4.1 Criteria For Mix Design :

Target Strength (f ck)

2. Characteristic Strength (f ck):

3. Calculation of Target Strength:

- f 'ck= Target mean strength

- k = Statistical coefficient (typically 1.65 for a 95% confidence level, corresponding to a

- σ = Standard deviation of the concrete strength

4. Determination of Standard Deviation (σ):

For M25 grade concrete (characteristic strength (f ck )= 25 N/mm^2) and assuming a

[ f'ck = 25 + (1.65 \times 5) = 25 + 8.25 = 33.25 N/mm^2

So, the target mean strength \(f'ck) is 33.25 N/mm².

Water-Cement Ratio (w/c)